How successful was crusading 1095-1129? Flashcards
what were Urban II’s original motivations for crusading?
- a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land
- the wish to aid Byzantium and improve relations
- the diversion of Christian violence against muslims
- the increase in the power of the papacy
why was the 1101 crusade sent?
- The first appeal to the West in 1101 was really a continuation of the First Crusade; throughout the expedition, crusaders were aware of people in Europe who had taken the cross but failed to set out
- Given their own losses, the crusaders sent a series of messages urging their co-religionists to join them and papal letters restated this point, threatening shame and excommunication on those who did not fulfil their vows
- A second spur was provided by the news of the capture of Jerusalem; God’s apparent blessing of the crusade prompted a flood of people hoping to benefit - Godfrey of Bouillon, almost certainly for propaganda purposes, boasted of the vast fortune he had acquired
who made up the 2 main armies of the 1101 crusade?
a Franco-Lombard army of Italians, N. French, and Burgundians, and an Aquitanian-Bavarian force led by Duke Welf IV of Bavaria and Duke William IX of Aquitaine
where did the 1101 crusade gather in june 1101?
nicomedia
how many ships and men did the norwegian crusade set off with?
60 ships and ~5000 men
where did Sigurd and his men stay over winter 1106 until spring 1107?
england under henry i
where did Sigurd and his men stay over winter 1108?
Santiago de Compostela
where did Sigurd and his men arrive in spring 1109?
Sicily
who did Sigurd and his men meet in scicily 1109?
the ruling Count Roger II, only 12-13 years old
where did Sigurd and his men arrive in summer 1110?
acre
who did Sigurd and his men meet in jerusalem 1110?
the ruling Frankish king Baldwin I
how was the norwegian crusade welcomed to jerusalem 1110?
were given many treasures and relics including a splinter of the True Cross in return of a promise to continue to promote Christianity
why was the venetian crusade sent?
- Following the Field of Blood 1119, Baldwin II asked for help from Pope Callixtus II who, preoccupied with the Investiture Controversy, passed the request on to the Republic of Venice
- Terms of crusade agreed through negitation between envoys of Baldwin II and doge of Venice
how did the pope approve of the venetian crusade?
Pope Callixtus II sent them his papal banner to signify his approval; at the First Council of the Lateran he confirmed that the Venetians had crusader privileged, including remission of sins as well as the extension of the church’s protection to the families and property of the crusaders
how were crusaders 1095-1129 successful in their desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land?
- The First Crusade conquered major Muslim-controlled cities in the east including Edessa (1097), Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099).
- The crusaders established four ‘crusader states’ between 1099 and 1109 to defend their holy places (Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, County of Edessa, County of Tripoli)
which critical places did the first crusade conquer for christianity?
Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre, was liberated (July 1099) allowing for access to the pilgrim sites.
how did the 1101 crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
- The 1101 crusade’s involvement at Ramlah and Jaffa was a significant contribution towards the survival of the fledgling kingdom of Jerusalem; some of these crusaders also remained in the Levant as settlers
- (Aristocratic) Remnants of the crusade of 1101 helped Raymond of Toulouse capture Tortosa
which battles did the remnants of the 1101 crusade participate in?
Ramlah May 1102, Jaffa 1102
how did the 1101 crusade help at the 2nd battle of ramlah and jaffa?
at Ramlah they provided a large cavalry contingent, and at Jaffa they brought infantry
which crusader leader did the 1101 crusade help to capture tortosa?
raymond of toulouse
where did the 1101 crusade help raymond of toulouse to capture?
tortosa
how did Bohemond’s 1108 crusade help to establish the crusader states?
When Bohemond was released from captivity, he resolved to bolster the long-term security of Antioch against Muslim and Byzantine threats by seeking support from the West (pope and then in France and England)
how did Bohemond seek support for the west before his 1108 crusade?
- As a leader of the First crusade and an accomplished warrior, Bohemond enjoyed a tremendous welcome in Europe late 1105
- Contacted Pope Paschal II in Italy and by N. France, he was accompanied by a papal legate to raise support for a new crusade
- Recruited a large army to follow him, part of which continued on to Jerusalem where some men settled
who did bohemond marry? why was he able to?
New-found status meant he could seek an influential bride; 1106 married Constance, daughter of King Philip I of France - cemented his prestige and established the ruling house of Antioch as one of real standing
what was the impact of bohemond’s marriage to constance, daughter of king philip i of france?
- gained western support for outremer
- cemented his prestige and established the ruling house of Antioch as one of real standing
how did the norwegian crusade help to establish the crusader states?
- 1108: The Norwegian crusade captured the fortress of Sintra from Muslims in Spain (Muslim Al-Andalus)
- The successes of the Norwegians in the Balearic Islands encouraged/inspired the Catalan-Pisan conquest of them in 1113-15
- Late 1110: The Norwegian crusade assisted in the successful capture of Sidon and therefore the subsequent establishment of the Lordship of Sidon
what happened when The Norwegian crusade captured the fortress of Sintra from Muslims in Spain?
they took the castle and killed every man there, as they had refused to be christened
what did The successes of the Norwegians in the Balearic Islands encourage?
the Catalan-Pisan conquest of them in 1113-15
what successes did the norwegians have in the balearic islands?
- early 1109: after another victorious battle against pirates when sailing through the Strait of Gibraltar, they sailed into the Mediterranean and arrived at the Balearics
- Arrived first at Formentera and encountered Saracens; after this battle, the Norwegians supposedly acquired the greatest treasures they ever had
- Successfully attacked Ibiza and Minorca
why is the norwegian crusade so significant, in terms of their attacks on the balearics?
Norwegian raids are the first recorded Christian attacks on the Islamic Balearics
where did the norwegian crusade first arrive in the balearics?
formentera
where did the norwegian crusade successfully attack in the balearics?
formentera, ibiza, minorca
why didn’t the norwegian crusade attack majorca?
as at the time it was the most prosperous and well-fortified centre of an independent taifa kingdom
how did the venetian crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
1124: The Venetian crusading fleet played a major role in the capture of Tyre
how did the venetian crusading fleet help to capture tyre 1124?
Tyre surrendered, after being completely encircled by the fleet and besieged for more than a year, on 7 July 1124
how did the damascus crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
The Damascus crusade captured Banias and secured regular tribute from Damascus.
where did the damascus crusade capture?
banias
where did the damascus crusade secure regular tribute from?
damascus
how were crusaders 1095-1129 successful in their wish to aid Byzantium and improve relations?
- The First Crusade aided Byzantium by recapturing Nicaea (1097) and much of Anatolia for the Byzantines.
- Apart from logistic help, Alexius offered the 1101 crusaders a veteran commander in Raymond of Toulouse, who had been the emperor’s guest since summer of 1100, suggesting relations between the two men were improved
how did the first crusade aid byzantium?
by recapturing Nicaea (1097) and much of Anatolia for the Byzantines.
what suggests that relations between raymond of toulouse and alexius i had much improved by 1102?
he had been the emperor’s guest since summer of 1100
how were crusades 1095-1129 successful in the diversion of Christian violence against muslims?
- Remnants of the 1101 crusade contributed to the Frankish forces at the second battle of Ramlah in 1102 and fought again against Fatimid forces at Jaffa.
- First Crusade Military Successes
- Norwegian Crusade military successes
- The Venetian crusade consisted of a large fleet of 120 ships and over 15,000 men
what was a major military success for the first crusade?
dorylaeum
how many battles did the crusaders lose during the norwegian crusade?
none
how did sigurd acquire 8 ships on his way to jerusalem?
Norwegians encountered pirate fleet of galleys seeking peaceful trading ships to rob; Sigurd stormed their ships and, after a short while, all the pirates were slain or escaped and Sigurd had acquired 8 ships
where did the norwegian crusade enjoy military successes?
- 1108: The Norwegian crusade defeated Muslim enemies at Lisbon and Alkasse
- 1109: The Norwegian crusade defeated Muslim opponents on the Spanish islands (Balearics) of Formentera, Ibiza and Minorca
who led the venetian crusade?
their doge, Dominico Michiel
how many ships and men were a part of the venetian crusade?
120 ships and over 15,000 men
give an example of a military success of the venetian crusade
May 1123: it intercepted and destroyed a Fatimid fleet - had abandoned a blockade of Jaffa and was returning to its base at Ascalon so Venetians surrounded and destroyed them
how were crusades 1095-1129 successful in increasing the power of the papacy?
The 1101 expedition provided an opportunity for those who had deserted the main armies 1097-98, or had not accpompanied them, to return to the Levant and complete their vows e.g. Stephen of Blois
