Cancer (C)

Question 1

What is the second leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

What is a neoplasm/neoplasia?

Answer 2

A tumor/cancer

Question 3

What does it mean for cancer to metastasize?

Answer 3

To spread through the blood

Question 4

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 4

Tumor of the epithelial (lining) cells: outer skin, digestive lining, bladder, womb, or a tube/duct

Question 5

What is a sarcoma?

Answer 5

Tumor of the soft tissues (uncommon). Muscle, fat, nerves, tendons, lymph vessels, and bones in the legs

Question 6

What is a lymphoma?

Answer 6

Tumor of the lymph tissue: nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland

Question 7

What is leukemia?

Answer 7

Cancer of the WBCs or bone marrow or spleen

Question 8

What are the three types of skin cancer?

Answer 8

Basal cell, squamous cell, and melanoma

Question 9

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

Answer 9

Basal cell (outer layer of skin from sunlight exposure)

Question 10

Who is at risk for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 10

Those with light features

Question 11

Where does squamous cell carcinoma occur?

Answer 11

In the upper layers of skin exposed to chronic sunlight or injury sites

Question 12

Which form of skin cancer is the deadliest but 100% curable if diagnosed early?

Answer 12

Melanoma

Question 13

Where does melanoma occur?

Answer 13

In cells producing melanin (usually dark, but sometimes pink or purple)

Question 14

How often should a dermatologist screen for skin cancer?

Answer 14

Yearly

Question 15

What viruses are linked to cancer?

Answer 15

Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, HIV, herpes, retrovirus and HPV

Question 16

AIDS/HIV is associated with what cancer?

Answer 16

Kaposi’s sarcoma of the connective tissue

Question 17

How many cancer cases are linked to excess body fat?

Answer 17

117,000

Question 18

Obesity increases the risk of developing how many cancers?

Answer 18

Seven: colorectal, post menopausal breast, kidney, pancreatic, endometrium, gallbladder, and esophageal (adeno-carcinoma).

Question 19

Sitting how many hours a day elevates cancer risk?

Answer 19

6+ hours

Question 20

What cancers are associated with nitrites?

Answer 20

Stomach, esophagus, and colorectal

Question 21

What cancer is associated with red meat?

Answer 21

Colorectal

Question 22

What cancers are associated with high-fat diets?

Answer 22

Uterus, breast, prostate, and colon

Question 23

What cancer is associated with high consumption of salty foods?

Answer 23

Stomach

Question 24

What cancers are associated with alcohol intake?

Answer 24

Colon, rectum, breast, esophagus, mouth, and liver

Question 25

Red meat should be limited to how many ounces per week to reduce cancer risk?

Answer 25

Under 18oz

Question 26

What is one drink of alcohol equivalent to?

Answer 26

12oz beer, 1.5oz spirits, or 5oz wine

Question 27

What is the typical first indication of cancer?

Answer 27

Weight loss

Question 28

Anorexia occurs in what percent of cancer patients at diagnosis?

Answer 28

15-25%

Question 29

What are the effects of cancer?

Answer 29

Hypoalbuminemia and anemia, early satiety due to decreased secretions, decreased taste acuity, and hyperglycemia

Question 30

Decreased salivary secretions during cancer can lead to what?

Answer 30

Xerostomia (dry mouth), dysphagia, and tooth decay

Question 31

Decreased small intestine cell regeneration during cancer can lead to what?

Answer 31

Hemorrhagic colitis

Question 32

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea during cancer can lead to what?

Answer 32

Electrolyte imbalances and fluid retention

Question 33

Possible steroid weight gain may occur with which cancer?

Answer 33

Breast

Question 34

Chemotherapy should be withheld until how many hours before and after meals?

Answer 34

2-3 hours

Question 35

How often should comfort foods be included in a cancer patient’s diet?

Answer 35

Liberally

Question 36

How should diarrhea during cancer be addressed in the diet?

Answer 36

A low-residue diet

Question 37

Cancer causes what metabolic state?

Answer 37

Hyper metabolic state

Question 38

How should the hyper metabolic state in cancer be addressed through diet (calories and protein)?

Answer 38

High protein, cal, and nutrient. 30-35 calories and 1.0-1.2g protein per kg of body weight. (1.3-2.0 protein if malnourished.)

Question 39

Supplements that contain more than 100% DRI for which vitamins should be avoided during cancer treatment?

Answer 39

Antioxidants

Question 40

Why are fluids important in the diet of a cancer patient?

Answer 40

To eliminate waste