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Weight Management Through the Life Cycle (C) Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothyroidism occurs when too little of what hormones are secreted?

A

Triiodothryonine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), leading to decreased BMR

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2
Q

What percent of US adults report regular leisure time exercise?

A

31%

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3
Q

What percent of US adults report NO leisure time exercise?

A

40%

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4
Q

When measured, what percent of US adults meet the recommendation for thirty minutes of moderate physical activity five days a week?

A

3-5%

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5
Q

From 1970 to 2010, how many more calories are in the average American’s diet?

A

450

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6
Q

What proportion of the population consumes a diet low in fruits and vegetables?

A

3/4

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7
Q

From 1980-2000, how have obesity rates changed?

A

Doubled in adults, tripled in children

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8
Q

What percent of US adults are overweight or obese?

A

34.9% obese, 68.6% overweight or obese

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9
Q

What percent of US children are overweight or obese?

A

16.9% obese, 31.8% overweight or obese

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10
Q

In which demographics have obesity climbed?

A

Men and boys (girls rates are stable) and black and latina women

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11
Q

Where is subcutaneous fat stored, and where is visceral fat stored?

A

Subcutaneous often in the lower body, visceral in abdominal area

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12
Q

How does the Hamwi method measure weight?

A

Based off of frame size

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13
Q

How much more do obese people pay for healthcare?

A

42%

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14
Q

How much does obesity cost the US in healthcare costs each year?

A

$270 billion

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15
Q

What error rate can bio-impedance have?

A

up to 8%

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16
Q

What are the acceptable and fitness body fat ranges for women?

A

25-31% acceptable, 21-24% fitness

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17
Q

What are the acceptable and fitness body fat ranges for men?

A

18-24% acceptable, 14-17% fitness

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18
Q

How much is the diet industry worth?

A

$60 billion

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19
Q

How many people diet in the US?

A

75 million

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20
Q

What percent of dieters do it on their own?

A

80%

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21
Q

For very obese people, what percent of their body weight is safe to lose per week?

A

1%

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22
Q

Medicare provides what support for those with a BMI over 30?

A

Weekly counseling for one month, then biweekly counseling for 5 months

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23
Q

Who are weight loss drugs approved for?

A

BMI 30+ or BMI 27+ with complication

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24
Q

How does the weight loss drug Orlistat (prescription Xenical) work?

A

Lipase inhibitor; prevents fat malabsorption. Yields modest results

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25
Q

What are the side effects of the weight loss drug Orlistat (prescription Xenical)?

A

Gassiness, oily poop, liver malfunction, and jaundice

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26
Q

How does the weight loss drug Lorcaserin (Belviq) work?

A

An SSRI promoting fullness. 3-3.7% more weight loss than the placebo

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27
Q

What are the side effects of the weight loss drug Lorcaserin (Belviq)?

A

(Not to be taken with other SSRIs) drowsiness, headache, and constipation

28
Q

How do the weight loss drugs Phentermine and Topiramine (Qsymia) work?

A

A stimulant, normally anti-seizure and migraine, that reduce appetite and promote early satiety. Those who took it lost (% of their body weight (compared to 1.5% on placebo)

29
Q

What are the side effects of the weight loss drugs Phentermine and Topiramine (Qysmia)?

A

May cause birth defects; must also be on birth control to take

30
Q

How do the weight loss drugs Bupropion and Naltrexone (Contrave) work?

A

Targets hypothalamus to alter hunger and fullness. 42% of takers lost at least 5% of their body weight

31
Q

What are the side effects of the weight loss drugs Bupropion and Naltrexone (Contrave)?

A

Initially rejected by the FDA for CVD concern; now there is a black box warning for suicidal thoughts

32
Q

What are the side effects of the weight loss drug Liraglutide (Saxenda)?

A

Black box warning for thyroid tumors in animals

33
Q

What is the effectiveness of the weight loss drug Liraglutide (Saxenda)?

A

62% lost 5% of their body weight (compare to 34% placebo)

34
Q

How does the adjustable gastric band (AGB) weight loss surgery work?

A

Restricts the stomach opening; controlled by a balloon

35
Q

How does the roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) weight loss surgery work?

A

A small walnut-sized pouch for the stomach is created that reroutes food to the jejenum, changing absorption

36
Q

How does the vertical sleeve gastrectomy weight loss surgery work?

A

(Newer surgery) Leaves a sleeve-shaped stomach to empty food into the duodenum, and the body produces less ghrelin due to the smaller stomach

37
Q

How does the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) weight loss surgery work?

A

Done 6-18 months after gastric sleeve; reroutes the sleeve and bile/gastric juices. “Staged approach”

38
Q

Patients who do not lose what percent of their body weight after 3 months should discontinue their weight loss drug?

39
Q

Weight loss surgery is approved for what BMI?

A

BMI >40 or >35 with complication. AGB only for >30 with complication.

40
Q

What are the common side effects of weight loss surgery?

A

Bleeding, infection, leaks, blood clots, micronutrient deficiency, dumping syndrome, lactose intolerance, hair loss, and taste changes

41
Q

How should the deficiency of vitamin B12 and D, iron, and folate after weight loss surgery be addressed?

A

200% DV multivitamin with additional calcium and vitamin D. B12 given sublingually

42
Q

Complication rates of weight loss surgery have lowered to what percent?

43
Q

How are weight loss surgeries often done?

A

Laparoscopically

44
Q

After 6-8 weeks of healing from weight loss surgery, how much can the stomach store?

45
Q

What is the diet for the first 2-3 weeks of healing from weight loss surgery?

A

High-protein liquid diet

46
Q

What is the diet upon 4-6 weeks of healing from weight loss surgery?

A

Soft-solid proteins; consume fluids separately and take 40-60 minutes to eat

47
Q

Once healing is complete, what is the diet after weight loss surgery?

A

64oz water, 60-80g protein, 3 servings of fruits and vegetables, 3.5 servings of whole grains; low-fat, low-sugar, high protein

48
Q

When is weight loss surgery considered successful?

A

When 50% of the excess weight loss is maintained over 5 years

49
Q

What is the average cost of weight loss surgery?

A

$20,000-$25,000

50
Q

What percent of overweight dieters successfully lose 10% of their body weight and sustain it over one year?

A

20% overweight, 29.7% obese

51
Q

What are the predominant characteristics of those who have successfully lost weight?

A

78% eat breakfast, 75% weigh themselves weekly, 62% watch under ten hours of TV weekly, and 90% exercise at least 1 hour a day

52
Q

What proportion of youth are overweight or obese?

53
Q

What is the chance that a child’s obesity will continue into adulthood?

A

70%; 80% if one parent is also overweight

54
Q

What percent of black and hispanic children are overweight?

55
Q

9/10 of the states with the highest rate of obesity are in what region?

56
Q

What percent of children exercise 60 minutes a day?

A

42% 6-11 years; 8% 12+ years

57
Q

What is the average media time for US youth?

A

7.5 hours per day

58
Q

What percentile is classified as overweight for children?

A

85th-95th overweight, 95th+ obese

59
Q

When is weight loss indicated for children?

A

If there is a complication

60
Q

How quickly should a 2-7 year old obese child with complication lose weight?

A

Very slow (1lb per month)

61
Q

How quickly should a 7+ year old overweight child with complication (or obese without complication) lose weight?

A

2-4lb per month

62
Q

How quickly should a 7+ year old obese child with complication lose weight?

A

1-2lb per week

63
Q

What are the qualifications for youth bariatric surgery?

A

> 40 BMI, reached adult height (13+ girls and 15+ boys), and have serious weight complications (ie T2D or sleep apnea)

64
Q

Which gastric surgery is not approved for minors?

A

Gastric band not approved. Usually gastric bypass is used

65
Q

What are the qualifications for underweight?

A

<18.5 BMI; <5th percentile for children

Nutrition (21 decks)

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