How helpful was the Latin Church to the Crusader States 1099-1130? Flashcards
who was patriach of jerusalem in 1099?
Arnulf
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1099-1102?
Daimbert
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1102-1105?
ehremar
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1107-1112?
Ghibbelin
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1112-1118?
Arnulf
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1119-1128?
Warmund (Garmond)
who was patriarch of jerusalem 1128-1130?
Stephen
what was Arnulf’s role in the crusader army, before he become patriarch of jerusalem in 1099?
Was the chaplain of the crusader army led by Robert of Normandy and After Adhemar’s death 1098 he shared control of the clergy with fellow legate Peter of Narbonne
who, after Adhemar’s death in 1098, shared control of the crusading clergy?
Arnulf (later patriarch of jerusalem) and peter of narbonne
what were the crusaders’ opinions of arnulf, as leader of the clergy after adhemar’s death 1098?
Some non-Norman knights of other crusader armies believed he was corrupt, but most crusaders respected him as an eloquent preacher
who supported arnulf to be elected as patriarch of jerusalem?
Godfrey of Bouillon
how did arnulf, as patriarch, support the leaders of jerusalem?
- was supported by Godfrey of Bouillon (first ruler of Jerusalem) to be elected patriarch, and in turn supported Godfrey’s decision for the establishment of a secular state in Jerusalem
- Was strongly supportive of Baldwin I 1112-1118
what was daimbert’s role before patrairch of jerusalem?
Was the first Archbishop of Pisa
how did daimbert support outremer, even before being made patriarch of jerusalem?
1099: Set out for the East with a lawless Pisan fleet which made successful raids on Byzantine owned islands and skirmished with the Byzantine navy before going on to Syria.
how did daimbert help establish stability and control, as patriarch of jerusalem?
- After his enthronement, Godfrey of Bouillon knelt before him and was invested with the territory of Jerusalem, and Bohemond did the same for Antioch
- 11 Nov 1100: Baldwin assumed title King of Jerusalem - Daimbert accepted defeat and Baldwin, considering his influence over Pisan fleet, confirmed him in his see.
- Christmas 1100: Baldwin paid homage to Patriarch and was crowned as king
which crusader leaders worked with daimbert as patrarch of jerusalem?
- godfrey of bouillon
- bohemond of taranto
- baldwin i
how did ehremar aid outremer as patriarch of jerusalem?
1104: Reconciled Baldwin I and the Genoese when they argued after capturing Acre
who did ehremar reconcile as patriarch of jerusalem?
baldwin i and the genoese
which crusader leader was stephen, patriarch of jerusalem, related to?
baldwin ii
which patriarch of jerusalem Worked with Baldwin II at the Council of Nablus?
warmund
what did the canons of the council of nablus serve as, perhaps due to warmund’s involvement?
canons of the council served as a sort of concordat between the church of Outremer and crusader states
what were the 3 canons of the council of nablus?
- First canon is a promise by Baldwin to surrender the appropriate tithes to patriarch (those from his own royal estates in Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre)
- Second canon contains Baldwin’s request for forgiveness for the tithes he had rpeviously withheld
- Third canon Warmund absolves Baldwin
how did warmund support outremer as patriarch of jerusalem?
- Worked with Baldwin II at the Council of Nablus (1120)
- Assisted Baldwin II in the creation of the group that became the Templars
- Wrote to Spain 1119-1125 asking for aid
- 1123: negotiated an alliance between Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice - finalised in the treaty Pactum Warmundi
- 1124: appointed supreme commander of the crusader forces besieging Tyre
how did Warmund Assist Baldwin II in the creation of the group that became the Templars, as patriarch of jerusalem?
- King Baldwin II gave the group quarters in the Temple of Solomon
- Hugh de Payens was elected their master and Warmund charged them with the duty of keeping the roads safe
- 1129: Council of Troyes, became a military order sanctioned by the Church
who wrote to spain 1119-1125 asking for aid, and who did thet write to?
Warmund, patriarch of jerusalem, Along with Gerard, prior of the Holy Sepulchre, wrote a letter to Diege Gelmirez, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela
what did warmund, patriarch of jerusalem, Along with Gerard, prior of the Holy Sepulchre, ask for from spain 1119-1125?
Cited crop failures and threats of their enemies and requested food, money and military aid to maintain the Kingdom of Jerusalem
what treaty finalised the alliance between Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice that patriarch warmund negotiated 1123?
Pactum Warmundi
why was patriarch warmund appointed supreme commander of the crusader forces besieging Tyre in 1124?
he was felt to possess greater authority than any alternative as commander
how did the long patriarchate of bernard of valence help support outremer?
1100-1135 - created stability in an otherwise unstable state.
how did bernard of valence aid outremer, as patriarch on antioch?
- Strong Relations with Crusader leaders and Strong Leader Himself
- Military support
- Diplomatic and Unifying Force
which crusader leader was bernard of valence on particularly excellent terms with?
bohemond
how was bernard of valence a strong leader?
- 1120: Requested aid from Baldwin II
- 1123: Raised the alarm when Baldwin II was captured
- 1124: Bernard of Valence helped Baldwin II get out of an inconvenient oath after he was released
how did bernard of valence’s 1120 request for aid from baldwin ii help antioch?
Baldwin II returned to Antioch bearing the True Cross
how did bernard of valence’s raising of the alarm when Baldwin II was captured in 1123 help jerusalem?
lead Eustace Grenier to raise an army and bring the True Cross north again (although he was unsuccessful in recovering Baldwin II)
how did Bernard of Valence helped Baldwin II get out of an inconvenient oath after he was released 1124?
- As part of Baldwin’s release, he agreed to surrender towns belonging to the principality of Antioch
- Bernard pointed out that he was only regent of Antioch and had no right to give away its territory (which belonged to child Bohemond II)
- Baldwin II sent word back that he could not disobey the patriarch
how did bernard of valence support outremer militarily?
- 1103: Played a leading role in securing Bohemond’s release from captivity by the Danishmends
- 1104: Provided military support by raising an army to assist Tancred at Harran
- 1119: Took control of Antioch in the emergency after the Field of Blood
how did bernard of valence help release crusader leaders captured by muslims?
Ransom for release of Bohemond 1103 raised by Bernard and Baldwin of Edessa (later Baldwin II)
who raised the ransom for the release of bohemond from the danishmends in 1103?
bernard of valence and baldwin of edessa
who did bernard of valence raise an army to support in 1104?
Tancred at Harran
how did bernard of valence take control of Antioch in the emergency after the Field of Blood?
- Faced with a massive military threat from Il-Ghazi, Bernard urged Prince Roger to appeal for help from King Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli, and to wait for reinforcements (Roger refused to do so)
- After the Field of Blood, inhabitants expected the Turks to attack the city
- Bernard’s first fear was of treason from native Christians (whom his own actions had alienated); he sent round to disarm them and impose a curfew
- Distributed arms he collected among Frankish clergy and merchants and set them to watch the walls while a messenger was sent to urge Baldwin II
what stabilising actions did bernard of valence take in antioch, after the field of blood?
- Bernard’s first fear was of treason from native Christians (whom his own actions had alienated); he sent round to disarm them and impose a curfew
- Distributed arms he collected among Frankish clergy and merchants and set them to watch the walls while a messenger was sent to urge Baldwin II
how was bernard of valence a diplomatic and unifying force?
- 1100: pressured tancred to release Raymond of toulouse
- 1108: Helped to resolve the conflict between Tancred and Baldwin of Edessa
why was there conflict between tancred and baldwin of edessa in 1108?
Tancred was refusing to return the County of Edessa to Count Baldwin
who was pope 1099-1118?
pope pashcal ii
who was pope 1119-24?
Pope Calixtus II
who was pope 1124-30?
Pope Honorius II
how did pope paschal ii aid outremer?
15 Feb 1113: issued the bull ‘Pie Postulatio Voluntatis’
what did the papal bull ‘Pie Postulatio Voluntatis’ in Feb 1113 do?
brought under papal protection and confirmed as a religious order the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller)
which pope issued ‘Pie Postulatio Voluntatis’?
pope pashcal ii, 15 feb 1113
what did the confirmation of the knights hospitaller as a religious order in 1113 under paschal ii actually entail?
- confirmed the order’s acquisitions and donations in Europe and Asia
- exempted it from all authority save that of the pope
what was pope calixtus ii’s pontificate dominated by?
the investiture controversy
how did pope calixtus ii settle the investiture controversy?
through the Concordat of Worms 1122
how did pope calixtus ii aid outremer?
- 1123: First Lateran Council, indulgences already granted to crusaders were renewed
- encouraged the Venetian Crusade
how did pope calixtus ii aid outremer at the first lateran council 1123?
indulgences already granted to crusaders were renewed
which crusade did pope calixtus ii encourage?
the venetian crusade
how did pope honorius ii aid outremer?
- 1129: Council of Troyes expressed its approval of the Templars as a religious order
- As suzerain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, re-confirmed the election of King Baldwin II and established him as the royal patron of the Templars
- Tried to manage the rivalries of the different princes and high-ranking ecclesiastics that were destabilising Jerusalem
how did the 1129 council of troyes, under pope honorius ii, express its approval of the templars as a religious order?
- commissioned Bernard of Clairvaux to draw up the order’s rules (included vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience)
- the order and the rules were approved by Honorius
who did pope honorius ii re-confirm the election of?
king baldwin ii
what title, apart from po-pe honorius ii, did he hold?
suzerain of the kingdom of jerusalem
who did pope honorius ii establish as the royal patron of the templars?
baldwin ii
what are some limitations to the level of aid the military orders were able to provide for outremer?
- Military orders were exempt from most taxation and were answerable only to the pope - made them independent from the rulers of the crusader states and therefore potentially difficult to direct/possibly liability in certain circumstances
- both orders were only established at the end of this time period (Hospitallers confirmed as a religious order 1113 and militarised 1131, Templars est 1119 and confirmed 1129) and were therefore very small at this point
why could it have been an issue that Military orders were exempt from most taxation and were answerable only to the pope?
this made them independent from the rulers of the crusader states and therefore potentially difficult to direct/possibly liability in certain circumstances
what evidence is there that the templars were fairly high profile and so provably good at raising support for outremer?
- 1120: recruited the visiting Count Fulk of Anjou into their ranks, if only temporarily.
- 1127-29: Hugh de Payns toured Western Europe to attract donations and members.
why was the templars’ contact with fulk of anjou so significant?
On his return home Fulk granted them annual income of thirty pounds, setting an example followed by many.
what annual income did fulk of anjou grant the templars?
30 pounds
why did Hugh de Payns tour Western Europe 1127-29?
to attract donations and members, as well as assisting in negotiations to persuade Fulk of Anjou to return east and recruiting forces for a new campaign against Damascus.
what evidence is there that Hugh de Payns’ tour of Western Europe 1127-29 was successful?
the extensive grants made to the order in 1127-8 of lands, rents, customs, and war materials.
why was Hugh de Payns’ presence at the 1129 council of troyes so significant?
it was presided over by a papal legate attended by many from the elite ecclesiastical establishment, including the most influential of all, Bernard of Clairvaux. At Troyes, after hearing Hugh’s description of the principles and practices of the new order, the council confirmed its foundation and provided a systematic rule.
what roles did castles play for crusaders in outremer?
defensive, offensive (threatening the enemy), administrative, judicial, for accommodation, psychological (as a demonstration of power), and a refuge.
what are some possible limitations to the effectiveness of castles for the crusader states?
- cost
- maintenance
- position
- hard to build: water supplies had to be secured, workmen, masons, and tools had to be sourced, cranes and scaffolding had to be built, the protection of the site had to be secured.
what strategically important position did krak des chevaliers hold?
east of Tripoli on the only route from Antioch to Beirut.
what crusader state held krak des chevaliers?
tripoli
who occupied krak des chevaliers?
- Raymond of Toulouse captured it in 1099 during the First Crusade, but he had to abandon it.
- Tancred occupied it again in 1110 and expanded it
- (later inhabited by the hospitallers)
why did king baldwin i build montreal castle in 1115?
to protect the kingdom in the south and expand eastward.
how was castle of montreal strategically placed?
on a hill along the pilgrimage and caravan routes from Syria to Arabia. It was surrounded by relatively fertile land.
what did montreal allow baldwin i to do?
to control the commerce of the area, as pilgrims and merchants needed permission to travel past it.
where was toron built?
- It was built on the road from Tyre to Damascus.
- It was the centre of the Lordship of Toron, within the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
what crusader state owned castle of montreal?
jerusalem
what crusader state owned toron castle?
jerusalem
why was toron castle built in 1105?
to help the future capture of Tyre.
how did toron protect outremer?
It was a major obstacle to the Muslim invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the east.
how was patriarch arnulf not supportive/helpful to outremer?
- Enforced the Latin rite among the crusaders, banning all others
- Banned non-Latin Christian priests from the Holy Sepulchre
- Arnulf was too weak to establish supremacy of Holy Land as patrimony of the church
- His election was subject to doubts concerning its canonicity, as he was not yet a deacon
why was it an issue that patriarch Arnulf Enforced the Latin rite among the crusaders, banning all others?
it further alienated the disaffected Greeks
why was it an issue that patriarch Arnulf Banned non-Latin Christian priests from the Holy Sepulchre?
it caused enormous tensions with those communities.
what was Patriarch Arnulf too weak to do?
It had been argued that the Holy Land should be the patrimony of the church but Arnulf had been too weak to establish supremacy.
why was patriarch arnulf’s election subject to doubts concerning its canonicity?
he was not yet a deacon
how did the doubts concerning patriarch arnulf’s canonicity cause division?
before Arnulf could be ordained, he was replaced in December by Daimbert of Pisa, whom Pope Paschall II had appointed legate, with Bohemond’s blessing, causing division. Arnulf was appointed archdeacon of Jerusalem.
how did the patriarchs of jerusalem undermine outremer 1102-1107?
There was a conflict over who was the correct Patriarch of Jerusalem. This created tensions and divisions within the kingdom and with the papacy.
how was patriarch Daimbert not supportive/helpful to Outremer?
- Daimbert’s help in besieging Latakia undermined cooperation with the Byzantines
- Unclear status when he went east.
- Baldwin, future king of Jerusalem, currently Lord of Edessa, did not seem to have a good relationship with him
- Tried to make Jerusalem a church state
- Intrigued with Tancred
- Complaints made about the legality of Daimbert’s appointment.
- Kept a donation of money that was meant for Baldwin I
- depended on the strength of his pisan fleet for authority
which patriarch agreed to help bohemond of antioch besiege latakia?
Daimbert and the Pisans
how did Daimbert and the Pisans help Bohemond of Antioch besiege Latakia?
by blockading the port from the sea
why did Daimbert’s choice to help Bohemond besiege Latakia cause division?
Other crusader leaders, who saw the necessity for cooperation with the Byzantines and eastern Christians were horrified and persuaded him to call off the blockade.
why was Daimbert’s status unclear when he went east?
Many historians believe Urban had appointed him apostolic legate to the crusade in succession to Adhemar. However, in a letter to the new pope, Paschal II, Sep 1099, Daimbert styles himself simply ‘archbishop of pisa.’
why was the relationship between Baldwin of Edessa and Patriarch Daimbert poor?
Baldwin, future king of Jerusalem, currently Lord of Edessa, did not pay homage for it to Daimbert as he was enthroned, and their relations do not seem to have been good
why was it an issue that Patriarch Daimbert Tried to make Jerusalem a church state?
it led to tension – he demanded that Godfrey give him the city.
how did Godfrey respond to Patriarch Daimbert’s attempt to make Jerusalem a church state?
Godfrey partly yielded; at a ceremony on Easter Day 1 April 1100 he announced he could retain possession until his death, or until he conquered two great cities from the infidel, but he bequeathed Jerusalem to the Patriarch
how did the arrival of a Genoese squadron in April 1101 affect Patriarch Daimbert?
it weakened Daimbert’s position, as Baldwin no longer depended for sea power on the Pisan fleet
what happened after Complaints were made about the legality of Daimbert’s appointment as patriarch of jerusalem?
Pope sent a legate, Maurice, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto, to enquire. Baldwin accused Daimbert of treachery for urging Bohemond to oppose Baldwin’s succession - Daimbert bribed Baldwin to drop the complaint
why was patriarch daimbert deposed 1102?
Kept a donation of money that was meant for Baldwin I in Autumn 1101
what did Patriarch Daimbert intrigue with Tancred to achieve after Godfrey of Bouillon’s death?
Intrigued with Tancred to try to give Jerusalem to Bohemond in 1100.
which crusader leader did Daimbert repeatedly intrigue with?
Tancred
how did Patrairch Daimbert attempt to intrigue to give Jerusalem to Bohemond in 1100?
When Godfrey died in July 1100, Daimbert was accompanying a campaign against Jaffa under Tancred Prince of Galilee so Jerusalem knights offered lordship to Baldwin, Godfrey’s brother. With support of Tancred, Daimbert wrote offering lordship to Bohemond, but letter was intercepted and Bohemond captured by Turks.
what was the nature of Daimbert and Tancred’s intrigue at Antioch 1102?
- Tancred put the Church of St George at his disposal
- When Baldwin needed Tancred’s military help in Autumn 1102, Tancred insisted on Daimbert’s restoration as a condition of his assistance
what, after the death of Ghibbelin in Dec 1112, suggests the Latin church was not supportive enough?
After Ghibbelin’s death in Dec 1112, the archdiocese of Arles remained vacant until 1115
how was patriarch stephen not supportive/helpful to outremer?
- Stephen was less ready to cooperate with Baldwin II, than Warmund had been
- Revived claims made by Patriarch Dagobert for church power and attempted to reassert the idea of church rule in Jerusalem 1128-30.
- When Stephen died in 1130, his friends suspected poison
what did patriarch stephen seek to do, in regards to church power?
Sought to revive an agreement from 1100 between Dagobert and Godfrey of Bouillon, first ruler of Jerusalem, for possession of Jaffa as an autonomous possession, and even of Jerusalem itself
why did relations between the court of Baldwin II and the Patriarch Stephen worsen?
- Stephen revived claims made by Patriarch Dagobert for church power and attempted to reassert the idea of church rule in Jerusalem 1128-30.
- Sought to revive an agreement from 1100 between Dagobert and Godfrey of Bouillon, first ruler of Jerusalem, for possession of Jaffa as an autonomous possession, and even of Jerusalem itself
- Baldwin II did not agree
what did Patriarch Stephen’s friends suspect had killed him in 1130?
poison
how did bernard of valence undermine outremer/was not supportive?
- Argument with Baldwin I about Syrian coastal towns
- 1118: Caused a dispute with the head of the Jacobite Church, Athanasius
- 1127: Failed to settle dispute between Bohemond II of Antioch of Joscelin of Edessa
why did Bernard of Valence argue with Baldwin I about Syrian coastal towns?
- Baldwin’s conquests brough into his powers (e.g. Sidon, Beirut) whose churches historically belonged to Patriarch of Antioch
- Proper administration of the kingdom demanded they should be transferred to the jurisdiction of Jerusalem, which Baldwin did - in 1110, Pope Paschal II had informed Jerusalem that in view of changed circumstances, the historical position could be ignored
- Bernard protested to Paschal II about this uncanonical act - in 1112, Pope Paschal changed his mind and supported the claims of Antioch
- Baldwin ignored the pope’s new decision and, in spite of a reproof from Paschal, the bishoprics remained under Patriarchate of Jerusalem
how did Bernard of Valence Cause a dispute with the head of the Jacobite Church, Athanasius, in 1118?
- Athanasius (who resided at Antioch) quarrelled with one of his bishops at Edessa, Bar-Sabuni, over the jurisdiction of some sacred books
- Bar-Sabuni appealed for help from Bernard who summoned Athanasius to discuss at a synod held in the Latin cathedral
- Incompetent interpreter led Bernard to believe that the dispute was over a private debt, and he pronounced it was simoniacal of Athanasius not to forgive the debtor
- Athanasius protested rudely and Bernard ordered him to be scourged; Athanasius appealed to Prince Roger of Antioch who angrily reproved Bernard for interefering in a metter that did not concern him and permitted Athanasius to leave Antioch for his former home (monastery of Mar Barsauma) under the protection of Ortoqids
- Athanasius excommunicated Bar-Sabuni and placed Jacobite Church of Edessa under an interdict; many Edessene Jacobites, deprived of their church, went over to the Latin rite
what was the nature of the dispute between Bohemond II of Antioch of Joscelin of Edessa that bernard of valence failed to heal?
- Joscelin had obtained by truce some districts which had been held for a while by Antioch; Joscelin’s second wife had also been prmised the town of Azaz as her dowry by Bohemond II’s predecessor, Roger - Bohemond considered that Roger was only regent so had no right to give away territory
- Joscelin led his troops, aided by Turkish mercenaries, to raid Antiochene villages near his borders
how was the dispute between Bohemond II and Joscelin of Edessa eventually solved?
Interdict hurled by Bernard did not deter him and Baldwin II was forced to come north and intervene
how was pope paschal ii not very supportive of outremer?
- distracted by investiture controversy
- Paschal pressed the demand that the Patriarch of Constantinople recognise the Pope’s primacy over “all the churches of God throughout the world” (1112)
- 1113: Made the Hospitallers answerable only to him
how did pope pashcal ii reinforce the great schism?
- Efforts made by Alexius I to bridge the religious schism failed, as Paschal pressed the demand that the Patriarch of Constantinople recognise the Pope’s primacy over “all the churches of God throughout the world” (1112)
- the patriarch could not do this in face of opposition from the majority of clergy, monastic world, and laity
why was it an issue that pope paschal ii Made the Hospitallers answerable only to him?
undermined the control of Frankish rulers over the growing military orders
how was pope calixtus ii not very supportive of outremer?
Investiture controversy left him too distracted to do much for the crusader states
how was pope honorius ii not very supportive of outremer?
- 1129: Made the Templars answerable only to him
- Failed to mend the divisions between the Frankish leaders and to resolve the dispute over who controlled certain bishops that occurred between the patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch. This became a very bitter and divisive issue.
why was it an issue that pope honorius ii Made the Templars answerable only to him?
undermined the control of Frankish rulers over the growing military orders
how did bernard of valence fail to resolve the dispute over who controlled certain bishops that occurred between the patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch?
- Honorius supported the claims of William of Malines (new archbishop of Tyre and bishop under the authority of the patriarch of Jerusalem) who claimed jurisdiction over some of the sees which had traditionally belonged to Bernard of Valence
- Bernard refused to give up his claims and William travelled to Rome and presented his case to Honorius
- Honorius sent a legate to Palestine to instruct Bernard to acquiesce; Bernard resisted implementing Honorius’ instructions
