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Nutrition > Infancy (C) > Flashcards

Infancy (C) Flashcards

1
Q

How often does a baby feed by the time it is 2-3 months old?

A

About every four hours

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2
Q

In the first year, how much weight does a baby gain compared to birth?

A

Birth weight is doubled by 6 months and tripled by 1 year

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3
Q

How many calories per kilogram of body weight does a 0-12 month baby require?

A

98-108 (2-3x the adult requirement!); more if malnourished or low birth weight

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4
Q

How much protein does a 0-6 month child require?

A

2.2g per kg of body weight

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5
Q

How much protein does a 6-12 month child require?

A

1.6g per kg of body weight

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6
Q

How much water in proportion to calories does an infant need?

A

1.5 mL of water per calorie

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7
Q

Breast milk provides all nutrients except what for 4-6 months?

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

Babies are born with a 3-6 month supply of what mineral?

A

Iron

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9
Q

What nutrients may be supplemented for a normal infant?

A

Vitamin D (if there is little exposure to sunshine), vitamin K (there is no bacteria to synthesize menaquinone), and fluoride (if the water source is insufficient, ie with well water)

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10
Q

After 6 months, infant cereal should be fortified with what mineral?

A

Iron

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11
Q

An excess of which vitamins should be avoided during infancy?

A

Vitamin A (can damage the liver and bone) and vitamin D (can damage the heart and kidneys)

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12
Q

Because breast milk is lower in protein and minerals, it is less taxing on which organs?

A

The kidneys

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13
Q

In the first weeks of infancy how long should the baby be fed on each breast?

A

5-10 minutes

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14
Q

When are the first 4 growth spurts in a baby’s life?

A

10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months

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15
Q

What are the signs of normal infant nutrition?

A

6+ wet diapers daily, normal growth, 1-2 mustard-colored poops daily, breasts become less full

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16
Q

Why should breast milk not be warmed?

A

It destroys antibodies

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17
Q

What were the breast feeding rates in 2011 for 6 month olds?

A

49% (goal is to raise to 60.6%)

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18
Q

Feeding a child in a semi-upright position decreases the risk of what ailment?

A

Ear infections

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19
Q

Formula made from cow’s milk typically has what alterations?

A

Less protein and mineral salts, more lactose

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20
Q

Synthetic formula is usually made from what?

A

Soybeans

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21
Q

What is hypoallergenic formula?

A

Containing predigested proteins

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22
Q

How long does formula remaining in the bottle stay good?

A

1 hour

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23
Q

How long does prepared formula stay good?

A

24 hours

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24
Q

How long does ready-to-feed formula stay good?

A

48 hours

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25
Q

What effects can a poor water ratio in formula have?

A

Too little is bad for the kidneys; too much that dilutes the formula can cause brain edema and seizures

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26
Q

Giving cow’s milk to an infant under one year old can have what effects?

A

GI blood loss, overworked kidneys, CNS damage, and a diet lower in bioavailable fat

27
Q

How should formula safely be warmed?

A

Place the bottle in a saucepan with warm water or use a bottle warmer

28
Q

Introducing solid food before the baby is ready (pre- 4-6 months) can have what effect?

A

May increase food allergies (GI and kidneys are not developed)

29
Q

What are the readiness signs for an infant starting solid food?

A

Extrusion reflex disappears, the ability to sit up with support with adequate head and neck control, consuming 32oz of formula or nursing 8-10 times

30
Q

Although infants may be introduced to solid foods beginning at four to six months, it should remain their primary food source until what age?

A

1 year

31
Q

After one new food is introduced to an infant’s diet, how long should you wait to introduce another?

A

4-5 days

32
Q

In what order should new foods be introduced to an infant’s diet?

A

First single-grain cereal (iron-fortified oat, wheat, or barley), then multigrain, then cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finally ground meats

33
Q

Why is rice cereal is used less often for infants?

A

Contains trace arsenic

34
Q

What amount of each variety of food should a baby have per meal?

A

2-4 tbsp / 1-2 ounce

35
Q

6-12 month olds can consume what foods?

A

Cheerios, toast, and biscuits

36
Q

Why should infants never consume honey?

A

May have clostridium botulinum bacteria

37
Q

By one year, which food groups can an infant consume?

A

All of them unless choking hazard

38
Q

WHO supplies growth charts for what age group?

A

0-2 years

39
Q

What is considered a premature birth?

A

Before 37 weeks of pregnancy

40
Q

If born pre-34 weeks, how must an infant receive their nutrition?

A

TPN; no sucking reflex

41
Q

What is the best food for a premature infant?

A

The mother’s breast milk

42
Q

What are the health concerns of a premature infant?

A

Low birth weight, immature lungs and GI tract, lack of fat and bone mineralization

43
Q

What percent of children with CF have pancreatic insufficiency (PI)?

A

85%

44
Q

Because of fat malabsorption, the macronutrient should make up what percent of the diet of a child with CF?

A

35-40%

45
Q

What supplements should children with CF take at mealtime?

A

Digestive enzyme capsules and ADEK (available in water-miscible forms)

46
Q

Surgery to repair cleft palate is recommended before what age?

A

1 year

47
Q

Why might babies with cleft palate require special nursing bottles?

A

Lack of suction

48
Q

What can cause failure to thrive (FTT)?

A

Watered-down formula, congenital conditions, AIDs, neglect, or lack of bonding?

49
Q

How is failure to thrive diagnosed?

A

First weight decrease then head and height decrease (in relation to growth charts)

50
Q

What is the common danger of inborn errors of metabolism caused by gene mutation?

A

CNS damage and retardation

51
Q

How are some inborn errors of metabolism recognized during pregnancy?

A

Amniocentesis (test of fetal status in utero)

52
Q

How common is galactosemia?

A

Occurs in 1 in 30,000 births

53
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

Lack of enzyme transferase, which causes toxic levels of galactose in the blood, leading to cataracts, galactosuria, and mental retardation

54
Q

What is the medical nutrition therapy for infants with galactosemia?

A

No milk– can slightly relax but monitor later in life, supplementing vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin

55
Q

How common is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Occurs in 1 of 10,000-15,000 births

56
Q

Which enzyme is deficient in PKU?

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

57
Q

How is PKU characterized?

A

The child appears normal, but between 6-18 months there is hyperactivity, seizures, and mental retardation

58
Q

Screening at birth is mandatory for what inborn error of metabolism?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

59
Q

Infants with PKU typically have what complexion?

A

Light skin and hair

60
Q

What is Lofenalac?

A

A formula with 95% of phenylalanine removed for infants with PKU

61
Q

What does the lifelong diet for infants with PKU look like?

A

For older children, using phenyl-free or PUK-1, 2, or 3 for beverages and baking; not a pleasurable diet but must be monitored throughout life to avoid retardation and control aggression

62
Q

How common is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?

A

Occurs in 1 in 100,000-300,00 live births

63
Q

What is maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)?

A

The inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and valine, leading to increased blood levels and ketosis, causing hypoglycemia, apathy, and convulsions

64
Q

What is the diet therapy for MSUD?

A

Special formula and low protein foods used. Diet therapy necessary throughout life

Nutrition (21 decks)

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