Leadership of the Crusader States 1100-1131 Flashcards
who was the king of Jerusalem from 1100-1118?
Baldwin I
who did Baldwin I succeed as King of Jerusalem?
his brother, Godfrey of Bouillon
in what ways was Baldwin I a successful leader?
- Established Stability
- Military Successes
- Expansion
how did Baldwin I establish stability?
- Castle-Building
- invited Syrian Christians to live in Jerusalem to replenish the population, which had been mostly massacred in 1099.
- 1109: acted as arbitrator of a council of the greatest barons outside the walls of Tripoli; forced Tancred to give up his claim to the city.
- supported Edessa when it was under siege by Mawdud of Mosul.
why did Baldwin I invite Syrian Christians to live in Jerusalem?
to replenish the population, which had been mostly massacred in 1099.
who did Baldwin I invite to live in Jerusalem?
Syrian Christians
which crusader state did Baldwin I support when it was ubnder siege by Mawdud of Mosul?
Edessa
who was besieging Edessa when Baldwin I supported it?
Mawdud of Mosul
what did the 1109 council of the greatest barons outside the walls of Tripoli, arbitrated by Baldwin I, acheive?
forced Tancred to give up his claim to the city; soon after the city fell to the Franks, forming the nucleus of the County of Tripoli
which castles did Baldwin I build?
- 1105: built the castle of Toron, on the road between Damascus and Tyre.
- after leading an expedition into Oultrejordain in 1115, built a castle at Montreal.
- 1117: built the castle of Scandalion near Tyre (still in Muslim hands).
which castle did Baldwin I build in 1105?
Toron
where did Baldwin I build the castle of Toron?
on the road between Damascus and Tyre
which castle did Baldwin I build in 1115?
Montreal
which castle did Baldwin I built in 1117?
Scandalion
where did Baldwin I build Scandalion near?
Tyre
which castle did Baldwin I build on the road between Damascus and Tyre?
Toron
which castle did Baldwin I build near Tyre?
Scandalion
what military successes over Muslims did Baldwin I enjoy?
- September 1101: defeated the Fatimids at the First Battle of Ramlah.
- 1105: defeated the Fatimids at the Third Battle of Ramlah
who did Baldwin I defeat at the 1st and 3rd Battles of Ramlah?
the Fatimids
how did Baldwin I expand the kingdom of Jerusalem?
- 1101: captured Arsuf and Caesarea with the support of a Genoese fleet.
- 1104: captured the city of Acre with the aid of a Genoese fleet
- 1110: with the help of the Genoese, added Beirut to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- 1110: captured Sidon in 1110 with the aid of both the Venetians and the king of Norway. (Sigurd I)
where did Baldwin I capture in 1101?
Arsuf and Caesarea
who helped Baldwin I capture Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101?
Genoese fleet
where did Baldwin I capture in 1104?
Acre
who helped Baldwin I capture Acre in 1104?
Genoese fleet
where did Baldwin I capture in 1110?
Beirut and Sidon
who helped Baldwin I capture Beirut in 1110?
Genoese
who helped Baldwin I capture Sidon in 1110?
both the Venetians and Norwegians under Sigurd I
why was Baldwin I not a successful leader?
- Military Defeats
- Lack of a Succession
what military defeats did Baldwin I suffer?
- May 1102: defeated by Fatimids at the Second Battle of Ramlah - but was able to escape
- 1103: besieged Acre without success as it was relieved by an Egyptian fleet
- 1111: assisted Tancred in besieging Shaizar; they failed to capture Shaizar
- 1112: besieged Tyre with no success
- 1113: A Frankish army led by Baldwin I was defeated at the battle of Al-Sannabra by a Muslim army sent by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
where was Baldwin I defeated by Fatimids?
Second Battle of Ramlah
Where was Baldwin I defeated in May 1102?
Second Battle of Ramlah, by the Fatimids
where did Baldwin I unsuccessfully besiege in 1103?
Acre
why was Baldwin I’s 1103 siege of Acre unsuccessful?
it was relieved by an Egyptian fleet
where did Baldwin I assist Tancred in besieging in 1111?
Shaizar
where did Baldwin I and Tancred fail to capture in 1111?
Shaizar
where did Baldwin I unsuccessfully besiege in 1112?
Tyre
where was Baldwin I defeated by the Seljuk Turks?
1113, Battle of Al-Sannabra
where was Baldwin I defeated in 1113?
the battle of Al-Sannabra by a Muslim army sent by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
who defeated Baldwin I at the Second Battle of Ramlah?
Fatimids
who defeated Baldwin I at the Battle of Al-Sannabra?
a Muslim army sent by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
who did Baldwin I marry in 1097?
Arda, an Armenian princess
why did Baldwin I marry Arda in 1097?
to gain local support - she was an Armenian princess
what happened to Baldwin I’s wife in 1105?
he forced her into a convent
who did Baldwin I marry after Arda?
He decided on Adeleide, mother of Roger II of Sicily.
why did Baldwin I marry Adeleide, mother of Roger II of Sicily?
Adelaide brought with her an enormous amount of badly needed money, as well as a military force.
why was Baldwin I’s marriage to Adeleide, mother of Roger II of Sicily, annulled?
The king was blamed for a bigamous marriage (as Arda was still alive).
what was the impact of Baldwin I’s annulled marriage to Adeleide?
1117: Adelaide sailed back to Sicily. Roger II was outraged and for the next thirty years there was no aid from Norman Sicily.
who succeeded Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem?
the crown passed to his cousin, Baldwin of Bourcq - crowned King of Jerusalem as Baldwin II
who did Baldwin of Bourcq succeed as King of Jerusalem?
Baldwin I
who was king of jerusalem 1118-1131?
baldwin ii
what was baldwin ii known as before he was king?
baldwin of bourcq
how were baldwin i and baldwin ii related?
they were cousins
in what ways was baldwin ii a successful leader?
- Established Stability
- Military Successes
- Expansion
how did baldwin ii expand the kingdom of jerusalem?
1130-31: took over the regency of Antioch
- 1126: captured Rafaniya
what military successes did baldwin ii enjoy?
- 1118: forced an invading Seljuk Turk army to back down without a battle
- defeated Tughtegin at the battle of Marj as-Suffar (1126)
- re-enforced Crusader Unity
what military success did Baldwin II enjoy in 1118?
forced an invading Seljuk Turk army to back down without a battle
what impact did Baldwin II’s intimidation of a Seljuk army in 1118 have?
showed himself willing and ready to defend his territory
who did Baldwin II defeat at the battle of Marj as-Suffar?
Tughtegin
where did Baldwin II defeat Tughtegin in 1126?
the battle of Marj as-Suffar
where did Baldwin I capture in 1126?
Rafaniya
at what events did Baldwin II reinforce crusader unity?
- 1119: Baldwin II and Pons responded to Antioch’s needs after the Principality was invaded; drove the Seljuk Turks from Antioch at Hab, defeating Il-Ghazi, despite the crushing blow of the Field of Blood.
- 1125: Assembled the knights from all the crusader territories and met the Seljuks at the Battle of Azaz; although the Seljuk army was much larger, the Franks were victorious and established much of the influence they had lost after the Ager Sanguinis
who responded to the invasion of Antioch in 1119?
Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli
which crusader state did Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli help to recvoer in 1119?
Antioch
how did Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli help Antioch in 1119?
drove the Seljuk Turks from Antioch at Hab, defeating Il-Ghazi, despite the crushing blow of the Field of Blood.
what battle did Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli win in 1119?
Hab
who did Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli defeat at Hab 1119?
Il-Ghazi
where did Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli defeat Il-Ghazi in 1119?
Hab
why was the Battle of Azaz 1125 impressive?
although the Seljuk army was much larger, the Franks were victorious and established much of the influence they had lost after the Ager Sanguinis
which Battle did Baldwin II win in 1125?
Azaz
how did Baldwin II reinforce crusader unity at Azaz 1125?
Assembled the knights from all the crusader territories
how did Baldwin II establish stability?
- Established the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Established a strong government
- Supported military orders
- Castle-Building
- Secured the succession
how did Baldwin II Establish the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
1120: Council of Nablus - Council established first written laws for Jerusalem and extended rights and privileges to the growing bourgeois communities, and called for aid from the Latin West.
what did the Council of Nablus do 1120?
established first written laws for Jerusalem and extended rights and privileges to the growing bourgeois communities, and called for aid from the Latin West.
at which council did Baldwin II Establish the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?`
1120: Council of Nablus
give an example of how Jerusalem’s government, established by Baldwin II, helped it
Eustace Grenier (acting as regent in Jerusalem for the captive Baldwin II) defeated the Fatimids at Yibneh (1123).
what battle did Eustace Grenier fight as regent for Baldiwn II?
Yibneh 1123
who did Eustace Grenier defeat in 1123 at Yibneh?
the Fatimids
how did Baldwin II support the establishment of military orders?
1119: supported the establishment of the Knights Templar in Jerusalem by Hugh de Payens
how did Baldwin II attempt to gain local support?
1101: Baldwin II, as Count of Edessa, married Morphia, daughter of the powerful Armenian prince, Gabriel of Melitene.
who did Baldwin II marry in 1110?
Morphia, daughter of the powerful Armenian prince, Gabriel of Melitene.
what castle did Baldwin II build?
1125: built the castle of ‘Mons Glavianus’ in 1125 near Beirut to impose order and secure taxes from the population.
what castle did Baldwin II build in 1125?
Mons Glavianus
what castle did Baldwin II build near beirut?
Mons Glavianus
where did Baldwin II build Mons Glavianus?
near Beirut
why did Baldwin II build Mons Glavianus?
to impose order and secure taxes from the population of Beirut
how did Baldwin II secure the succession?
- Had four daughters; Melisende, Alice, Hodierna, and Ioveta
- 1129: named his eldest daughter Melisende as his heir and arranged for her marriage to a powerful French noble, Fulk of Anjou
- Melisende’s son, Baldwin III, was born before Baldwin II died in 1131.
who were Baldwin II’s daughters?
Melisende, Alice, Hodierna, and Ioveta
who did Baldwin II name as his heir?
his eldest daughter, Melisende
who did Baldwin II arrange for Melisende to marry?
a powerful French noble, Fulk of Anjou.
why was Melisende’s marriage to Fulk advantageous?
gained foreign support for Jerusalem
who was Melisende’s son?
Baldwin III
in what ways was Baldwin II not a successful leader?
many military failures
what military failures did Baldwin II suffer?
- 1104: Baldwin II, as Count of Edessa, was captured at Harran
- 1123: attempted to aid Edessa and take over the regency after Joscelin I of Edessa was captured in 1122; he was then captured too by the Seljuk warlord Balak
- 1126: led an army of Franks to attack Damascus; captured Tughtegin at battle of Marj as-Suffar but failed to capture Damascus
- 1129: tried to attack Damascus with the aid of the Templars, but failed
where was Baldwin II captured 1104?
Harran
who was captured at Harran 1104?
Baldwin II, as Count of Edessa
which crusader state did Baldwin II attempt to aid in 1123?
Edessa
who captured Baldwin II in 1123?
Seljuk warlord Balak
why was Baldwin II captured in 1123?
attempted to aid Edessa and take over the regency after Joscelin I of Edessa was captured in 1122; he was then captured too by the Seljuk warlord Balak
where did Baldwin II fail to capture in 1126?
Damascsu
where did Baldwin II fail to capture in 1129?
Damascus
who helped Baldwin II try to capture Damascus in 1129?
knights templar
what stopped Baldwin II attacking Aleppo 1126 after the battle of Marj as-Suffar?
Had Antioch and Edessa not been fighting themselves after the battle, Baldwin may have been able to attack Aleppo - however Aleppo and Mosul were united under Zengi in 1128
who was prince of antioch 1119-1130?
bohemond ii
who was prince of antioch 1098-1111?
bohemond of taranto
who was regent of antioch 1100-1112?
tancred, prince of galilee
who was regent of antioch 1112-1119?
roger of salerno
how was bohemond of taranto a successful leader of antioch?
- February 1098: Bohemond’s military skill secured a victory at the Lake Battle outside Antioch
- June 1098: drove Kerbogha away, against the odds
where did Bohemond’s military skill secured a victory in Fenruary 1098?
at the Lake Battle outside Antioch
who did Bohemond drive away in June 1098?
Kerbogha
why was Bohemond of Taranto not a successful leader of Antioch?
- Worsened Relations with Byzantium by keeping Anticoh
- 1100: captured by the Danishmend emir
- 1108 Crusade
why did Bohemond of Taranto keep Antioch?
He had no intention of honouring the oath to return Antioch to Alexius I; they considered that Alexius had broken faith with them
what did Bohemond of Taranto influence in September 1098, reinforcing the religious divide between east and west?
September 1098: in a letter heavily influenced by Bohemond, the crusaders referred to the Greeks as heretics, as well as other eastern Christian churches; Armenians, Syrians, and Jacobites
who captured bohemond of taranto in 1100?
danishmend emir
for how many years was bohemond of taranto imprisoned by the danishmends?
1100-1103
what did bohemond of taranto do after he was released by the danishmeds in 1103?
1105: returned to the West to raise an army for a new crusade, worsening relations with Byzantium (1108 crusade)
Why did Tancred become regent of Antioch in 1100?
1100: Bohemond captured in battle with Danishmends; his nephew, Tancred, became regent of Antioch
in what ways was Tancred a successful leader as regent of Antioch?
- Expansion
- Military Successes
- Gaining Support
how did Tancred expand the principality of antioch?
- Captured Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra (1101) and Latakia (1103) from the Byzantine Empire.
- 1102: captured Raymond of Toulouse and refused to release him until he swore not to conquer territories between Antioch and Acre
- 1109: captured Jabala adding it to the Principality of Antioch.
where did Tancred capture for Antioch in 1101?
Tarsus, Adana, and Mamistra
where did Tancred capture for Antioch in 1103?
Latakia
where did Tancred capture Tarsus, Adana, Mamistra, and Latakia from?
Byzantium
who captured Raymond of Toulouse in 1102?
Tancred, as rgeent of Antioch
who did Tancred, as regent of antioch, capture in 1102?
raymond of toulouse
why did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, capture Raymond of Toulouse in 1102?
refused to release him until he swore not to conquer territories between Antioch and Acre
where did Tancred capture for the principality of Antioch in 1109?
Jabala
what military success did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, enjoy?
1105: Defeated the Ridwan and Turks of Aleppo at Artah; this was a major victory.
who did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, defeat at Artah 1105?
Ridwan and the Turks of Aleppo
who defeated Ridwan and the Turks of Aleppo at Artah 1105?
Tancred as regent of Antioch
where did Tancred defeat Ridwan and the Turks of Aleppo in 1105?
Artah
how did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, gain support?
1106: married Cecile (daughter of the King of France) to increase support from the Latin West.
who did Tancred marry in 1006?
married Cecile (daughter of the King of France)
what military failure did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, suffer?
1104: defeated at the battle of Harran (but avoided capture) by the Seljuk warlord Jikirmush of Mosul; This was a major setback.
where was Tancred, as rgeent of Antioch, defeated in 1104?
Battle of Harran
who defeated Tancred at the Battle of Harran 1104?
the Seljuk warlord Jikirmush of Mosul
where was Tancred defeated by the Seljuk warlord Jikirmush of Mosul?
Battle of Harran 1104
how did Tancred, as regent of Antioch, reinforce crusader disunity?
- 1102: captured Raymond of Toulouse and refused to release him until he swore not to conquer territories between Antioch and Acre
- When Baldwin II of Edessa was captured, Tancred became regent but was reluctant to return Edessa to Baldwin II when he was released from captivity in 1108. Tancred allied with Ridwan of Aleppo. Their forces came to blows at the Turbessel (Tell Bashir) in 1108.
- 1109: tried to make the County of Tripoli effectively subject to Antioch but was forced to back down by Baldwin I
how did Tancred alienate Baldwin II of Edessa?
When Baldwin II of Edessa was captured, Tancred became regent but was reluctant to return Edessa to Baldwin II when he was released from captivity in 1108. Tancred allied with Ridwan of Aleppo. Their forces came to blows at Turbessel (Tell Bashir) in 1108.
which muslim leader did Tancred ally with?
Ridwan of Aleppo
where did Tancred come to blows with Baldwin II of Edessa?
Turbessel (Tell Bashir) in 1108.
Which crusader leader did Tancred come to blows with in 1108 at Turbessel?
Baldwin II of Edessa
which crusader state did tancred try to make effectively subject to Antioch in 1109?
county of tripoli
who stopped tancred bullying tripoli in 1109?
baldwin i
which leader of antioch tried to make tripoli effectively subject to Antioch in 1109?
tancred, as regent
who succeeded tancred as regent of Antioch?
succeeded by Bohemond II under regency of Tancred’s nephew, Roger of Salerno
how were tancred and roger of salerno related?
roger of salerno was tancred’s nephew
who did roger of salerno, as regent of antioch, attempt to aid in 1113?
Baldwin I (but Baldwin did not wait and was defeated at Al-Sannabra by Mawdud of Mosul).
what military successes did roger of salerno, as regent of antioch, enjoy?
- 1113: defeated a Seljuk attack
- 1115: defeated the Seljuk leader Bursuq at the battle of Tell Danith (Sarmin)
who defeated Bursuq at Tell Danith 1115?
roger of salerno, as rgent of antioch
where did roger of salerno defeat bursuq in 1115?
battle of tell danith
who did roger of salerno defeat at tell danith 1115?
seljuk leader, bursuq
in what ways was roger of salerno a poor regent of antioch?
Lack of co-operation between Jerusalem and Antioch
how did roger of salerno fail to co-operate with jerusalem during his regency?
27th June 1119: Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, refused to wait for Baldwin II’s reinforcements and the Antiochene army was destroyed in the battle of the Field of Blood - Roger was killed and Antioch became a vassal state of Jerusalem with King Baldwin II as regent until 1126
what was the impact of roger of salerno’s refusal to wait for baldwin ii’s reinforcements 27th june 1119?
the Antiochene army was destroyed in the battle of the Field of Blood - Roger was killed and Antioch became a vassal state of Jerusalem with King Baldwin II as regent until 1126
who succeeded roger of salerno as leader of antioch?
bohemond ii
how was bohemond ii a successful prince of antioch?
- gained support
- expanded
how did bohemond ii gain support as prince of antioch?
- Married Alice, second daughter of Baldwin II, in 1126.
- 1129: aided Baldwin II’s unsuccessful attack on Damascus
who did bohemond ii, prince of antioch, marry in 1126?
Alice, second daughter of Baldwin II
who did bohemond ii aid in 1129?
Baldwin II’s unsuccessful attack on Damascus
who’s unsuccessful attack on damascus did bohemond ii aid in 1129?
baldwin ii
how did bohemond ii expand the principality of antioch?
1127: besieged and captured Kafartab, killing the inhabitants, and attacked Shaizar
where did bohemond ii besiege and capture in 1127?
kafartab
where did bohemond ii attack in 1127?
shaizar
why was bohemond ii a poor leader of antioch?
- the years after 1127 were marked by conflicts with Joscelin I of Edessa and skrimishes in the northern border
- 1130: killed in a reckless attack against the Armenians (who allied with the Danishmends).
why was bohemond ii in conflict with joscelin i of eddessa after 1127?
- Roger of Salerno had given terriotry to Joscelin, but Bohemond did not consider these donations legitimate
- Bohemond and Joscelin attacked Edessa separately but refused to cooperate in a larger siege
- Joscelin allied with the Muslims against Bohemond
- The Latin Patriarch of Antioch placed an interdict (mass spiritual punishment) over Edessa
what was the impact of Bohemond II’s conflict with Joscelin I of Edessa?
Baldwin II marched north to deal with the dispute and Joscelin abandoned his claims, but the chance to gain Aleppo had been lost
how was Bohemond Ii killled?
- Bohemond turned to the north to recover Anazarbus lost to Leo I of Armenia - ruler of Cilicia
- Leo I allied with Danishmend Emir, Gazi Gumushtigin, against Bohemond
- Feb 1130: Bohemond’s army was lured into an ambush near Mamistra where Bohemond was killed
where was Bohemond II trying to recover, when he was killed in 1130?
Anazarbus
who was Bohemond II trying to recover Anazarbus from, when he was killed in 1130?
Leo I of Armenia
where did Leo I rule?
ARmenia, Cilicia
who did Leo I of Armenia - ruler of Cilicia - ally with against Bohemond II?
Danishmend Emir, Gazi Gumushtigin
where was Bohemond II killed?
near Mamistra
who was count of tripoli 1102-1105?
Raymond I
who succeeded Raymond I as Count of Tripoli?
William-Jordan
who succeeded William-Jordan as Count of Tripoli?
Bertrand
who succeeded Bertrand as Count of Tripoli?
Pons
who was Count of Tripoli 1105-1109?
William-jordan
who was count of tripoli 1109-1112?
Bertrand
who was count of tripoli 1112-1137?
pons
how did Raymond I help create the county of Tripoli?
- 1102: captured Tortosa
- 1103: prepared, supported by remnants of the 1101 crusade, to take Tripoli
who supported Raymond I to prepare to take Tripoli in 1103?
remnants of the 1101 crusade
where did Raymond I capture in 1102?
Tortosa
why did Raymond I want to capture Tripoli?
Tripoli was an important strategic goal; linked ‘French’ Outremer in south with ‘Norman’ Outremer in north - also fertile and well-populated
what castle did Raymond I build to help capture tripoli?
‘Mount Pilgrim’, adjacent to Tripoli to aid the siege – this contributed to the city’s surrender in 1109.
what land did Raymond I capture?
- 1104: captured Jubail
- 1105: by his death, he had taken nearby Gibelet
where did Raymond I capture in 1104?
Jubail
why was Raymond I of Tripoli an unsuccessful leader?
- Raymond failed to gain territory by 1099.
- He was captured by the Normans
- 1102: released from Tancred’s captivity and violated his oath not to conquer territory between Antioch and Acre
- His death led to a succession crisis in the territories he had taken
who captured Raymond I of Tripoli?
the normans
what oath did Raymond I of Tripoli violate?
eleased from Tancred’s captivity and violated his oath not to conquer territory between Antioch and Acre
what succession crisis occured upon Raymond I of Tripoli’s death?
- His death led to a succession crisis in the territories he had taken
- William-Jordan and Tancred vs Bertrand of Toulouse and Baldwin I of Jerusalem
who supported Bertrand of Toulouse in his bid for Raymond I of Tripoli’s lands, after his death?
Baldwin I of Jerusalem
who supported William-Jordan in his bid for Raymond I of Tripoli’s lands, after his death?
Tancred
how was bertrand of tripoli a successful leader?
- After the death of William-Jordan, Bertrand took full control of the region and received Arqah
- ruled the County of Tripoli until his death in 1112.
where did Bertrand of Tripoli recieve, when he became ruler of the region?
Arqah
why was bertrand of tripoli not a successful leader?
Was in bitter dispute with his relative William-Jordan over the County of Tripoli until the latter’s death
on what grounds were bertrand and william-jordan fighting over tripoli?
- William-Jordan was Raymond IV’s cousin and was supported by Tancred
- Bertrand was Raymond IV’s illegitimate son and was supported by Baldwin I of Jerusalem (Bertrand arrived in the Near East with a substantial army and a large Genoese fleet)
why did William Jordan have a claim to Tripoli?
he was Raymond IV (I of Tripoli)’s cousin
why did Bertrand have a claim to Tripoli?
he was Raymond IV (I of Tripoli)’s illegitimate son
what made Bertrand a strong candidate for Count of Tripoli?
Bertrand arrived in the Near East with a substantial army and a large Genoese fleet
how was the conflict between Bertrand and William-jordan for Tripoli resolved?
Baldwin I created a partition treaty; William was to hold northern Tripoli, including Arqah, and pay homage to Tancred and Bertrand would hold south Tripoli as a vassal of Baldwin
where were William Jordan’s lands, according to the partition treaty drawn up by Baldwin i?
northern Tripoli, including Arqah
where were bertrand’s lands, according to the partition treaty drawn up by Baldwin i?
south tripoli
who was pons of tripoli’s father?
bertrand
who were pons of tripoli’s guardians while he was a child?
Tancred was his guardian until his death December 1112, then Roger of Salerno
why was Pons of Tripoli a successful leader?
- Built stability
- Military Success
how did Pons of Tripoli build stability?
- 1112: married Cecile of France to maintain the connection established by her first husband, Tancred - Pons’ former guardian
- Eventually managed to solidify independence of Tripoli
who did Pons of Tripoli marry?
Cecile of France, widow of Tancred
why did Pons of Tripoli marry Cecile of France?
to maintain the connection established by her first husband, Tancred
how did pons of tripoli solidify the independence of tripoli?
was not forced to submit formally to royal authority; after his rebellion Tripoli became an increasingly independent and distinctive polity
what military success did pons of tripoli enjoy, during his minority?
1113: accompanied Roger of Salerno in a march to aid Baldwin I against Mawdud of Mosul who had invaded K. of Jerusalem in June 1113 (but Baldwin did not wait and was defeated at Al-Sannabra).
who did pons of tripoli accompany in 1113 in a march to aid Baldwin I against Mawdud of Mosul?
roger of salerno
who did pons of tripoli and roger of salerno march to aid in 1113?
baldwin i
who did pons of tripoli and roger of salerno march to aid Baldwin I against, in 1113?
Mawdud of Mosul
why did did pons of tripoli and roger of salerno march to aid Baldwin I against Mawdud of Mosul, in 1113?
had invaded K. of Jerusalem in June 1113
what military success did pons of tripoli enjoy as leader?
- Sep 1115: responded to Roger of Salerno’s request for aid against the Turks; his forces helped the Franks and Tughetegin of Damascus defeat Bursuq at the battle of Tell Danith
- 1119: Pons and Baldwin II marched north to aid Roger of Salerno against an invasion by Il-Ghazi; prevented him from occupying the P. of Antioch at Hab shortly after the disaster at the Field of Blood.
- 1124: while Baldwin still imprisoned, assisted in the capture of Tyre (one of the last coastal cities remaining in Muslim hands)
- 1126: Baldwin II and Pons worked together to capture Rafaniya
whose request for aid did pons of tripoli respond to in 1115?
roger of salerno
who did roger of salerno request aid against, from pons of tripoli, in 1115?
the turks
whose forces helped the Franks and Tughetegin of Damascus defeat Bursuq at the battle of Tell Danith?
pons of tripoli
who did pons of tripoli help to defeat in 1115?
his forces helped the Franks and Tughetegin of Damascus defeat Bursuq at the battle of Tell Danith
where did pons of tripoli help the Franks and Tughetegin of Damascus defeat Bursuq in 1115?
tell danith
whose request for aid did pons of tripoli respond to in 1119?
roger of salerno
who marched to aid roger of salerno against an invasion by il-ghazi in 1119?
pons of tripoli and baldwin ii
why did roger of salerno request aid in 1119?
he had been invaded by il-ghazi
how did pons of tripoli assist roger of salerno after the field of blood?
prevented Il-Ghazi from occupying the P. of Antioch at Hab
what city did Pons of Tripoli help to capture in 1124?
tYRE
why was the capture of Tyre so siginifanct, in 1124?
it was one of the last coastal cities remaining in Muslim hands
who worked together to capture rafaniya in 1126?
Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli
where did Ponsd of Tripoli and Baldwin Ii work together to capture in 1126?
Rafaniya
why was pons of tripoli an unsuccessful leader?
- May 1116-May 1117: Pons and Roger of Salerno narrowly missed being captured by forces of Damascus and Mosul after raiding Muslim lands
- 1119: too late to help Roger of Salerno - defeat at Field of Blood
- Pons established his independence from Jerusalem 1120-22 and there was nearly violence with Baldwin II.
who did Pons and Roger of Salerno narrowly missed being captured by in May 1116-May 1117?
forces of Damascus and Mosul
why were Pons of Tripoli and Roger of Salerno at risk of being captured by forces of Damascus and Mosul in May 1116-May 1117?
they had raided Muslim lands
who was Pons of Tripoli too late to help in 1119?
roger of salerno
why was there nearly violence between Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin II 1120-22?
- January 1120: refused to attend Council of Nablus to assert his independence
- Soon, tensions between K. of Jerusalem and C. of Tripoli flared up; Fulcher of Chartres recorded in 1122 that Pons refused to give Baldwin II is obedience, so Baldwin gathered his army at Acre and marched to Tripoli
- Conflict in Tripoli could have sparked civil war
whic council did Pons of Tripoli refuse to attend?
1120 Council of Nablus
why did Pons of Tripoli refuse to attend the Council of Nablsu?
to assert his independence
why was Pons of Tripoli disobedient towards Baldwin II?
It is likely that Pons disobedience began as a refusal to take part in one of Baldwin’s many military expeditions and were perhaps related to Baldwin’s attempts to rule over Tripoli
how did Baldwin Ii respond to Pons of Tripoli’s disobedience?
Baldwin gathered his army at Acre and marched to Tripoli
who was count of edessa in 1100-1118?
Baldwin II (Baldwin of Bourcq)
who succeeded Baldwin II as count of edessa?
joscelin i
who did joscelin i succeed as count of edessa?
Baldwin II
who was count of edessa 1118-1131?
joscelin i
why was Baldwin of Bourcq appt Count of Edessa?
Baldwin I became King of Jerusalem
who did Baldwin II of Edessa marry?
Morphia of Melitene, daughter of Armenian prince Gabriel of Melitene
who did Baldwin II help to ransom?
Helped ransom Bohemond from the Danishmends, preferring him to his nephew Tancred, who was now regent
what military success did baldwin ii have as count of edessa?
- 1102: Baldwin and Tancred assisted Baldwin I against Egyptians at Ascalon
- 1108: made an alliance with Chavli of Mosul and fought Tancred for Edessa at Turbessel (he regained the county)
- 1109: after reconciling with Tancred, they participated in the capture of Tripoli
who did baldwin ii and tancred assist in 1102?
Baldwin I against Egyptians at Ascalon
who did baldwin ii and tancred assist Baldwin I against in 1102?
Egyptians at Ascalon
who did Baldwin II of edessa make an allieance with in 1108?
Chavli of Mosul
who did Baldwin II fight for Edessa in 1108?
Tancred
where did Baldwin II and Tsncred foght for Edessa in 1108?
/Turbessel
where did Baldwin II of Edessa and Tancred help to capture in 1109?
Tripoli
why was Baldwin II of Edessa an unsuccessful leader?
- 1104: Seljuks invaded Edessa
- 1113: disposed Joscelin of Courtenay within the county, causing bad blood between them; Joscelin left for the K. of Jerusalem
who invaded Edessa in 1104?
Seljuks
how did Baldwin II lose Edessa?
- seljuks invaded
- with help from Antioch, Baldwin II met them at the Battle of Harran where Baldwin II was captured
- Tancred became regent of Edessa; Tancred and Bohemond preferred to ransom their Seljuk prisoners for money rather than in exchange for Baldwin
- 1108: ransomed from Mosul for 60,000 dinars by Joscelin of Courtenay
- Tancred refused to restore Edessa to him
where did Baldwin II of Edessa lose to the Seljuks?
Battle of Harran
who became regent of Edessa while Baldwin II was in captivity?
Tancred
why did Baldwin II spend so long in Seljuk captivity after Harran?
Tancred and Bohemond preferred to ransom their Seljuk prisoners for money rather than in exchange for Baldwin
who ransomed for Baldwin II in 1108?
Joscelin of Courtenay
why did Joscelin of Courtenay and Baldwin II have ‘bad blood’?
1113: disposed Joscelin of Courtenay within the county, causing bad blood between them; Joscelin left for the K. of Jerusalem
how did Joscelin I become count of Edessa?
1118: Baldwin II succeeded Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem; Joscelin fully endorsed Baldwin over the candidacy of Baldwin I’s brother (Eustace III of Boulogne who was still in Europe), despite their former hostility and was rewarded with the County of Edessa
who did Joscelin endorse Baldwin over, for the candidacy of king of jerusalem?
Baldwin I’s brother, Eustace III of Boulogne, who was still in Europe
why was joscelin i an unsuccessful leafer of edessa?
- 1122: taken prisoner by Balak and was later joined in captivity at Kharput by Baldwin II (captured April 1123) - eventually rescued by Armenian soldiers
who captured joscelin i of edessa in 1122?
balak
why was joscelin i a successful leader of edessa?
- Gained Support
- 1125: Aided Baldwin II at Battle of Azaz
- Raised the morale of his forces, leading to Muslim retreat whilst on his death bed (1131).
who did joscelin i of edessa aid in 1125?
Baldwijn II at Battle of Azaz
where did Joscelin I of Edessa aid Baldwin II in 1125?
Battle of Azaz
how did Joscelin i of Edessa gain support?
- Married an Armenian named Beatrice, daughter of Constantine I of Armenia. They had a son, Joscelin II. (1119: Beatrice died)
- 1122: Joscelin married Maria, daughter of Richard of Salerno and sister of Roger of Salerno, the former regent of Antioch.
- Forged good relations with native Armenians; 1124 the Armenians helped him escape from captivity.
who was Joscelin I of Edessa’s first wife>
Beatrice, daughter of Constantine I of Armenia
who was Joscelin I’s heir?
Joscelin II, to Beatrice of Armenia
who was Joscelin I of Edessa’s second wife?
Maria, daughter of Richard of Salerno and sister of Roger of Salerno, the former regent of Antioch.
what evidence is there that joscelin i of edessa Forged good relations with native Armenians?
1124 the Armenians helped him escape from captivity.
