How did the Latin West support the crusader states 1119-49? Flashcards
in what ways did the Latin West support the crusader states 1119-44?
- intermarriage
- Crusading
- Military Orders
what are some limitations to the extent to which crusading supported outremer 1119-49?
- 1120-24 Venetian Crusade did not go to help/support Antioch and the Venetians saw the benefits of establishing trading privileges in ports like Tyre so the Venetian Crusade may have been more about this (and came at a high cost).
- Franks continued to suffer military defeats after the Field of Blood, but these did not inspire large Latin Christian support from the West.
- After 1129 there was virtually no crusading activity until the fall of Edessa (1144)
who were Ideal marriage candidates for the franks of outremer?
high-born aristocrats; men willing to commit to the defence of the Holy Land and possessed of the social standing to bring new wealth and manpower to the east
how did intermarriage aid outremer 1119-49?
- Social ties were enhanced by intermarriage between the noble families of Outremer and the Latin West
- In the Latin world there was perceived need for male rule; lords were expected to lead, or direct, their armies in times of war. The Latin West provided noble men to Outremer (ideally with wealth, connections and armies) when male heirs were lacking there
give an example of how Social ties were enhanced by intermarriage between the noble families of Outremer and the Latin West 1119-49
Pons of Tripoli (d.1137) was married to Cecile of France.
give an example of how The Latin West provided noble men to Outremer when male heirs were lacking there
- Baldwin II had 4 daughters with Morphia, but no sons. He sought a Latin noble for his eldest daughter Melisende from 1127 (he also used this to secure knights for his planed crusade in 1129). 1129: Melisende married Count Fulk V of Anjou, one of France’s most eminent potentates with ties to the kings of England and France.
- 1130: Bohemond II died, leaving an infant daughter, Constance. 1136: she married Raymond of Poitier, the duke of Aquitaine’s second son and a relation of France’s Capetian king, bringing a long period of political turbulence in N. Syria to an end
how did fulk of anjou bring support to outremer?
When nobles like Fulk of Anjou came to fight (on minor crusades) and then, in some cases, to live in Outremer, many of their feudal followers came with them.
who did constance, daughter of bohemond ii, marry?
Raymond of Poitier, the duke of Aquitaine’s second son and a relation of France’s Capetian king
why was the venetian crusade sent?
- January 1120: Council of Nablus, the crisis facing the crusader states was discussed. This resulted in the first direct appeal to Pope Calixtus II for a new crusade to the Holy Land and a further plea for help to Venice.
- Calixtus, preoccupied with investiture controversy, passed request to Republic of Venice
how large was the venetian crusade?
led by their doge, Venetians constructed a fleet of 120 vessels and over 15,000 men, marked with the sign of the cross and carrying the papal banner
how did the venetian crusade aid outremer?
- learned a large Egyptian fleet had abandoned a blockade of Jaffa and was returning to its base at Ascalon; doge ordered fleet to intercept and they destroyed them
- 7 July 1124: With Venetian help the Franks of Jerusalem captured the heavily fortified city of Tyre after besieging it for more than a year
what did King Baldwin II use the crisis of the crusader states to do?
to rally another ‘crusade’ for a projected attack on Damascus in 1129.
how did the latin west support the attack on damascus 1129?
Aid was sent even though it was unsuccessful.; only captured Banias
why was the second crusade sent?
The Second Crusade was launched by Pope Eugenius III in December 1145 and arrived in Outremer in 1148, in response to the fall of Edessa
what did the second crusade achieve?
failed to capture Damascus and collapsed having achieved nothing for Outremer
what 2 main ways did military orders aid outremer?
- Providers of manpower and expertise
- Establishment of relations with the West
how did military orders provide manpower and expertise?
- The military orders brought an influx of manpower and martial expertise to crusader states starved of military resources, and the possessed the wealth to maintain and, in time, extend Outremer’s network of forts and castles
- The Hospitallers (recruiting heavily from the Latin West) hired mercenaries from the 1130s, and defended the eastern border of the County of Tripoli from 1142 onwards.
how did the military orders maintain and, in time, extend Outremer’s network of forts and castles?
From the 1130s on, the lay lords of the Latin east began ceding control of fortified sites to the orders, often allowing them to develop semi-independent enclaves in border zones
what castles did the templars gain?
- The Templars manned Bagras castle near Antioch from 1136, giving them a dominant position in the northern reaches of the P. of Antioch
- Templars gained the rights to Safad in Galilee and Gaza in southern Palestine
what castles did the hospitallers gain?
- They were given the key castle of Krak des Chaveliers (c.1144) above the Bouqia valley between Antioch and Tripoli
- Given castle of Beth Gibelin, one of the 3 strongholds in Southern Palestine to defend Jerusalem and exert military pressure on Ascalon
what are some limitations to the extent to which military orders provided manpower and expertise 1119-1149?
- the period when the military orders could raise large independent forces and held many castles in Outremer was the from the 1150s on
- The Hospitallers only developed an overt military function by the 1140s
what are some limitations to the extent to which military orders helped establish relations with the west 1119-1149?
- Not everyone was comfortable with the idea of the military orders as religious insitutions
- Families with crusading pedigrees often had extensive links to Outremer regardless of the presence of the military orders
give an example of someone who was not comfortable with the idea of the military orders as religious insitutions
Guigo, abbot of Grande Chartreuse in France, expressed particular anxiety about the fusion of the spiritual and profane
how did the military orders Establish relations with the West?
- Gained influential patrons
- By 1150, the Templars had become an extensive and wealthy landowner
- The stream of recruits to the new military orders was greatly increased by official support from the Latin Church.
give an example of an influential patron of the templars
Fulk was temporarily recruited into their ranks; on his return home, he granted them an annual income of 30 pounds, setting an example followed by many
what was the annual income fulk granted the templars?
30 pounds
how did hugh de payens gain influential patrons?
1127-29: Hugh de Payns toured W. Europe to attract donations and members and assisted in negotiations to persuade Fulk to return East and recruiting forces for a new campaign against Damascus
who did Hugh de Payens influential contacts include?
some of the greatest lords in France: William Clito and Thierry of Alsace, successive counts of Flanders & Theobald count of Blois
how did the Latin Church officially support the military orders?
1129: The Templar rule (setting out it’s internal organization) was approved at the Council of Troyes
The charismatic and highly influential Bernard of Clairvaux wrote In Praise of the New Chivalry (1128).
what book did Bernard of Clairvaux write, in support of the military orders?
In Praise of the New Chivalry
where was Templar rule approved?
Council of Troeys
what did the Templar rule require?
required the brothers to take vows and to live in a community as monks, having first given up all ties of property and family.
how were the military orders organised and how did this bring them wealth?
- The military orders were organized into regional divisions across the Latin West; Templar ‘commanderies’ and Hospitaller ‘priories’.
- These rapidly gained wealth which was transferred to Outremer.
