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History - Britain Transformed > '13 Golden Years' (T3) > Flashcards

'13 Golden Years' (T3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the ‘13 Golden Years’?

A

The 13 years of Conservative dominance 1951-1964

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2
Q

What were the ‘13 Golden Years’ like?

A
  • Largely continued consensus politics

- However minor disagreements + flaws in consensus politics began to show –> particularly in the economy

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3
Q

Who were the PM’s during the ‘13 Golden Years’?

A
  • Churchill
  • Eden
  • Macmillan
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4
Q

When was Churchill PM during the ‘13 Golden Years’?

A

1951-1955

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5
Q

When was Eden PM during the ‘13 Golden Years’?

A

1955-1957

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6
Q

When was Macmillan PM during the ‘13 Golden Years’?

A

1957-1964

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7
Q

What was Churchill like when he lead the country during this time?

A
  • -> 77 years old - in poor health
  • -> He lacked the passion + drive of the war years
  • -> He retired
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8
Q

What was Eden like as a leader?

A

Young, popular and aristocratic

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9
Q

Why was Eden forced to resign?

A

After the Suez Crisis

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10
Q

What happened in the Suez Crisis?

A

Britain had agreed to invade the Suez canal zone with France and Israel to protect the Suez canal from Egyptian President Nasser

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11
Q

Why was the US angry about the Suez Crisis?

A

The US had not been consulted, a furious Eisenhower forced a UN resolution imposing a ceasefire

They also refused to loan any money to the British

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12
Q

What happened as a result of the Suez Crisis?

A

Britain was forced to pull out and Eden was humiliated

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13
Q

What was Macmillan like as a PM?

A

Cheerful and confident

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14
Q

What was Macmillan’s nickname?

A

Nicknamed Supermac

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15
Q

What was the majority that the Tories got, due to Macmillan’s success?

A

He increased the Tory majority in the 1959 election to 49.4% of the vote

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16
Q

Why did the Chancellor, Treasury minister and Financial Secretary resign during Macmillan’s leadership?

A

They believed the gov. was spending too much money

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17
Q

When did the Chancellor, Treasury minister and Financial Secretary resign during Macmillan’s leadership?

A

1959

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18
Q

When was the ‘night of the long knives’

NOT “night of long knives” - this happened in 1934

A

1962

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19
Q

Why was ‘the night of long knives’ given its name?

A

It was a satirical name - satire comedy had become popular during this time

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20
Q

What was the ‘night of long knives’?

A

Where Macmillan sacked 7 members of the cabinet to replace them with younger politicians

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21
Q

What was the ‘night of long knives’ meant to show?

A

It was meant to make the gov. look stronger and less aristocratic

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22
Q

How did the ‘night of long knives’ backfire?

A

To the press and public it just made Macmillan seem weak ans ruthless

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23
Q

What happened to iron and steel companies during this time?

A

They were largely denationalised

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24
Q

What year were iron and steel mostly denationalised?

A

1953

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25
Q

When were the ‘13 golden years’?

A

1951-1964

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26
Q

How many houses did the Tories commit to building each year?

A

300,000

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27
Q

Was the target of 300,000 houses built a year achieved?

A

Yes

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28
Q

How many houses were built in 1953?

A

327,00

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29
Q

How many houses were built in 1954?

A

354,000

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30
Q

When did the housing subsidy increase?

A

1952

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31
Q

How much did the housing subsidy increase by in 1952?

A

From £25 to £35 per home

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32
Q

Who supported the housing subsidy increase in 1952?

A

Butler

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33
Q

What did the Tories pledge (1951-1955) to do with mortgages?

A

They were to be made more readily available

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34
Q

What % of housing was state owned?

A

80%

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35
Q

When did war time rationing end?

A

1954

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36
Q

What was the 1959 Mental Health Act?

A

Modernised treatment to be humane

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37
Q

In 1962 what plans were put in place for hospitals?

A

Plans were unveiled for 90 new hospitals to be built in the next 10 years

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38
Q

How many schools did the Tories pledge to build?

A

6000 new schools

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39
Q

What did the 1963 Robbins report prompt the Tory gov. to do?

A

7 new universities were established

40
Q

What did the Robbins report suggest was needed?

A

More universities

41
Q

What did the government between 1957-1964 allow local authorities to do - regarding education?

A

They allowed local authorities to set up comprehensive schools if they so choose

42
Q

How many technical colleges were set up between 1957 and 1964?

A

10 - for further study

43
Q

Give examples of how the Tories provided welfare in this time

A
  • 6000 new schools
  • Lots of housing built
  • 11 new unis
  • existing unis expanded
44
Q

When did Britain become the leading member of the UN and NATO?

A

1964

45
Q

How much did wages rise by in the golden years?

A

72%

46
Q

How did the gov. try and modernise + support British farming?

A

By giving subsidies

47
Q

What was inflation like for most of this time?

A

3/4%

48
Q

What was unemployment like during the 13 years?

A

Below 2%

49
Q

How was the NHS’s work improved?

A

By the 1959 Mental Health Act

50
Q

What was home life like for people during this time?

A

Families ate better and had more consumer and luxury goods

51
Q

How much did consumer spending rise by?

A

45%

52
Q

Between 1951-1964 how much did Britain’s economy grow by?

A

40%

53
Q

During the 1950s what was the % growth per annum?

A

Nearly 3% growth per annum

54
Q

Who was Britain developing closer ties with during this time?

A

The USA - involved in the Test Ban Treaty Talks 1963

55
Q

What talks were Britain involved in due to them growing closer with the USA?

A

Test Ban Treaty Talks 1963

56
Q

By 1964 what % of the population owned a TV?

A

91%

57
Q

In 1964 what was car ownership like?

A

It had quadrupled to 8 million

14.8% of the population owned a car

58
Q

What was the amount of students Britain sent to uni compared to the rest of the world?

A

Britain’s economic rivals sent more young people to uni

59
Q

Why was inflation 3/4%?

A

Failure to tackle inflation for fear of increasing unemployment

60
Q

What was the problem with Suez?

A

It humiliated Britain

61
Q

What was economic growth like?

A

Was fairly low

62
Q

What was Britain’s economic growth like compared to other countries?

A

Britain - 2.4%

Italy - 5.6%

Germany - 5.1%

63
Q

What was Britain’s productivity like compared to Europe?

A

Productivity was the lowest in Western Europe

64
Q

What was Britain’s share of world exports in manufactured goods in 1951?

A

25.5%

65
Q

What was Britain’s share of world exports in manufactured goods in 1964?

A

13.9%

66
Q

What did Britain’s share of world exports in manufactured goods fall by between 1951-1964?

A

25.5% to 13.9%

67
Q

What hampered economic growth?

A

The ‘Stop, Go’ policy

68
Q

What was wrong with the ‘Stop, Go’ policy?

A

It worked in the short term but contributed to a build-up of inflationary pressure and ‘stagflation’

69
Q

What did the ‘Stop, Go’ policy prevent?

A

Investments - caused the balance of payments to be imbalanced (too many imports)

70
Q

What did Labour recieve in 1964?

A

A balance of payment deficit of £750 million

71
Q

What happened when Britain applied to join the EEC?

A

It was vetoed (disallowed)

72
Q

Which countries did better in manufacturing in these years?

A

Germany and Japan

Due to a lack of investment in Britain

73
Q

What happened for the debate on grammar schools during this time?

A
  • Debate over grammar schools, comprehensive schools and the 11+
  • Not resolved and became problematic in the 70s
74
Q

When had conservative popularity declined by?

A

1962

75
Q

Increased consumer spending had lead to what?

A

Inflation and a balance of payments deficit

76
Q

By 1962 what were people’s feelings towards the Tory government?

A

People had become more opposed to the ‘establishment’

77
Q

Failure to gain entry to the EEC in 1963 caused what?

A

Decline in Conservative popularity

78
Q

Give 4 ways the 13 golden years show commitment to consensus politics

A
  • Tories adhered to many of Labour’s policies
  • No changes to NHS
  • Welfare state expenditure increased
  • The term Butskellism was coined
79
Q

Give 3 ways in which the 13 golden years did not show commitment to Consensus politics

A
  • ‘stop-go’ economics
  • People within the party resigned as they thought too much money was being spent
  • Reversed the nationalisation of steel + iron
80
Q

How did the Tories adhere to many of Labour’s policies?

A
  • Continued to fund + improve the NHS
  • Committed to the mixed economy + full employment
  • Used Keynesian economics to manage economy
81
Q

How did the Tories change the the NHS during this time?

A

They didn’t - they kept it the same as Nye Bevan’s and it in-fact continued to grow

82
Q

What was the growth of welfare state expenditure in this time?

A

From 16.1% in 1951 to 19.3% in 1964

83
Q

What does Butskellism mean?

A

A mixture of the names of a Tory chancellor R.A. Butler and Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell

84
Q

Why was the term Butskellism commonly used?

A

It was coined to describe the almost identical economic policies of the two parties

85
Q

Why was ‘stop-go’ economics criticised?

A

It meant inflation became a problem

86
Q

Why did the 1959 chancellor, Treasury minister and Financial Secretary all resign?

A

They believed the gov. was spending too much

They believed inflation was a bigger threat than unemployment + wanted spending cuts, tax rises and end of subsidies

87
Q

When had Conservative popularity declined by?

A

1962

88
Q

What had increased consumer spending in the last years of Tory dominance caused?

A

It had led to inflation and a balance of payments deficit

89
Q

Give 4 reasons why Conservative Dominance ended

A
  • People became more opposed to the ‘establishment’
  • Failure to gain entry to the EEC in 1963
  • Night of long knives makes Macmillan seem ruthless
  • Profumo affair
90
Q

What was the Profumo affair?

A

Tory Secretary of State for War (John Profumo) was having an affair with Christine Keller who had also been sleeping with a soviet naval attaché (a suspected spy)

91
Q

How did the Profumo affair affect the Conservative party?

A

Profumo denied the affair in parliament - when the truth was exposed the Tories image was badly damaged

Macmillan’s self-confidence was shattered

92
Q

What party was Harold Wilson from?

A

Labour

93
Q

Who was the first Labour PM after the ‘13 golden years’

A

Harold Wilson

94
Q

What were Harold Wilson’s aims when he became PM?

A

Keen to keep consensus politics + lead Britain into an era of social + scientific progress

95
Q

How were Wilson’s attempts to meet his aims hampered?

A

His aims were undermined by economic problems

History - Britain Transformed (60 decks)

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