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Nutrition > Cardiovascular Disease (C) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease (C) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death and permanent disability in the US?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

What is compensated heart disease?

A

The body is able to maintain circulation; heart enlarges

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3
Q

What does decompensated heart disease cause?

A

Congestive heart failure

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4
Q

Which is the most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardened arteries)?

A

Atherosclerosis

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5
Q

What happens in a patient with atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque reduces size of lumen, leading to decreased oxygen flow (angina pectoris) and waste removal, causing ischemia

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6
Q

How do most heart attacks happen?

A

A blood clot (thrombus) blocks blood flow to the myocardium (hence myocardial infarction)

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7
Q

What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A

A stroke

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8
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

When arteriosclerosis/a thrombus/resulting ischemic tissue occurs away from the heart

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9
Q

What are optimal total cholesterol levels?

A

Under 200 mg/dL

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10
Q

What are borderline high total cholesterol levels?

A

200-239 mg/dL

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11
Q

What are high cholesterol levels?

A

240+ mg/dL

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12
Q

What are optimal LDL levels?

A

Under 100mg/dL

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13
Q

What are borderline high LDL levels?

A

130-159mg/dL

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14
Q

What are high cholesterol levels?

A

160-189mg/dL

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15
Q

What are very high cholesterol levels?

A

180+mg/dL

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16
Q

What HDL level will protect against heart disease?

A

Over 60mg/dL

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17
Q

What HDL level is considered a risk factor for heart disease?

A

Under 40/mgdL

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18
Q

What are optimal triglyceride levels?

A

Under 150mg/dL

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19
Q

What are borderline high triglyceride levels?

A

150-199mg/dL

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20
Q

What are high triglyceride levels?

A

200+mg/dL

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21
Q

What should cholesterol intake be limited to per day?

A

Under 200mg

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22
Q

What macronutrient split is recommended for heart health?

A

50-55% carbs, 12-20% proteins, 20-35% fats

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23
Q

What percent of calories in the US diet come from fats?

A

40%

24
Q

Simple sugars may have what adverse effect on heart health?

A

Raise LDL

25
Q

What are prominent sources of cholesterol?

A

Organ meats, egg yolks, and some shellfish

26
Q

What are prominent sources of saturated fat?

A

Animal products, coconut, chocolate, and palm oil

27
Q

What are prominent sources of polyunsaturated fat?

A

Plants and some fish

28
Q

Those who increased their soluble fiber intake by 5-10g saw what drop in their LDL cholesterol?

A

5%

29
Q

What are the total fiber intake recommendations?

A

38g men, 25g women

30
Q

What are the soluble fiber intake recommendations?

A

10-25g

31
Q

If ideal blood lipid levels are not achieved in 3-6months from the diet, what medications may be prescribed?

A

Lipitor or Zocor (interact with grapefruit)

32
Q

What is the diet post-MI (heart attack)?

A

Initially nothing by mouth, then a liquid diet for 24 hours, then a reduced sodium diet to prevent fluid accumulation and reduce the work of the heart.

33
Q

What can also cause CHF (decompensation) besides heart disease?

A

Diabetes and renal disease

34
Q

What is the dominant treatment for clients with heart failure?

A

Diuretics

35
Q

What condition can diuretics cause?

A

Hypokalemia (offset by eating fruits and vegetables)

36
Q

What percent of hypertension cases are primary?

A

90%

37
Q

What can cause secondary hypertension?

A

Renal disease, adrenal issues, or birth control

38
Q

What blood pressure qualifies as a hypertension diagnosis?

A

Systolic 140+ or diastolic 90+

39
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

40
Q

What blood pressure is considered pre-hypertensive?

A

120-139/80-85 mmHg

41
Q

What blood pressure is considered stage one hypertension?

A

140-159/90-99 mmHg

42
Q

What blood pressure is considered stage two hypertension?

A

160+/100+ mmHg

43
Q

Which condition is often called the silent disease?

A

Hypertension

44
Q

What minerals besides sodium are factors in hypertension?

A

Chloride, magnesium, and calcium

45
Q

What is the DASH diet?

A

8-12 servings of fruit and vegetables; adequate calcium; smart protein portions; nuts, seeds, and legumes 3-4x a week; limited fats and oils; under 5 sweets per week.

46
Q

How can fruits and vegetables lower blood pressure?

A

High in potassium

47
Q

What is the recommended potassium intake?

A

4.7g/ 4,700mg

48
Q

Thickened heart muscle is present in what percent of obese children?

A

40%

49
Q

What is the recommended amount of sodium for someone with hypertension?

A

1,500mg

50
Q

What is the average sodium intake in the US?

A

3,400mg

51
Q

What is the minimum amount of sodium?

A

500mg

52
Q

What are some examples of hidden sodium?

A

MSG, baking power, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and brine

53
Q

What is considered very low sodium restriction?

A

1.5-2g per day

54
Q

What is considered moderate sodium restriction?

A

2-3g per day

55
Q

What percent of sodium comes from processed foods?

A

75%

Nutrition (21 decks)

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