Cardiovascular Disease (C)

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death and permanent disability in the US?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease

Question 2

What is compensated heart disease?

Answer 2

The body is able to maintain circulation; heart enlarges

Question 3

What does decompensated heart disease cause?

Answer 3

Congestive heart failure

Question 4

Which is the most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardened arteries)?

Answer 4

Atherosclerosis

Question 5

What happens in a patient with atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

Plaque reduces size of lumen, leading to decreased oxygen flow (angina pectoris) and waste removal, causing ischemia

Question 6

How do most heart attacks happen?

Answer 6

A blood clot (thrombus) blocks blood flow to the myocardium (hence myocardial infarction)

Question 7

What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

Answer 7

A stroke

Question 8

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 8

When arteriosclerosis/a thrombus/resulting ischemic tissue occurs away from the heart

Question 9

What are optimal total cholesterol levels?

Answer 9

Under 200 mg/dL

Question 10

What are borderline high total cholesterol levels?

Answer 10

200-239 mg/dL

Question 11

What are high cholesterol levels?

Answer 11

240+ mg/dL

Question 12

What are optimal LDL levels?

Answer 12

Under 100mg/dL

Question 13

What are borderline high LDL levels?

Answer 13

130-159mg/dL

Question 14

What are high cholesterol levels?

Answer 14

160-189mg/dL

Question 15

What are very high cholesterol levels?

Answer 15

180+mg/dL

Question 16

What HDL level will protect against heart disease?

Answer 16

Over 60mg/dL

Question 17

What HDL level is considered a risk factor for heart disease?

Answer 17

Under 40/mgdL

Question 18

What are optimal triglyceride levels?

Answer 18

Under 150mg/dL

Question 19

What are borderline high triglyceride levels?

Answer 19

150-199mg/dL

Question 20

What are high triglyceride levels?

Answer 20

200+mg/dL

Question 21

What should cholesterol intake be limited to per day?

Answer 21

Under 200mg

Question 22

What macronutrient split is recommended for heart health?

Answer 22

50-55% carbs, 12-20% proteins, 20-35% fats

Question 23

What percent of calories in the US diet come from fats?

Answer 23

40%

Question 24

Simple sugars may have what adverse effect on heart health?

Answer 24

Raise LDL

Question 25

What are prominent sources of cholesterol?

Answer 25

Organ meats, egg yolks, and some shellfish

Question 26

What are prominent sources of saturated fat?

Answer 26

Animal products, coconut, chocolate, and palm oil

Question 27

What are prominent sources of polyunsaturated fat?

Answer 27

Plants and some fish

Question 28

Those who increased their soluble fiber intake by 5-10g saw what drop in their LDL cholesterol?

Answer 28

5%

Question 29

What are the total fiber intake recommendations?

Answer 29

38g men, 25g women

Question 30

What are the soluble fiber intake recommendations?

Answer 30

10-25g

Question 31

If ideal blood lipid levels are not achieved in 3-6months from the diet, what medications may be prescribed?

Answer 31

Lipitor or Zocor (interact with grapefruit)

Question 32

What is the diet post-MI (heart attack)?

Answer 32

Initially nothing by mouth, then a liquid diet for 24 hours, then a reduced sodium diet to prevent fluid accumulation and reduce the work of the heart.

Question 33

What can also cause CHF (decompensation) besides heart disease?

Answer 33

Diabetes and renal disease

Question 34

What is the dominant treatment for clients with heart failure?

Answer 34

Diuretics

Question 35

What condition can diuretics cause?

Answer 35

Hypokalemia (offset by eating fruits and vegetables)

Question 36

What percent of hypertension cases are primary?

Answer 36

90%

Question 37

What can cause secondary hypertension?

Answer 37

Renal disease, adrenal issues, or birth control

Question 38

What blood pressure qualifies as a hypertension diagnosis?

Answer 38

Systolic 140+ or diastolic 90+

Question 39

What is a normal blood pressure?

Answer 39

120/80 mmHg

Question 40

What blood pressure is considered pre-hypertensive?

Answer 40

120-139/80-85 mmHg

Question 41

What blood pressure is considered stage one hypertension?

Answer 41

140-159/90-99 mmHg

Question 42

What blood pressure is considered stage two hypertension?

Answer 42

160+/100+ mmHg

Question 43

Which condition is often called the silent disease?

Answer 43

Hypertension

Question 44

What minerals besides sodium are factors in hypertension?

Answer 44

Chloride, magnesium, and calcium

Question 45

What is the DASH diet?

Answer 45

8-12 servings of fruit and vegetables; adequate calcium; smart protein portions; nuts, seeds, and legumes 3-4x a week; limited fats and oils; under 5 sweets per week.

Question 46

How can fruits and vegetables lower blood pressure?

Answer 46

High in potassium

Question 47

What is the recommended potassium intake?

Answer 47

4.7g/ 4,700mg

Question 48

Thickened heart muscle is present in what percent of obese children?

Answer 48

40%

Question 49

What is the recommended amount of sodium for someone with hypertension?

Answer 49

1,500mg

Question 50

What is the average sodium intake in the US?

Answer 50

3,400mg

Question 51

What is the minimum amount of sodium?

Answer 51

500mg

Question 52

What are some examples of hidden sodium?

Answer 52

MSG, baking power, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and brine

Question 53

What is considered very low sodium restriction?

Answer 53

1.5-2g per day

Question 54

What is considered moderate sodium restriction?

Answer 54

2-3g per day

Question 55

What percent of sodium comes from processed foods?

Answer 55

75%