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History - Britain Transformed > Welfare support - post-war (T3) > Flashcards

Welfare support - post-war (T3) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the NHS introduced?

A

1948

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2
Q

What was the NHS?

A

A fully centralised and coordinated healthcare system

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3
Q

What did the nationalisation of the health service change?

A
  • Voluntary hospitals were nationalised and a centrally run system
  • Funded through taxes and not insurance
  • Would provide free healthcare to everyone - from “the cradle to the grave”.
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4
Q

What was the impact of nationalisation of the health service?

A
  • No. of deaths from infectious diseases like TB went down from 25,000 to 5,000 a year
  • Deaths in childbirth fell to 0.18 in 1000 by 1970.
  • Spending on the NHS went up, over 4% of GDP by 1965.
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5
Q

When was the Family Funding Act?

A

1945

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6
Q

What did the family funding act mean?

A

Extra funding for parents to support their children financially.

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7
Q

What impact did the family funding act have?

A

By 1949, 88% of those who applied had received support.

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8
Q

When was the industrial injuries act created?

A

1946

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9
Q

How was the industrial injuries act funded?

A
  • Paid though contributions by workers and employers

- It was compulsory

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10
Q

What was the industrial industries act?

A
  • Applied to anyone injured at work - benefit for 6 months

- If the person was injured for longer they were entitled to a pension

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11
Q

Give an example of the extension of support to workers

A

The 1946 Industrial Injuries Act and the 1948 National Assistance Act to deal with hardship and poverty - it was not “vigorously” means tested

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12
Q

What was the impact of the extension of support to workers?

A

The welfare state was putting the needs of people before the old economic logic of balancing the books so finely. Universal support for those in needs was becoming a reality in the post WW2 years.

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13
Q

Why was housing so desperately needed at this time?

A

700,000 houses were destroyed in WW2

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14
Q

How many houses were being built a year by 1948?

A

230,000

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15
Q

How many less houses were built than needed?

A

10,000

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16
Q

How many houses were built 1945-51?

A

1 million

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17
Q

How many houses were built by the gov. 1945-51?

A

4 in 5 of the 1 million were built by the gov.

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18
Q

What was the 1946 new towns act?

A

The rapid building allowed the gov the move people out of big cities and into new towns

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19
Q

When was the ‘Crosland Circular’

A

1965

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20
Q

What did the ‘Crosland Circular argue’?

A

That Grammar Schools were unfair and all students should be educated in comprehensive schools.

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21
Q

What was the first comprehensive school called?

A

Thomas Tallis School

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22
Q

When were the first comprehensive schools introduced?

A

1966

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23
Q

By 1979 what % of students were educated in a comprehensive school?

A

90%

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24
Q

When was the FIsher education act?

A

1918

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25
Q

When was the Hadow report?

A

1926

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26
Q

When was the Butler act?

A

1944

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27
Q

When was the Robbins report?

A

1963

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28
Q

When was the Crosland circular?

A

1965

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29
Q

When was the Plowden report?

A

1967

30
Q

Which education act was in 1918?

A

The Fisher education act

31
Q

Which education act was in 1926?

A

The Hadow report

32
Q

Which education act was in 1944?

A

The Butler act

33
Q

Which education act was in 1963?

A

The Robbins report

34
Q

Which education act was in 1965?

A

The Crosland circular

35
Q

Which education act was in 1967?

A

The Plowden report

36
Q

What are the 3 main things which education can affect?

A
  • -> Society
  • -> Economy
  • -> Culture
37
Q

What did the Fisher education act (1918) do?

A
  • School leaving age raised to 14
  • Introduced nursery and “contribution school” (Geddes axe scrapped this)
  • Compulsory health checks for pupils
38
Q

What did the Hadow reports (1926) do?

A

Lead to the creation of primary schools age 5-11

39
Q

What did the Butler act (1944) do?

A
  • Aimed to create a meritocratic system
  • Introduced the 11+ –> this would determine what type of school the child went to
  • Raised the school leaving age to 16
40
Q

Why did the Butler act introduced the 11+?

A

It was believed that a child’s ability was fixed by 11

41
Q

Who were grammar schools funded by?

A

The government

42
Q

What happened if you didn’t pass the 11+?

A

You would go to either:

  • A secondary modern
  • A T school
43
Q

What % of students went to secondary moderns?

A

70%

44
Q

What % of students went to T schools?

A

Only 5%

45
Q

What was the issue with students going to T schools and to secondary moderns?

A

This created esteem issues for these students

46
Q

What were some issues with the Butler act?

A
  • Private schools still existed
  • Created esteem issues for children who didn’t get into the grammar schools
  • It set children on a certain path in life based on how intelligent they were at 11
47
Q

What was the tripartite system?

A

The 3 types of schools which made up the Butler act:

  • Secondary modern
  • T schools
  • Grammar schools
48
Q

What was the Crosland circular (1963)?

A

It promoted greatly comprehensive schools to make education fairer

49
Q

What happened in 1966 due to the Crosland circular?

A

There was restricted funding for LEA’s

50
Q

Who were comprehensive schools popular with?

A

Unions and middle class parents

51
Q

Who were comprehensive schools unpopular with and why?

A

Lower class parents - these parents saw grammar schools as a chance for their child to excel and aim for a well paid job if they came from a lower class background

52
Q

By 1979 how many children were educated at comprehensive schools?

A

90%

53
Q

What was the Thomas Tallis school?

A

The first comprehensive school to benefit from the crosland circular

54
Q

When was The Family Allowance act?

A

1945

55
Q

What did the 1945 Family Allowance act do?

A

Gave money to support those with children (child benefits)

56
Q

What was the 1946 National Insurance act?

A

Provides support or ‘benefits’ in cases of sickness, unemployment, retirement, maternity, widows, guardians allowance for orphans and a grant for funeral expenses

57
Q

What was the 1946 National Health Service act?

A

A major law that gave healthcare to all, paid for by taxes but free at the point of need

58
Q

What did the 1946 National Health Service allow for?

A

The creation of the NHS in 1948

59
Q

How was the 1946 National Insurance act funded?

A

Paid through taxes to the gov.

60
Q

Who was the health minister in charge of the NHS when it opened in 1948

A

Nye Bevan

61
Q

What was the Industrial Injuries act?

A

Provided cover for accidents that happened at work

62
Q

What did nationalising the coal, steel, iron and rail industries do?

A

It prevented their collapse

63
Q

By 1948 how many homes had been built?

A

125,000 ‘prefab’ homes built

64
Q

By 1951 how many good quality council houses had been built?

A

1 million

65
Q

By 1951, what fraction of homes were built by the state?

A

4/5

66
Q

Was means testing still a key idea in welfare?

A

No, it was abolished during this time

67
Q

How was education improved during this time?

A
  • 900 primary schools were built (for baby boom)
  • 250 secondary schools built
  • Leaving age raised to 15
68
Q

What changes did the Attlee gov. make?

A
  • 1944 Education Act
  • 1945 Family Allowance Act
  • 1946 National Insurance Act
  • 1946 National Health Service Act
  • Industrial Injuries Act
  • Nationalised coal + steel etc
  • More housing
  • Means-testing abolished
  • Improved education
69
Q

When was the Attlee gov. in power?

A

1945-51

70
Q

How did the public feel about eh changes which Attlee’s government made?

A

They were hugely popular with the public

71
Q

What did the positive public attitudes about Attlee’s changes lead to?

A

The Conservatives 1947 charter, which accepted many of the consensus views

72
Q

What was the Conservatives 1947 charter?

A
  • Accepted the idea of a mixed economy
  • Gave a commitment that the party would protect labour rights
  • Stressed the need for fairness
  • Opposed protectionism

History - Britain Transformed (60 decks)

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