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Nutrition > Pregnancy and Lactation (C) > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation (C) Flashcards

1
Q

How long does a normal pregnancy last?

A

38-40 weeks

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2
Q

What is considered low birth weight?

A

Under 5.5lb

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3
Q

Why does the iron requirement increase during pregnancy?

A

Increased blood volume

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4
Q

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy?

A

25-35lb

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5
Q

What is the average weight gain each trimester of pregnancy?

A

2-4lb total during the first trimester; 1lb per week during the second and third

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6
Q

What are the calorie requirement increases per trimester of pregnancy?

A

No additional calories in the first trimester, 340 in the second, and 450 in the third

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7
Q

What dose of folic acid supplement should pregnant women take?

A

400mcg

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8
Q

What is the protein requirement during pregnancy?

A

60 grams

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9
Q

Why should vitamin A not be increased during pregnancy?

A

A dose of 3,000RE+ can cause hydrocephaly, microcephaly, ear/eye defects, and mental retardation

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10
Q

What is the vitamin E requirement during pregnancy?

A

15mg

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11
Q

What is the AI for vitamin K during pregnancy?

A

75-90mcg, depending on age

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12
Q

Which water-soluble vitamin DRIs increase during pregnancy?

A

All of them! C for collagen formation and iron absorption, and Bs for RBCs and metabolism

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13
Q

Which mineral requirements increase during pregnancy?

A

Calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium

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14
Q

What is the hemoglobin level of a fetus?

A

20-22g per 100mL– double the normal amount!

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15
Q

Where is excess hemoglobin stored after birth?

A

The liver

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16
Q

How many extra servings of milk should be consumed during pregnancy?

A

2– preferably fat-free (90cal per 8oz serving)

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17
Q

What nutrients does dairy contribute?

A

Protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and nicain

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18
Q

What trimester does pregnancy-induced hypertension occur?

A

3rd trimester

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)?

A

High BP, proteinuria (albumin in urea,) and edema

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20
Q

What are the effects of the eclamptic stage of PIH?

A

Convulsions, coma, and death

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21
Q

Who is most at risk for pregnancy induced hypertension?

A

With first pregnancies, with twins, obese and protein-deficient women, and teens

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22
Q

What can folate deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

23
Q

What are the characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A

Prematurity, small head, short and far-apart eye slits, a flat midface, and thin upper lip. Growth deficiency and CNS dysfunction including seizures and microcephaly

24
Q

What is fetal alcohol effect (FAE)?

A

Exclusively the mental effects of fetal alcohol syndrome with no physical deformity

25
Q

What disease can illegal drugs during pregnancy cause the fetus?

A

HIV

26
Q

What are the effects of using tobacco during pregnancy?

A

Low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), miscarriage, and impaired childhood development

27
Q

What should caffeine be limited to during pregnancy?

A

2 cups/ 300mg per day

28
Q

Gestational diabetes increases fetal risk of what?

A

Physical/mental defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia (9lbs+ birth weight)

29
Q

What is the chance of developing type two diabetes later in life after having gestational diabetes?

A

35-60% increased chance

30
Q

When should pregnant women be tested for gestational diabetes?

A

24-48 weeks

31
Q

In the case of gestational diabetes, what is the carb limit at breakfast?

A

Under 45 grams

32
Q

What problems can pregnancy induced hypertension cause later in life?

A

Liver and heart problems

33
Q

Which hormone produces breastmilk?

A

Prolactin

34
Q

Which hormone is released by infant suckling and ejects breastmilk?

A

Oxytocin

35
Q

How many weeks does it take to establish an infant feeding routine?

A

2-3 weeks

36
Q

What mineral is not sufficiently supplied by breastmilk?

A

Iron (but babies absorb well)

37
Q

How long does a diet of exclusively breast milk sustain a baby?

A

6 months

38
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

A

Lowers chance of allergies, asthma, ear infections and viruses (antibodies from mother), includes 100+ more ingredients than formula, bonding, and stimulates uterus contraction and weight loss

39
Q

How long does breast milk keep at room temperature, refrigerated, and frozen?

A

6-8 hours room temp, 5 days refrigerated, 3-6 months in the freezer and 6-12 months in a deep freezer

40
Q

How soon after defrosting should breast milk be used?

A

Within 24 hours

41
Q

How many calories does it take to produce 100 mL (3.3oz) of milk?

A

85 calories

42
Q

What is the calorie requirement increase in the first 6 months of lactation?

A

640 calories

43
Q

How much milk is produced daily during the first six months of lactation?

A

750 mL (25oz)

44
Q

What is the calorie requirement increase during the 6-12 month lactation period?

A

510 calories

45
Q

How much milk is produced daily during the 6-12 month lactation period?

A

600 mL (20oz)

46
Q

What calorie increase does the institute of medicine suggest during lactation?

A

500 calories 1-6 months, 400 calories 6-12 months (deficit to make up for stored fat during pregnancy

47
Q

How much protein is secreted through milk per day during lactation?

A

10 grams

48
Q

What might lactating vegetarians be prescribed, or pay close attention to?

A

Supplement B12; be mindful of calories, iron, zinc, copper, protein, calcium, and vitamin D

49
Q

How many pounds does the fetus account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

7-8 pounds

50
Q

How many pounds does the aminiotic fluid account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

2 pounds

51
Q

How many pounds does the placenta account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

1-2 pounds

52
Q

How many pounds does the enlarged uterus account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

2 pounds

53
Q

How many pounds does the extra blood volume account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

3-5 pounds

54
Q

How many pounds does the growth of breast tissue account for in pregnancy weight gain?

A

1-2 pounds

Nutrition (21 decks)

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