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nutrition > GI Disorders (C) > Flashcards

GI Disorders (C) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary GI organs?

A

Mouth, esophagus stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

What are the secondary GI organs?

A

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of dyspepsia (indigestion)?

A

Heartburn, bloating, abdominal pain

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4
Q

What may cause dyspepsia?

A

Food, appendicitis, kidney/gallbladder/colon disease, or psychological stress

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of esophagitis?

A

Heartburn and dysphagia

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6
Q

What causes esophagitis?

A

GERD— hiatal hernia, reduced LES pressure, vomiting, overweight, or smoking

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7
Q

Which condition makes esophageal cancer life-threatening?

A

GERD

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8
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. Food mixes somewhat with gastric juices but cannot move normally

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9
Q

What is the dietary treatment for a hiatal hernia?

A

Small, frequent meals, avoiding irritants and foods that cause the LES to relax (fatty/fried foods and caffeine.) In some cases, losing weight, and avoid lying down after eating

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10
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

The erosion of the mucous membrane in either the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

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11
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulcers?

A

Genetics, increased hydrochloric acid, excessive analgesics, smoking, or the bacteria heliobacter pylori

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of peptic ulcers?

A

Burning gastric pain (relieved with food or antacid), sometimes hemorrhage (which requires surgery)

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13
Q

What is the (non-diet) treatment of peptic ulcers?

A

Antibiotics and cimetidine (inhibits acid secretion). Calcium antacids may also neutralize the stomach acid.

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14
Q

What is the dietary treatment for peptic ulcers?

A

No more than 0.8g protein/kg (1-1.5 if blood loss.) Moderately increase fat. Supplement iron for hemorrhage. 3 balanced meals. Avoid irritants.

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15
Q

Why is smoking harmful to patients with peptic ulcers?

A

Reduces pancreas secretions that buffer stomach acid

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16
Q

Why should fat be moderately increased for peptic ulcers?

A

Delay gastric emptying, but moderate because clients are prone to atherosclerosis

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17
Q

What are diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

A

Little pockets inside of the colon. Diverticulitis occurs when feces collects and bacteria breeds. If the pockets rupture, surgery is necessary.

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18
Q

What is the cause of diverticulosis?

A

A low fiber diet

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19
Q

What is the treatment for diverticulosis?

A

Antibiotics; begin with a clear-liquid diet, then transition to low-residue, and finally high-fiber after healing

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of IBS (previously spastic colon/colitis)?

A

Functional issues, not damage— Abdominal pain for three months thrice a month

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21
Q

What are possible causes of IBS?

A

Genetics, food sensitivity, bacteria, hormones, altered neurotransmitters or psychological issues

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22
Q

What food irritate IBS?

A

High-fat foods, lactose, alcohol, caffeine, and sweetened drinks

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23
Q

What is the dietary treatment for IBS?

A

Low-FODMAP diet: less honey, corn syrup, fruits with pits/seeds, milk, wheat, onions/garlic, beans, and sugar alcohols

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24
Q

What are the two IBDS?

A

Ulcerative colitis (ulcers in colon, rectum, or entire large intestine); Crohn’s disease (progressive autoimmune disorder affecting both the small intestine and large intestine)

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25
Q

What is the dietary treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases?

A

Replace lost electrolytes, fluids, vitamins, and minerals (diarrhea) and iron/protein (bleeding); low residue diet and 100g protein. In severe cases, temporary TPN.

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26
Q

What is an ileostomy/colostomy?

A

A temporary or permanent nickel-sized stoma created from the ileum (if the entire colon has been removed) or colon (if the rectum and anus are removed)

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27
Q

What should be kept in mind after an ileostomy/colostomy?

A

Give food by mouth to foster bowel adaptation (also adapts better when colon is present)

28
Q

What is short bowel syndrome?

A

Decreased intestine length and transit time leading to malabsorption and fluid loss

29
Q

What is the (non-diet) treatment for short bowel syndrome?

A

Medicate to control gastric secretions and hyper motility; anti-secretory and anti-diarrheal

30
Q

What is the dietary treatment for short bowel syndrome, with the goal of nutritional autonomy?

A

Give pancreatic enzymes, rehydration drinks, and soluble fiber. Initially, six small meals. Supplement vitamins C, B12 (monthly injections), ADEK, and minerals (gummy vitamin)

31
Q

What is celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy/sprue)?

A

Antibodies attack the intestine when the protein in wheat, barley, or rye is ingested

32
Q

What are the symptoms of celiac disease?

A

Diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, cramping, bloating, joint pain, and anemia

33
Q

What proportion of people have the genes for celiac disease?

A

1/3– 1/133 actually have it

34
Q

What percent of those with celiac disease are undiagnosed?

A

83%

35
Q

How long does it take for celiac disease to be diagnosed?

A

Average 6-10 years

36
Q

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

A

Celiac panel (blood tests) and biopsy

37
Q

How is gluten sensitivity (with a lack of villi damage) diagnosed?

A

An elimination diet

38
Q

What disease is two times as common as IBDS and CF combined?

A

Celiac disease

39
Q

What celiac grain must be labeled on a product?

A

Gluten (barley and rye not required)

40
Q

What are some celiac-friendly grains?

A

Rice, millet, amaranth, arrowroot, corn, flax, buckwheat, soy, and nut flour

41
Q

What are grains that should not be consumed by someone with celiac?

A

Barley (beer and malt), wheat, rye, farro, spelt, triticale, and farro

42
Q

What nutrients are transported to the liver?

A

All, except certain fatty acids

43
Q

What does the liver distribute and synthesize?

A

Distributes amino acids; synthesizes protein, enzymes, urea, glycogen/glucose, bile, and cholesterol

44
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, ADEK, and B vitamins

45
Q

What does the liver convert?

A

Glucose to glycogen (and reverse), and fat to lipoproteins

46
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

A general term for liver disease and cell loss, most often by alcohol

47
Q

What are complications associated with cirrhosis?

A

Fatty infiltration and fibrosis; upset blood flow, HTN, anemia, and hemorrhage in the esophagus. Sometimes fatal metabolism disruption

48
Q

What is the dietary treatment for cirrhosis (Cale and protein)?

A

25-35 calories and 0.8-1.0g protein per kg of body weight (less if coma imminent). Supplement vitamins and minerals. Reduce fluids and sodium if ascites, and reduce fiber if esophageal bleeding

49
Q

In advanced cirrhosis, what percent of calories are from carbs?

A

50-60%. Sometimes fats or proteins are not tolerated

50
Q

How is hepatitis contracted?

A

HAV: fecal-oral; HBV/HCV: body fluids

51
Q

What complications can result from hepatitis B and C?

A

CAH (Chronic Active Hepatitis), leading to liver failure and ESLD.

52
Q

What is the treatment for mild hepatitis?

A

Cell replacement

53
Q

What are the symptoms of severe hepatitis?

A

Increased bile stasis, decreased blood albumin, nausea, headache, fever, fatigue, anorexia, and jaundice

54
Q

How is severe hepatitis treated?

A

Bed rest and fluid

55
Q

What is the dietary treatment for hepatitis (including cals and protein)?

A

35-40 calories per kg of body weight. Mostly carbs, moderate fat, and 70-80g protein (if mild necrosis. If severe, limit protein to not accumulate in the blood.) Small, frequent meals.

56
Q

How does cholecystitis lead to cholelithiasis?

A

Cystitis inflames the gallbladder and causes cholesterol to harden, forming stones

57
Q

What causes are associated with cholecystitis/cholelithiasis?

A

Obesity, TPN, low-calorie diets, fat overindulgence, and women

58
Q

What are the symptoms of cholecystitis/cholelithiasis?

A

Pain, indigestion, and vomiting that worsens after intake of fatty foods

59
Q

What is the (non-diet) treatment for cholelithiasis?

A

Medication, and possibly cholecystectomy if severe

60
Q

What is the dietary treatment for cholecystitis/cholelithiasis?

A

Clear liquid diet, then a fat restricted diet (40-45g per day). Supplement water-miscible ADEK. If obese, lose weight.

61
Q

Which disorders of the accessory GI organs can be either acute or chronic?

A

Hepatitis and pancreatitis

62
Q

What are the causes of pancreatitis?

A

Infections, surgery, alcohol, or medication

63
Q

What are the symptoms of pancreatitis?

A

Abdominal pain, nausea, steatorrhea (increased fat in feces), ADEK malabsorption, and weight loss; diabetes if islets of Langerhans destroyed

64
Q

What is the dietary treatment for pancreatitis?

A

Parenteral nutrition, then a mostly carb liquid diet (to not stimulate pancreatic secretions), then small meals with carbs, protein, and little fat and fiber. NO alchohol.

65
Q

How many grams of fiber are consumed on a low residue diet?

A

5-10 grams

nutrition (21 decks)

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