Infancy (C) Flashcards
How often does a baby feed by the time it is 2-3 months old?
About every four hours
In the first year, how much weight does a baby gain compared to birth?
Birth weight is doubled by 6 months and tripled by 1 year
How many calories per kilogram of body weight does a 0-12 month baby require?
98-108 (2-3x the adult requirement!); more if malnourished or low birth weight
How much protein does a 0-6 month child require?
2.2g per kg of body weight
How much protein does a 6-12 month child require?
1.6g per kg of body weight
How much water in proportion to calories does an infant need?
1.5 mL of water per calorie
Breast milk provides all nutrients except what for 4-6 months?
Vitamin D
Babies are born with a 3-6 month supply of what mineral?
Iron
What nutrients may be supplemented for a normal infant?
Vitamin D (if there is little exposure to sunshine), vitamin K (there is no bacteria to synthesize menaquinone), and fluoride (if the water source is insufficient, ie with well water)
After 6 months, infant cereal should be fortified with what mineral?
Iron
An excess of which vitamins should be avoided during infancy?
Vitamin A (can damage the liver and bone) and vitamin D (can damage the heart and kidneys)
Because breast milk is lower in protein and minerals, it is less taxing on which organs?
The kidneys
In the first weeks of infancy how long should the baby be fed on each breast?
5-10 minutes
When are the first 4 growth spurts in a baby’s life?
10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months
What are the signs of normal infant nutrition?
6+ wet diapers daily, normal growth, 1-2 mustard-colored poops daily, breasts become less full
Why should breast milk not be warmed?
It destroys antibodies
What were the breast feeding rates in 2011 for 6 month olds?
49% (goal is to raise to 60.6%)
Feeding a child in a semi-upright position decreases the risk of what ailment?
Ear infections
Formula made from cow’s milk typically has what alterations?
Less protein and mineral salts, more lactose
Synthetic formula is usually made from what?
Soybeans
What is hypoallergenic formula?
Containing predigested proteins
How long does formula remaining in the bottle stay good?
1 hour
How long does prepared formula stay good?
24 hours
How long does ready-to-feed formula stay good?
48 hours
What effects can a poor water ratio in formula have?
Too little is bad for the kidneys; too much that dilutes the formula can cause brain edema and seizures
Giving cow’s milk to an infant under one year old can have what effects?
GI blood loss, overworked kidneys, CNS damage, and a diet lower in bioavailable fat
How should formula safely be warmed?
Place the bottle in a saucepan with warm water or use a bottle warmer
Introducing solid food before the baby is ready (pre- 4-6 months) can have what effect?
May increase food allergies (GI and kidneys are not developed)
What are the readiness signs for an infant starting solid food?
Extrusion reflex disappears, the ability to sit up with support with adequate head and neck control, consuming 32oz of formula or nursing 8-10 times
Although infants may be introduced to solid foods beginning at four to six months, it should remain their primary food source until what age?
1 year
After one new food is introduced to an infant’s diet, how long should you wait to introduce another?
4-5 days
In what order should new foods be introduced to an infant’s diet?
First single-grain cereal (iron-fortified oat, wheat, or barley), then multigrain, then cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finally ground meats
Why is rice cereal is used less often for infants?
Contains trace arsenic
What amount of each variety of food should a baby have per meal?
2-4 tbsp / 1-2 ounce
6-12 month olds can consume what foods?
Cheerios, toast, and biscuits
Why should infants never consume honey?
May have clostridium botulinum bacteria
By one year, which food groups can an infant consume?
All of them unless choking hazard
WHO supplies growth charts for what age group?
0-2 years
What is considered a premature birth?
Before 37 weeks of pregnancy
If born pre-34 weeks, how must an infant receive their nutrition?
TPN; no sucking reflex
What is the best food for a premature infant?
The mother’s breast milk
What are the health concerns of a premature infant?
Low birth weight, immature lungs and GI tract, lack of fat and bone mineralization
What percent of children with CF have pancreatic insufficiency (PI)?
85%
Because of fat malabsorption, the macronutrient should make up what percent of the diet of a child with CF?
35-40%
What supplements should children with CF take at mealtime?
Digestive enzyme capsules and ADEK (available in water-miscible forms)
Surgery to repair cleft palate is recommended before what age?
1 year
Why might babies with cleft palate require special nursing bottles?
Lack of suction
What can cause failure to thrive (FTT)?
Watered-down formula, congenital conditions, AIDs, neglect, or lack of bonding?
How is failure to thrive diagnosed?
First weight decrease then head and height decrease (in relation to growth charts)
What is the common danger of inborn errors of metabolism caused by gene mutation?
CNS damage and retardation
How are some inborn errors of metabolism recognized during pregnancy?
Amniocentesis (test of fetal status in utero)
How common is galactosemia?
Occurs in 1 in 30,000 births
What is galactosemia?
Lack of enzyme transferase, which causes toxic levels of galactose in the blood, leading to cataracts, galactosuria, and mental retardation
What is the medical nutrition therapy for infants with galactosemia?
No milk– can slightly relax but monitor later in life, supplementing vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin
How common is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Occurs in 1 of 10,000-15,000 births
Which enzyme is deficient in PKU?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
How is PKU characterized?
The child appears normal, but between 6-18 months there is hyperactivity, seizures, and mental retardation
Screening at birth is mandatory for what inborn error of metabolism?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Infants with PKU typically have what complexion?
Light skin and hair
What is Lofenalac?
A formula with 95% of phenylalanine removed for infants with PKU
What does the lifelong diet for infants with PKU look like?
For older children, using phenyl-free or PUK-1, 2, or 3 for beverages and baking; not a pleasurable diet but must be monitored throughout life to avoid retardation and control aggression
How common is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?
Occurs in 1 in 100,000-300,00 live births
What is maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)?
The inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and valine, leading to increased blood levels and ketosis, causing hypoglycemia, apathy, and convulsions
What is the diet therapy for MSUD?
Special formula and low protein foods used. Diet therapy necessary throughout life
