Infancy (C)

Question 1

How often does a baby feed by the time it is 2-3 months old?

Answer 1

About every four hours

Question 2

In the first year, how much weight does a baby gain compared to birth?

Answer 2

Birth weight is doubled by 6 months and tripled by 1 year

Question 3

How many calories per kilogram of body weight does a 0-12 month baby require?

Answer 3

98-108 (2-3x the adult requirement!); more if malnourished or low birth weight

Question 4

How much protein does a 0-6 month child require?

Answer 4

2.2g per kg of body weight

Question 5

How much protein does a 6-12 month child require?

Answer 5

1.6g per kg of body weight

Question 6

How much water in proportion to calories does an infant need?

Answer 6

1.5 mL of water per calorie

Question 7

Breast milk provides all nutrients except what for 4-6 months?

Answer 7

Vitamin D

Question 8

Babies are born with a 3-6 month supply of what mineral?

Answer 8

Iron

Question 9

What nutrients may be supplemented for a normal infant?

Answer 9

Vitamin D (if there is little exposure to sunshine), vitamin K (there is no bacteria to synthesize menaquinone), and fluoride (if the water source is insufficient, ie with well water)

Question 10

After 6 months, infant cereal should be fortified with what mineral?

Answer 10

Iron

Question 11

An excess of which vitamins should be avoided during infancy?

Answer 11

Vitamin A (can damage the liver and bone) and vitamin D (can damage the heart and kidneys)

Question 12

Because breast milk is lower in protein and minerals, it is less taxing on which organs?

Answer 12

The kidneys

Question 13

In the first weeks of infancy how long should the baby be fed on each breast?

Answer 13

5-10 minutes

Question 14

When are the first 4 growth spurts in a baby’s life?

Answer 14

10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months

Question 15

What are the signs of normal infant nutrition?

Answer 15

6+ wet diapers daily, normal growth, 1-2 mustard-colored poops daily, breasts become less full

Question 16

Why should breast milk not be warmed?

Answer 16

It destroys antibodies

Question 17

What were the breast feeding rates in 2011 for 6 month olds?

Answer 17

49% (goal is to raise to 60.6%)

Question 18

Feeding a child in a semi-upright position decreases the risk of what ailment?

Answer 18

Ear infections

Question 19

Formula made from cow’s milk typically has what alterations?

Answer 19

Less protein and mineral salts, more lactose

Question 20

Synthetic formula is usually made from what?

Answer 20

Soybeans

Question 21

What is hypoallergenic formula?

Answer 21

Containing predigested proteins

Question 22

How long does formula remaining in the bottle stay good?

Answer 22

1 hour

Question 23

How long does prepared formula stay good?

Answer 23

24 hours

Question 24

How long does ready-to-feed formula stay good?

Answer 24

48 hours

Question 25

What effects can a poor water ratio in formula have?

Answer 25

Too little is bad for the kidneys; too much that dilutes the formula can cause brain edema and seizures

Question 26

Giving cow's milk to an infant under one year old can have what effects?

Answer 26

GI blood loss, overworked kidneys, CNS damage, and a diet lower in bioavailable fat

Question 27

How should formula safely be warmed?

Answer 27

Place the bottle in a saucepan with warm water or use a bottle warmer

Question 28

Introducing solid food before the baby is ready (pre- 4-6 months) can have what effect?

Answer 28

May increase food allergies (GI and kidneys are not developed)

Question 29

What are the readiness signs for an infant starting solid food?

Answer 29

Extrusion reflex disappears, the ability to sit up with support with adequate head and neck control, consuming 32oz of formula or nursing 8-10 times

Question 30

Although infants may be introduced to solid foods beginning at four to six months, it should remain their primary food source until what age?

Answer 30

1 year

Question 31

After one new food is introduced to an infant's diet, how long should you wait to introduce another?

Answer 31

4-5 days

Question 32

In what order should new foods be introduced to an infant's diet?

Answer 32

First single-grain cereal (iron-fortified oat, wheat, or barley), then multigrain, then cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finally ground meats

Question 33

Why is rice cereal is used less often for infants?

Answer 33

Contains trace arsenic

Question 34

What amount of each variety of food should a baby have per meal?

Answer 34

2-4 tbsp / 1-2 ounce

Question 35

6-12 month olds can consume what foods?

Answer 35

Cheerios, toast, and biscuits

Question 36

Why should infants never consume honey?

Answer 36

May have clostridium botulinum bacteria

Question 37

By one year, which food groups can an infant consume?

Answer 37

All of them unless choking hazard

Question 38

WHO supplies growth charts for what age group?

Answer 38

0-2 years

Question 39

What is considered a premature birth?

Answer 39

Before 37 weeks of pregnancy

Question 40

If born pre-34 weeks, how must an infant receive their nutrition?

Answer 40

TPN; no sucking reflex

Question 41

What is the best food for a premature infant?

Answer 41

The mother's breast milk

Question 42

What are the health concerns of a premature infant?

Answer 42

Low birth weight, immature lungs and GI tract, lack of fat and bone mineralization

Question 43

What percent of children with CF have pancreatic insufficiency (PI)?

Answer 43

85%

Question 44

Because of fat malabsorption, the macronutrient should make up what percent of the diet of a child with CF?

Answer 44

35-40%

Question 45

What supplements should children with CF take at mealtime?

Answer 45

Digestive enzyme capsules and ADEK (available in water-miscible forms)

Question 46

Surgery to repair cleft palate is recommended before what age?

Answer 46

1 year

Question 47

Why might babies with cleft palate require special nursing bottles?

Answer 47

Lack of suction

Question 48

What can cause failure to thrive (FTT)?

Answer 48

Watered-down formula, congenital conditions, AIDs, neglect, or lack of bonding?

Question 49

How is failure to thrive diagnosed?

Answer 49

First weight decrease then head and height decrease (in relation to growth charts)

Question 50

What is the common danger of inborn errors of metabolism caused by gene mutation?

Answer 50

CNS damage and retardation

Question 51

How are some inborn errors of metabolism recognized during pregnancy?

Answer 51

Amniocentesis (test of fetal status in utero)

Question 52

How common is galactosemia?

Answer 52

Occurs in 1 in 30,000 births

Question 53

What is galactosemia?

Answer 53

Lack of enzyme transferase, which causes toxic levels of galactose in the blood, leading to cataracts, galactosuria, and mental retardation

Question 54

What is the medical nutrition therapy for infants with galactosemia?

Answer 54

No milk-- can slightly relax but monitor later in life, supplementing vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin

Question 55

How common is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 55

Occurs in 1 of 10,000-15,000 births

Question 56

Which enzyme is deficient in PKU?

Answer 56

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Question 57

How is PKU characterized?

Answer 57

The child appears normal, but between 6-18 months there is hyperactivity, seizures, and mental retardation

Question 58

Screening at birth is mandatory for what inborn error of metabolism?

Answer 58

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 59

Infants with PKU typically have what complexion?

Answer 59

Light skin and hair

Question 60

What is Lofenalac?

Answer 60

A formula with 95% of phenylalanine removed for infants with PKU

Question 61

What does the lifelong diet for infants with PKU look like?

Answer 61

For older children, using phenyl-free or PUK-1, 2, or 3 for beverages and baking; not a pleasurable diet but must be monitored throughout life to avoid retardation and control aggression

Question 62

How common is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?

Answer 62

Occurs in 1 in 100,000-300,00 live births

Question 63

What is maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)?

Answer 63

The inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and valine, leading to increased blood levels and ketosis, causing hypoglycemia, apathy, and convulsions

Question 64

What is the diet therapy for MSUD?

Answer 64

Special formula and low protein foods used. Diet therapy necessary throughout life