How successful was the papacy in strengthening its authority 1073-99? Flashcards
until the late 11th century, who usually appointed and controlled the popes?
the Holy Roman Emperor
when did the Struggle between temporal power of the Kings and the spiritual pressure of the popes come to a head?
the reign of Gregory VII (1073-85)
how did Gregory VII rebel against the power of the HRE?
- He began to oppose the H.R.E and insisted that the Pope controlled the church and, effectively, control the H.R.E.
- Emperor Henry IV was driven out by a revolt amongst German nobles to make peace with the Pope so in January 1077 Henry IV appeared before Gregory VII at Canossa and stood bare foot in the snow for three days begging Gregory for forgiveness.
why did Gregory VII rebel against the power of the HRE?
- He attempted to assert more control over the appointment of bishops (investiture) and was attempting to create a Christian society under papal control
- He believed that the Church, founded by God, was supreme over all human structures, especially the secular state and that the pope, as head of the Church, was vice-regent of God on earth, so disobedience to him implied disobedience to God.
what were the 3 main aims and objectives of the papacy 1073-99?
- Establishing independence and control over investiture
- Improving relations with Byzantium
- Establishing papal dominance over secular authority
what evidence is there that the papacy was successful in establishing independence and control over investiture 1073-99?
- Maintenance of College of cardinals
- Gregory VII asserted that only the pope had the authority to appoint church officials
- Emperor Henry IV defeated by Urban II and his allies
- Clement III did not prevail over the ‘reform’ papacy in the long term.
how did the college of cardinals maintain the papacy’s independence?
by electing the pope; Gregory VII carefully maintained independence from the H.R.E through this as imperial interference was heavily reduced
which pope’s were elected by the college of cardinals?
Both Victor III (1086-1087) and Urban II (1088-1099) were elected and were equally independent popes
why was Gregory VII’s assertion that only the pope had the authority to appoint church officials important?
in doing this, he was seeking to overturn a widely accepted royal prerogative that kings had exercised across Europe - this was important, as priests were both spiritual and administrative officials
where was Papal authority over investiture claimed?
in dictatus papae
where was Lay investiture fully forbidden in 1078?
roman synod
what was lay investiture was described as causing at the roman synod in 1078?
causing the Christian faith ‘to be trampled underfoot’
why was Emperor Henry IV’s defeat by Urban II important?
- he could not reassert his authority in Germany
- Urban II was free to organise a series of councils though which he could promote reform
- allowed greater church reform at Piacenza (March 1095) and Clermont (November 1095) without imperial interference.
who was Clement III?
the anti-pope 1080-1100 est. by HRE)
what evidence suggests that the papacy improved relations with byzantium 1073-99?
- 1074: Gregory VII promised to send aid to Emperor Michael VII against the Seljuk Turks.
- 1095: First crusade was the response to Alexius’ letter in an attempt to improve relations and reflected fears of being outmanoeuvred by Clement III
- First Crusade recaptured major parts of Anatolia for the Byzantines
which pope promised to send aid to Emperor Michael VII against the Seljuk Turks?
gregory vii
what does Gregory VII’s promise to send aid to Emperor Michael VII against the Seljuk Turks reflect?
illustrates how the conception of the milicia Dei was becoming an integral part of the papacy’s policy towards Mediterranean politics
which parts of anatolia did the first crusade recapture for the byzantines?
1097: Nicaea and decisively defeated the Sultan of Rum (Dorylaeum)
what evidence is there that the papacy increased its dominance over secular authority 1073-99?
- Gregory VII used the doctrines within Dictatus Papae to claim dominance.
- Gregory VII established the milites Christi against his opponents in the name of God.
- Matilda of Tuscany helped defend the papacy along with German nobles
- The papacy made its presence felt in the Mediterranean as a whole
- Spanish kingdom of Aragon became a papal vassal.
- First Crusade was a huge success in terms of the large military force that was assembled due to the call of the papacy.
what did dictatus papae claim?
- that the pope alone was rightly called universal
- that the pope alone had the power to depose and reinstate bishops
- that the pope alone may use the imperial insignia
- that all princes must ‘kiss the foot’ of the pope
- that the pope had the power to depose emperors
- that the pope could be judged by no one
- that the pope had the power to absolve subjects from their oath of fealty to wicked rulers
where did the pope’s authorty come from, according to gregory vii?
asserted that the pope was head of the church because he was the spiritual successor of St Peter - ‘Petrine Authority’
who were the milites Christi?
laymen who fought on papal behalf and gained salvation by their actions
how did Gregory VII use the milites Christi to assert papal dominance over secular authority?
- the milites Christi helped to defend papal territorial interests within the Italian peninsula, and in the wider field of Christian militancy against Islam in the Mediterranean
- e.g. Gregory VII employed the concept of a milicia Dei to the forces deployed on papal behalf by Matilda of Tuscany
what was the history of papal reform support in matilda of tuscany’s family?
Matilda of Tuscany’s mother, Beatrice, had supported reform popes since Leo IX
how did matilda of tuscany help defend the reform papacy?
- Matilda made testamentary arrangements for the transfer of her allodial lands to the papacy
- Henry IV’s policy in Italy was much hindered by Matilda’s consistent support for Gregory VII; forced Henry IV to beg Gregory VII for forgiveness at Canossa, 1077
how did the papacy make its presence felt in the Mediterranean as a whole?
led a Successful holy War against Muslims
what were the key events of the holy war against muslims in the mediterranean 1073-85?
- captured Sicily from 1059 onward
- 1073: new expedition organised by Ebles of Roucy, French nobleman, to fight Muslims in Spain bolstered the claims of the papacy.
- 1078: Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, led an army to aid Alfonso VI of Castile (brother-in-law)
- 1080: Gregory VII gave personal encouragement to an expedition led by William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine
- 1085: Castilians captured Spanish city of Toledo
which 1073 expedition bolstered the claims of the papacy?
new expedition organised by Ebles of Roucy, French nobleman, to fight Muslims in Spain
how did the 1073 new expedition organised by Ebles of Roucy, French nobleman, to fight Muslims in Spain help the papcy?
bolstered its claims
who led the 1073 new expedition to fight Muslims in Spain?
ebles of roucy, a french novbleman
how did gregory vii support the 1073 expedition to figh muslims in spain, led by ebles of roucy?
Gregory VII invited princes of Christendom to join in it and declared Christian knights could enjoy the lands they conquered; reminded the world that the Spanish kingdom belonged to the see of St Peter
Who did Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, lead an army to aid in 1078?
Alfonso VI of Castile (brother-in-law)
who led the 1080 expedition which Gregory VII gave personal encouragement to ?
William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine
who captured Spanish city of Toledo in 1085?
castillians
which spanish city did the castillians captrue in 1085?
toledo
what was the impact of the castillian capture of toledo in 1085?
- led to Muslim revival, headed by Almoravids, so Christian knights were urgently summoned to Spain to oppose them
- Pope Urban II gave his support and told intending pilgrims to Palestine to spend their money more usefully on repairing Spanish towns rescued from Muslims
how did the first crusade increase papal dominance over secular authority?
- papal leadership of the expedition was recognised through the role of Adhemar, papal legate
- Raymond of Toulouse saw himself as an overall leader due to the authority he claimed had been given by Urban II, reinforcing papal dominance
- also successful in recapturing Jerusalem from Muslims (1099) and establishing new states in the East, demonstrating that the papacy could do the job of western rulers.
what evidence is there that the papacy did not establish independence and control over investiture 1073-99?
- 1075: Atto was put forward as papal candidate for archbishop of Milan by the pope, instead of Tedald (Henry IV’s choice) but Tedald triumphed
- Gregory VII became pope by ‘acclamation’ and not the college of cardinals.
- Clement III had imperial support and commanded a significant following within the Western Church 1080-1100, so was always a threat to the pope
- Many rulers continued to perform investiture
what evidence is there that the papacy did not improve relations with byzantium 1073-99?
- Gregory VII could not help Michael VII despite the promise
- Gregory VII excommunicated Nicephorus III (1078) and Alexius I (1081) after their coups.
- The papal alliance with the Normans damaged relations and the reputation of the papacy
- The crusaders refused to return the city of Antioch to the Byzantines (1098) and the Byzantines gave them no further aid.
- Greek patriarchs in the Holy Land were replaced with Latin ones at the end of the First Crusade
what evidence is there that the papacy did not impose dominance over secular authority 1073-99?
- Henry IV’s submission at Canossa was cosmetic; he soon regained power and dominance.
- Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno in 1085 after having been driven out of Rome by his enemies (Henry IV)
- Many rulers did not accept papal overlordship
who was the papal candidate for the archbishop of milan in 1075?
Atto
who was Henry IV’s candidate for the archbishop of milan in 1075?
Tedald
who triumphed as archbishop of milan 1075?
tedald, Henry IV’s candidate
how did gregory vii become pope?
by acclamation
why was Clemen III always a threat to the pope?
he had imperial support and commanded a significant following within the Western Church 1080-1100
which ruler continued to perform investiture, event after gregory vii condemned it?
william i of england
why did Gregory VII excommunicate Nicephorus III (1078) and Alexius I (1081) after their coups?
both were seen as usurpers to the degree which a banner was issued to sanction an attack on Constantinople and Guiscard was recognised as a candidate for Byzantine emperor by the papacy
who was recognised as a candidate for byzantine emperor by the papacy, after 1078?
Robert Guisvcard
why did The papal alliance with the Normans damage relations and the reputation of the papacy?
the Normans looted and attacked Christians, especially Byzantium
why could it be argued that Henry IV’s submission at Canossa was cosmetic?
he soon regained power and dominance.
where did Gregory VII die?
n exile in Salerno in 1085 after having been driven out of Rome by his enemies (Henry IV)
which rulers did not accept papal overlordship?
- e.g. King William I (Gregory VII) did not accept attempts to increase papal authority
- e.g. William II of England initially refused to accept Urban II and even when he eventually did so, he continued to control the English Church and perform investiture - Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury’s support for Urban II’s agenda contributed to his exile in 1097.
