Division in the Muslim World 1100-1131 Flashcards
how were the Seljuk Turks divided 1100-1119?
- Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and Seljuk Sultan in Isfahan largely uninterested in Syria and Palestine 1100-1140
- Collapse of central control continued
- When the Seljuks attacked the Franks, and were successful, they were unable to follow them up
where was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and Seljuk Sultan in Isfahan largely uninterested in from1100-1140?
Syria and Palestine
how did the collapse of central Seljuk control continue from 1100-1119?
- Ridwan of Aleppo tried to persuade Assassins to murder Tughtegin of Damascus
- Barkiyaruq, sultan 1092-1105, embroiled in disputes with rival claimants to the throne
- 1109: Toghtekin, new ruler of Damascus, asserted his effective independence
- 1118: Il-Ghazi formally took Aleppo out of the Seljuk Empire
who did Ridwan of Aleppo try to persuade the assassins to murder?
a successor of Duqaq - Tughtegin of Damascus
who was the successor of Duqaq of Damascus?
Tughtegin of Damascus
who was seljuk sultan 1092-1105?
Barkiyaruq
who was Barkiyaruq embroiled in disputes with?
rival claimants to the throne
who was a rival claimant to Barkiyaruq’s throne?
half-brother Muhammad
who was Barkiyaruq’s immediate successor as sultan?
Malik Shah II
why did Muhammad I become sultan shortly after Barkiyaruq, despite not being next in line?
Barkiyaruq’s immediate successor, Malik Shah II, killed the same year he became sultan
who was the seljuk sultan 1105-1118?
Muhammad I
who was Muhammad I, seljuk sultan, more active than his predecessors against?
the franks
what was muhammad i, seljuk sultan, distracted by?
a war against the Nizari Ismailis (Shia Muslims)
who was Muhammad I, seljuk sultan, in a war with?
a war against the Nizari Ismailis (Shia Muslims)
who acted against Muhammad I’s, seljuk sultan, agents?
the emirs of Syria
who asserted his effective independence in 1109, undermining the seljuk empire?
Tughtegin of Damascus
how did Tughtegin of Damascus undermine the seljuk empire in 1109?
By asserting his effective independence
who formally took Aleppo out of the Seljuk Empire?
Il-Ghazi
how did Il-Ghazi undermine the Seljuk Empire in 1118?
he formally took Aleppo out of the Seljuk Empire
how did the Seljuk Sultan react to Il-Ghazi taking Aleppo out of the Seljuk Empire in 1118?
he tried to reassert control
what happened when the Seljuk tried to reassert control over Il-Ghazi and Aleppo?
he was opposed by the Turks of Syria and Palestine who were willing to ally with the crusader states against him
why was it a legitimate threat to the seljuk sultan that the Turks of Syria and Palestine were willing to ally with the crusader states against him?
Muslim leaders had previously allied with the crusaders for their own gain
which Muslim leaders had previously allied with the crusaders for their own gain?
- 1108: Ridwan of Aleppo allied with Tancred of Antioch against Jiwali of Mosul, agent of Sultan Muhammad I
- 1114: Tughtegin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi allied with Roger of Antioch to fight mutual threat of Bursuq
who allied with Tancred of Antioch against Jiwali of Mosul, agent of Sultan Muhammad I in 1108?
Ridwan of Aleppo
who allied with Ridwan of Aleppo against Jiwali of Mosul, agent of Sultan Muhammad I in 1108?
Tancred of Antioch
who did Ridwan of Aleppo and Tancred of Antioch ally against in 1108?
Jiwali of Mosul, agent of Sultan Muhammad I
who allied with Tughtegin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi against Bursuq in 1114?
Roger of Antioch
who allied with Roger of Antioch against Bursuq in 1114?
Tughtegin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi
who did Tughtegin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi, and Roger of Antooch, ally against in 1114?
Bursuq
who was Bursuq?
commander of sultan of Isfahan’s army
who defeated Bursuq in 1115?
Roger of Antioch trapped and defeated Bursuq at Tell Danith
give an example that when the Seljuks attacked the Franks, and were successful, they were unable to follow them up
- 1113: Mawdud of Mosul attacked, allied with Damascus, and had brief victory at al-Sannabra - Mawdud, however, was murdered by Assassins
- 1119: Il-Ghazi of Aleppo’s victory at Field of Blood was reduced by failure to attack Antioch (hesitation allegedly due to drinking and celebrating)
who had a brief victory at al-Sannabra in 1113?
Mawdud of Mosul
which city did Mawdud of Mosul ally with at al-Sannabra 1113?
Damascus
how did Mawdud of Mosul die?
Murdered by assassins
what was Il-Ghazi of Aleppo’s victory at Field of Blood was reduced by ?
failure to attack Antioch
how were Seljuk Turks divided 1119-1131?
- 1118: Seljuk sultan Muhammad I died and civil war broke out; Ahmed Sanjar emerged as victor but civil war prevented coordinated action against the Franks
- 1122: In Syria, Il-Ghazi died, and his sons divided his territories
what happened after Seljuk sultan Muhammad I died in 1118?
civil war broke out
what did the civil war that broke out in the seljuk empire in 1118 prevent?
coordinated action against the Franks
who was the victor of the civil war in the Seljuk empire that broke out in 1118?
Ahmed Sanjar
who was Il-Ghazi’s successor in Aleppo?
Balak
what successes did Balak have, after inheriting Aleppo from Il-Ghazi?
- 1122: captured Joscelin I of Edessa
- 1123: captured Baldwin II
how did Balak die, undermining Muslim unity?
died on his way to save Tyre from the Franks, fighting fellow Muslims
who was Balak’s successor in Aleppo?
Timurtash
what were Timurtash’s priorities as ruler of Aleppo?
he showed no interest in war against the Franks but was more concerned with taking territories of his dead brother Suleiman near Mardin (east of Outremer)
whose territories did Timurtash aspire to take?
those of his dead brother Suleiman near Mardin (east of Outremer)
who did Zengi, the new ruler of Mosul and Aleppo, attack in 1130?
Seljuks in Damascus
why was the power of the Fatimids limited 1099-1131?
- Made repeated attempts to recapture Palestine in early years after First Crusade, but none were successful
- Frankish armies superior to Fatimids in terms of skill
- Fatimid fleet became less effective as it had fewer ports to re-provision at.
- Fatimids were not a major threat as other Muslim powers were usually unwilling to work
where did the Fatimids make repeated attempt to recapture in the early years after the 1st crusade, but failed?
Palestine
why did the Franks not did not fear the Fatimids in the same way that they did the Turks?
Frankish armies superior to Fatimids in terms of skill
why did the Fatimid fleet, which initially posed a major threat, become less so?
Franks conquered coastal cities, it became less effective as it had fewer ports to re-provision at.
give an example of a coastal city that the Franks captured that weakened the Fatimids fleet
1124: loss of Tyre meant it was much less of a threat
why were the Fatimids not a major threat?
other Muslim powers were usually unwilling to work with them
why were other Muslim powers were usually unwilling to work with Fatimids?
due to long-term division (Sunni-Shia split)
what long-term division stopped other Muslim powers from working with the Fatimids?
Sunni-Shia split
what was Hashashin the Persian name for?
Nizari branch of Shia Muslims during the Middle Ages
who were the Hashashins?
the Nizari branch of Shia Muslims during the Middle Ages; they lived outside the Fatimid Empire and had been loyal to it until 1095, when a power struggle led to the death of Nizar, the Fatimid prince they believed was the rightful caliph
why did the Hashashins turn on the Fatimid empire?
a power struggle led to the death of Nizar, the Fatimid prince they believed was the rightful caliph
why were the Hashsashins On generally good terms with Franks?
they did not see western Christians as any more heretical than Sunni Muslims or the Shias they had recently split from
how did The Nizari cope with their inability to field large conventional armies?
developed a form of asymmetric warfare, trasnforming the act of political assassination into a system of survival and defense against their foes
who were the highly capable sleeper commandos trained by the Hashashin?
Fedayeen
How did the Nizari use political assassination for defence?
trained highly capable sleeper commandos (Fedayeen) to covertly infiltrate enemy positions; if Nizari civilians faced pogroms or their forts imminent attack, the sleepers were activated to prevent an attack
who was the leader of the Nizari?
Hasan al-Sabbah
who did Hasan al-Sabbah challenge the legitimacy of?
the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad and the Seljuks who propped up the Sunni Caliphate
who did Hasan al-Sabbah and the Nizari target?
Fatimid Egypt which they saw as responsible for the death of Nizar
give some examples of prominent politicians murdered by the assassins 1100-1130
- 1103: Assassins murdered emir of Homs
- 1106: Assassins murdered emir of Apamea
- 1113: Mawdud of Mosul assassinated in Damascus
- 1121: Al-Afdal, Fatimid vizier, murdered in Cairo
- 1126: Aq Sonqur (commander of sultan’s army and governor of Mosul) assassinated with his son a few wieeks later
who did the assassins murder in 1103?
the emir of Homs
who did the assassins murder in 1106?
emir of Apamea
who did the assassins mruder in 1113?
Mawdud of Mosul in Damascus
who did the assassins murer in 1121?
Al-Afdal, Fatimid vizier, in Cairo
who did the assassins murder in 1126?
Aq Sonqur (commander of sultan’s army and governor of Mosul) assassinated with his son a few weeks later
