Holy War and the Diversion of Christian Violence Flashcards
what is the difference between a ‘just’ and ‘holy’ war?
The distinction between a defensive ‘just war’ fought on Christian principles and a ‘holy war’ directed by God and sanctifying those engaged in it had become blurred by the 9th c.
how did Most western church leaders view war?
as inherently sinful and requiring penance, despite accepting the necessity to defend Christendom and uphold civil peace
why did most western church leaders’ view of war change by the 11th c.?
the papacy began to justify military action as a righteous act when used to re-establish Christendom.
what was the ‘Peace of God’ movement?
The ‘Peace’ was an attempt to end violence against priests and peasants
what was the ‘Truce of God’ movement?
the ‘Truce’ was an attempt to restrict violence on certain days
what was the purpose of the Peace and Truce of God movement?
The papacy sought to restrict violence between western Christians by making them swear on relics not to attack one another
What are 2 examples of holy war before the first crusade?
- The Spanish Reconquest
- The Norman Conquest of Sicily
when did the Moors conquer Spain?
711-714
who was the 711 civil war in Spain between?
two Christian rivals for power, Julian and Roderic
how did the 711 civil war in Spain, lead to Moors’ victory there?
- two Christian rivals for power, Julian and Roderic
- Julian provided ships for a Muslim force consisting of Africans, Berbers, and Arabs, to land in Gibraltar to assist him
- Roderic was defeated and killed at the battle of Guadalete, 711
- After Guadalete, Visigothic rule fell apart and Muslims settled in Spain
which groups were part of the Muslim force out together by the Spaniard, Julian, in 711?
Africans, Berbers, and Arabs
where was Roderic the Spaniard defeated and killed by Julian in 711>
the Battle of Guadalete
what was the consequence of the battle of Guadelete 711?
Visigothic rule fell apart and Muslims settled in spain
what event allowed Muslims to settle in spain in the 710s?
civil war in Spain between two Christian rivals for power, Julian and Roderic led to the Battle of Guadelete, causing the collapse of Visigothic rule
what was the Caliphate of Cordoba?
Muslim territories united under authority of Caliphs of Cordoba
how was the Caliphate of Cordoba influential?
- Irrigation techniques and crops imported from Middle East; Cordoba gained an agricultural infrastructure well in advance of that of any other part of Western Europe
- The work of Cordoba’s philosophers and scientists at this time would be a formative influence on the intellectual life of medieval Western Europe
why did the Caliphate of Cordoba collapse?
due to civil war
what happened after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
Al-Andalus broke into a number of mostly independent states too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute by Christian states
which Christian states were established in the aftermath of the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
the Kingdoms of Navarre, Leon, Castile, and Aragon and County of Barcelona
where did Ebles of Roucy and his son Guiscard frequently plunder after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
the Archdiocese of Reims
who plundered the Archdiocese of Reims after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
Ebles of Roucy and his son Guiscard
how many complaints were made against Ebles of Roucy to the French Crown under Philip I?
over 11
why were 11 complaints made against Ebles of Roucy to the French Crown under Philip I?
he and his son Guiscard repeatedly plundered the Archdiocese of Reims
who dealt with the complaints against Ebles of Roucy under Philip I?
Philips son Louis gathered 700 knighgts to deal with Ebles
how many knights did Philip I’s son Louis gather to deal with Ebles of Roucy?
700
how did the war against Muslims in spain begin, after the collapse of the Cordoba Caliphate?
- Raids became conquest; battle was joined between Christian kings and Almoravids
- Papacy worked to emphasise the religious element of reconquest - not an intital spur - and encouraged participation from across Europe
which two groups fought in the conquest of the independent muslim states in Al-Andalus, after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
Christian kings and Almoravids
how did the Papacy encourage a general push against Muslims throughout the Mediterranean in the 1070s, particularly in Spain?
- Pope Alexander II promised indulgence for those who fought for the Cross in Spain 1063
- 1073, new expedition organised by French noble, Ebles of Roucy supported by Pope Gregory VII
- 1078, Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, led an army to aid Alfonso VI of Castile, his brother in law
- 1080, Gregory VII gave his personal encouragement to an expedition led by Guy-Geoffrey
who did Pope Alexander II promise indulgence for in 1063?
those who fought for the Cross in Spain
how did Pope Gregory VII support Ebles of Roucy’s 1073 expedition?
he invited princes of Christendom to join in it and declared Christian knights could enjoy the lands they conquered, while reminding the world that the Spanish kingdom belonged to the see of St Peter
who, in 1078, led an army to aid Alfonso VI of Castile?
his brother in law, Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy
who did Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, lead an army to aid in 1078?
his brother in law, Alfonso VI of Castile
whose expedition did Pope Gregory VII give his personal encouragement to in 1080?
Guy-Geoffrey
was the Spanish reconquest of Muslim lands a clear fight between Muslims and Christians?
no, clashes and raids on bordering Andalusian lands did not keep Christian kingdoms from battling among themselves or allying with Muslim kings; some Muslim kings had Christian-born wives or mothers
which Muslim ruler did Alfonso VI of Leon initially support?
the ruler of Toledo, al-Qadir
which Christian ruler initially supported the ruler of Toledo, al-Qadir?
Alfonso VI of Leon
why did Alfonso VI of Leon stop supporting the muslim ruler of Toledo, al-Qadir?
he decided al-Qadir could no longer defend his territory against rival Muslim princes
what happened after Alfonso VI of Leon stopped supporting the Muslim ruler of Toledo, al-Qadir?
Alfonso deposed al-Qadir and annexed Toledo
what event in 1085 prompted a Muslim revival led by the Almoravids against the Christian conquest of Muslim lands in AL-Andalus?
Castilians captured symbolically important city of Toledo
how did Alfonso VI of Leon treat Muslims in Toledo, after annexing it?
Toledo became the largest city in Alfonso VI’s kingdom; he guaranteed the Muslim inhabitants’ lives, freedom, possessions, and practice of their religion
where did Alfonso VI of Leon install al-Qadir as leader, after deposing him in Toledo?
Alfonso arranged to install al-Qadir as the rule of the Muslim territory of Valencia
which Muslim rulers did Alfonso VI of Leon accept tribute from?
rulers of Granada, Seville, Badajoz, and Zaragoza in exchange for not attacking them
from 1087, where were Christian knights urgently summoned?
to Spain
why, from 1087, were Christian knights urgently summoned to Spain?
to fight the Almoravids
how did Pope Urban II support the Christian reconquest of Spain in the 1080s?
he gave his anxious support and told intending pilgrims to Palestine to spend their money more usefully on the reconstruction of Spanish towns rescued from Muslim ravages
what action suggests that the Spanish Reconquest of Spain was not only a ‘holy war’?
Some Christian champions like El Cid were contracted by Taifa kings to fight against their neighbours
where was El Cid’s first battle experience gained?
fighting for a Muslim state against a Christian state, at the Battle of Graus, 1063
which battle was El Cid’s first?
Battle of Graus 1063
who did El Cid fight for and against at the Battle of Graus 1063?
he and other Castilians fought for al-Muqtadir, Muslim sultan of Zaragoza, against Ramiro I of Aragon
who did El Cid fight for 1081-86?
El Cid continued to fight for the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, protecting them from the domination of Aragon and Barcelona
who did El Cid protect the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza from in 1081-86?
the domination of Aragon and Barcelona
which battles did El Cid fight 1081-86, for both Muslims and Christians?
- victorious in battles against Muslim rulers of Lerida and their Christian allies
- victorious against a Christian army under King Sancho Ramirez of Aragon
how did the 1087 Mahdia campaign begin?
attack on a N. African town by armed ships from N. Italian maritime republics of Genoa and Pisa
what prompted the 1087 Mahdia campaign?
the piratical actions of Zirid ruler Tamim ibn Muizz (reigned 1062-1108) off the Italian peninsula, and his involvement in Sicily fighting the Norman invasion
what were the main events of the Spanish Reconquest?
- The Moors Conquer Spain, 711-714
- The Caliphate of Cordoba established
- Collapse of the Caliphate and Papal Intervention
- Mahdia Campaign 1087
who led and supported the 1087 Mahdia Campaign?
- attack led by Hugh of Pisa with military aid from Rome
- Pantaleone from Amalfi, nobleman, also involved
- Matilda of Tuscany backed the endeavour
was the 1087 Mahdia campaign successful?
no - theyCaptured Mahdia but could not hold it
what did the Christians spend the money from the plunder of Mahdia 1087 on?
the cathedral at pisa and to build a new church
why could the Mahdia Campaign 1087 be considered a direct precursor to the First Crusade?
it was conducted under the banner of St Peter against a Muslim ruler who was demonised in the accounts of it, and a form of indulgence was granted to the campaigners by Pope Victor III
how did Sicily originally come under Muslim control in the 830s?
Sicily had been under Byzantine control until 830s when a rebel general had encouraged a Muslim invasion
who controlled Sicily before the Muslims in 830s?
Byzantines
who travelled to S. Italy and campaigned against fellow Christians in the 1050s?
Guiscard and 5 brothers
who allied with Normans to re-take Sicily for Christians in 1059?
Pope Nicholas II
why may Pope Nicholas II have allied with the Normans to re-take Sicily in 1059?
in the 1050s, Guiscard and 5 brothers had travelled to S. Italy and campaigned against fellow Christians; they had no compunction with fighting against their co-religionists
how long did the papal alliance with the Normans last?
1059, under Pope Nicholas II, up to and including Pope Urban II
where did Robert Guiscard invade in 1060?
Sicily
what was the main motivations for the Normans in their 1060 conqest of Sicily?
Sicily was wealthy and, no matter the papal motivation, it seems for the Normans economic motives predominated
what religious motivations were present in the Norman conquest of Sicily 1060?
- Capture of Sicily was not fundamentally about religion, but Norman invaders, supported by papal encouragement and banners, were regarded by some as champions of the faith
- troops took communion before battle and their efforts were sustained by visions of saints
was the 1060 conquest of Sicily by the Normans peaceful or violent?
Conquest of Sicily primarily military, but Robert and Roger also signed treaties with Muslims to obtain land, offering peace and protection for land and titles
how did the Normans conquer Muslim Sicily in the 1060s?
- Sicily was split between 3 Arab emirs and Christian populations rose up against ruling Muslims
- After taking Apulia and Calabria on mainland, Roger I occupied Messina
- 1068: Roger de Hauteville defeated Muslims at Misilmeri
- 1091: siege of Palermo led to Sicily being completely in Norman control
how was Sicily split up before the 1060 Norman invasion?
under 3 Arab emirs
which places did the Normans, under Roger I, take first?
Apulia and Calabria on the mainland
who defeated the Muslims at Misilmeri in 1068?
Roger de Hauteville
where did Roger de Hauteville defeat Muslims in 1068?
Misilmeri
the siege of which city in 1091 led to Sicily being completely in Norman control?
Palermo
what culture developed in Norman Sicily?
intense Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
give an example of the intense Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture which developed in Norman Sicily
- rulers like Roger II of Sicily had Islamic soldiers, poets, and scientists at his court and he spoke Arabic perfectly, as well as being fond of Arab culture
- agricultural and industrial techniques introduced by Arabs into Sicily were kept and developed
in what ways was Roger II of Sicily a figure of Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture in Norman Sicily?
- used Arab troops and siege engines in his campaigns in S. Italy
- mobilised Arab architects to build monuments in Norman-Arab-Byzantine style
- one of the greatest geographical treatises of the medieval period was written by Andalusian Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger and entitled Kitab Rudjdjar (The Book of Roger)
