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History - Britain Transformed > Did society become more liberal? (T3) > Flashcards

Did society become more liberal? (T3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which liberal law was brought in 1959?

A

Obscene Publications Act

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2
Q

Which liberal law was brought in 1961?

A

Suicide Act

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3
Q

Which liberal law was brought in 1965?

A

Murder (Abolition of the Death Penalty) Act

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4
Q

Which liberal laws were brought in 1967?

A
  • Sexual offences Act
  • Abortion Act
  • Family Planning Act
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5
Q

Which liberal law was brought in 1968?

A

Theatres Act

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6
Q

Which liberal law was brought in 1969?

A

Divorce Reform Act

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7
Q

When was the Obscene Publications Act?

A

1959

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8
Q

When was the Suicide Act?

A

1961

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9
Q

When was the Murder Act?

A

1965

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10
Q

When was the Sexual Offences Act?

A

1967

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11
Q

When was the Abortion Act?

A

1967

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12
Q

When was the Family Planning Act?

A

1967

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13
Q

When was the Theatres Act?

A

1968

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14
Q

When was the Divorce Reform Act?

A

1969

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15
Q

What was the 1959 Obscene Publications Act?

A
  • Allowed ‘serious works of art’ to use ‘obscene’ words and imagery
  • Only at an elite level
  • Only in 1977 the law was extended to films
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16
Q

What was the 1961 Suicide Act?

A
  • Decriminalised the act of suicide in England and Wales

- Those who failed in the attempt to kill themselves would not be prosecuted

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17
Q

What was the 1965 Murder Act?

A
  • Abolished the death penalty
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18
Q

Who was the last person to be hanged in Britain?

A

Ruth Ellis - 1955

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19
Q

What did Ruth Ellis do to deserve the death penalty?

A

She shot her lover - a racing driver who was engaged to another woman

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20
Q

Why was the Murder Act passed?

A

A majority of MPs had eventually been convinced by a long campaign carried out by politicians

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21
Q

How did the Murder Act not reflect the public’s opinion?

A

he majority of the British public was in favour of capital punishment

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22
Q

What was the 1967 Sexual Offences Act?

A
  • Decriminalised homosexual acts in private between two men over the age of 21
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23
Q

What was the main reason the 1967 Sexual Offences Act was passed?

A

Many saw gay as an illness, which undermined the view that it should be a punishable crime

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24
Q

What was the 1967 Abortion Act?

A
  • Legalised abortions and provided them through the NHS
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25
Q

Who was the 1967 Abortion Act introduced by?

A

David Steel

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26
Q

What did Steel focus on when he was campaigning for the 1967 Abortion Act?

A

The high no. deaths and injuries that resulted from dangerous that resulted from dangerous ‘back street’ abortions - rather than the moral issue of abortions

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27
Q

How many deaths were there from backstreet abortions in 1966?

A

Roughly 40

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28
Q

Who said ‘sexual intercourse began in 1963’?

A

Philip Larkin

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29
Q

What was the 1967 Family Planning Act?

A

Made the pill available on the NHS

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30
Q

What was the 1968 Theatres Act?

A

Abolished censorship in the theatre

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31
Q

What did the 1968 Theatres Act allow other film directors to do?

A

It allowed the British Board of Film Directors to allow the screening of some films with sexual content before 1977

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32
Q

When did the 1969 Divorce Reform Act allow couples to divorce?

A

After 2 years of separation (5 years if only one wants the divorce)

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33
Q

When were marriages allowed to be ended according to the 1969 Divorce Reform Act?

A

If the marriage had broken down and neither partner had to prove “fault”

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34
Q

Who was Roy Jenkins?

A

The MP who supported many of these laws

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35
Q

Where did the demand for many of these new laws come from?

A

Not the people but from MPs such as Roy Jenkins

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36
Q

Pressure to reform the laws on sexuality went as far back as when?

A

1890

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37
Q

Were the pressures to reform these laws new?

A

No - these laws were often the result of long campaigns that had existed long before the ‘swinging 60s’

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38
Q

Were the new laws in line with the views of the public?

A

No they often went against the views of the British public

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39
Q

Give an example of a law which went with the views of the British public

A

The 1965 Murder Act

Support grew for it in the mid 60s due to the crimes of the Moors Murderers

40
Q

Who were the Moors Murderers?

A

Hindley and Brady

41
Q

In 1945 what % of the population favoured the death penalty?

A

just over 60%

42
Q

By 1970 what % of the population favoured the death penalty?

A

70%

43
Q

How did WW2 promote the ‘sexual revolution’?

A

Undermined traditional values by separating husbands and wives - promoting sex outside marriage + encouraged divorce

Divorces peaked in 1947

44
Q

How many women used the pill by 1967?

A

1 million

45
Q

What was the most common method of birth control during this time?

A

The condom

46
Q

How did the condom change at this time?

A

It became thinner and pre-lubed and was more accepted

47
Q

When did the CofE endorse the condom?

A

1958

48
Q

When were condoms first sold in Boots?

A

1966

49
Q

What was the book that Alfred Kingsley wrote called and what was it about?

A

Sexual behaviour in the Human Female - it undermined the moral condemnation of sex before marriage

50
Q

What did the 1959 Obscene Publications Act and 1968 Theatres Act allow?

A

More ‘obscene’ sexual content to be published in Britain

51
Q

Who wrote the book The Joy of Sex?

A

Dr Alex Comforts in 1972 - it was sexually explicit and illustrated

52
Q

What did the book The Joy of Sex deal with?

A

It dealt with sex as a pleasure in its own right, and was a bestseller

53
Q

What was Emmanuelle?

A

It was a 1974 softcore film - the first adult film to be shown in British theatres

54
Q

How popular was the softcore porn film Emmanuelle?

A

It was the 4th most popular film in 1974

55
Q

By 1990 what % of first sexual intercourse waas in marriage and what did this show?

A

1%

People were becoming far more tolerant of sex before marriage

56
Q

Mass observation reports suggested what about women who had wartime affairs?

A

They saw them as a product of difficult and happily returned to their husbands

57
Q

After the war what were divorce rates like?

A

The divorce rates fell after 1947

58
Q

Had there been sexual books produced before the 60s?

A

Yes, sexual textbooks and pamphlets had been in circulation prior to the 60s

59
Q

What was the most popular sexual book written before the 60s?

A

Love Without Fear by Eustace Chesser

60
Q

Name two studies that suggested that the sexual revolution had been hugely exaggerated

A

The Sexual Behaviour of Young People (1965)

Sex and Marriage in England Today (1971)

61
Q

What was the 1965 study about sex called and who was it by?

A

The Sexual Behaviour of Young People

By Michael Schofield

62
Q

What was the 1971 study about sex called and who was it by?

A

Sex and Marriage in England Today by Geoffrey Gorer

63
Q

What were the results 1965 The Sexual Behaviour of Young People study?

A

18% of girls and 10% of boys had had sex with 3+ people

17% of girls and 33% of boys had had sex before the age of 19

64
Q

What were the results of the 1971 Sex and Marriage in England Today study?

A

96% of women and 95% of men married before 45

Average age of marriage for women fell below 23 in 1970, down from 25 in 1946

65
Q

What did the trial of Lord Montagu and Peter Wildeblood lead to the growing public perception of?

A

(They were both convicted) that the state should not be able to regulate what two consenting adults do in private

66
Q

What was written in the Sunday Times, surrounding opinions on homosexuality?

A

In 1954 ‘the law… is not in accord with a large mass of public opinion

67
Q

In 1958, what happened that showed changing attitudes towards homosexuality?

A

33 prominent political and cultural figures signed a letter to the Times calling for reform of the law

68
Q

Which law showed changing attitudes towards homosexuality?

A

The 1967 Sexual Offences Act - legalised sexual relations between men aged 21+

69
Q

When was the British Branch of the Gay Liberation Front set up?

A

1971

70
Q

Give an example of a TV show host who in the 70s acted camp on TV

A

Larry Grayson

71
Q

What were Larry Grayson’s camp catchphrases?

A

‘What a gay day’

‘Seems like a nice boy’

72
Q

What was the 1975 ITV film that showed changing views towards homosexuality?

A

The Naked Civil Servant - a film about a flamboyant gay writer Quentin Crisp I

73
Q

Who released the song ‘glad to be gay’?

A

Tom Robinson in 1976 - it reached no.18 on the charts

74
Q

In the mid-50s, how many men were imprisoned on the basis of their sexuality?

A

Over a thousand

75
Q

A poll in 1963 revealed that how many people thought homosexuality was an illness?

A

93%

76
Q

What was it still illegal to do after the 1967 Act?

A

To ‘solicit’ homosexual acts (i.e. to seek them in a public place

77
Q

What happened to the number of men arrested between 1967-1972 for ‘public indecency’?

A

It had trebeled

78
Q

What did Larry Grayson admit to the Daily Mirror?

A

He had just pretended to be gay - John Inman also publicly denied being gay

79
Q

According to Gorer’s study, what was the most common reaction to homosexuality?

A

‘Revulsion’ - this was voiced by 1/4 of participants

80
Q

What was Tom Robinson’s hit single about?

A

It voiced a lot of the issues faced by the gay community :

  • Police brutality
  • Demonization in the media
  • Violence
81
Q

What were the 3 key areas of opposition to the permissive society?

A
  • Margaret Thatcher
  • Mary Whitehouse
  • The Nationwide Festival of Light
82
Q

What did Margaret Thatcher become increasingly outspoken about?

A

Her disdain for the permissive society and her fears for standards of public decency

83
Q

What did Margaret Thatcher say in her 1970 interview with Finchley Press?

A

‘I should like to see a reversal of the permissive society’

84
Q

What did Margaret Thatcher complain in 1977?

A

‘Basic Christian values… are under attack’

85
Q

What did Mary Whitehouse take a stance against?

A

The damage done to British moral by the media

86
Q

Who did Mary Whitehouse blame for the growth of Liberal values on television?

A

Hugh Carleton-Green - Director General of BBC from 1960-1969

87
Q

What the petition that Mary Whitehouse started called and how popular was it?

A

‘Clean-up TV’ in 1964

Gained 500,000 signatures

88
Q

What did Mary Whitehouse launch in 1965?

A

National Viewers’ and Listeners Association (NVLA)

89
Q

In 1977, who did Mary Whitehouse launch a legal battle with and why?

A

Against a Gay magazine - for publishing a ‘blasphemous’ poem - she won the case and the owner was fined and given a suspended sentence

90
Q

What did Mary Whitehouse’s 1977 book - ‘whatever happened to sex’ say about being gay?

A

‘Being gay was like having acne’

91
Q

Mary Whitehouse campaigned against pornography - what government decision might this have influenced?

A

1981 decision to force sex shops to have black-out windows

92
Q

When and where was the Festival of Light?

A

Hyde Park 1971

93
Q

What was the purpose of the Festival of Light?

A

Staged to promote Christian morality

94
Q

Who supported the Festival of Light?

A

Cliff Richard

95
Q

What did the Festival of Light inspire?

A

Over 70 other religious rallies

96
Q

How many people did the Festival of Light attract?

A

100,000 people

History - Britain Transformed (60 decks)

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