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Pregnancy and Lactation (C) Flashcards

1
Q

How long does a normal pregnancy last?

A

38-40 weeks

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2
Q

What is considered low birth weight?

A

Under 5.5lb

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3
Q

Why does the iron requirement increase during pregnancy?

A

Increased blood volume

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4
Q

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy?

A

25-35lb

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5
Q

What is the average weight gain each trimester of pregnancy?

A

2-4lb total during the first trimester; 1lb per week during the second and third

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6
Q

What are the calorie requirement increases per trimester of pregnancy?

A

No additional calories in the first trimester, 340 in the second, and 450 in the third

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7
Q

What dose of folic acid supplement should pregnant women take?

A

400mcg

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8
Q

What is the protein requirement during pregnancy?

A

60 grams

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9
Q

Why should vitamin A not be increased during pregnancy?

A

A dose of 3,000RE+ can cause hydrocephaly, microcephaly, ear/eye defects, and mental retardation

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10
Q

What is the vitamin E requirement during pregnancy?

A

15mg

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11
Q

What is the AI for vitamin K during pregnancy?

A

75-90mcg, depending on age

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12
Q

Which water-soluble vitamin DRIs increase during pregnancy?

A

All of them! C for collagen formation and iron absorption, and Bs for RBCs and metabolism

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13
Q

Which mineral requirements increase during pregnancy?

A

Calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium

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14
Q

What is the hemoglobin level of a fetus?

A

20-22g per 100mL– double the normal amount!

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15
Q

Where is excess hemoglobin stored after birth?

A

The liver

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16
Q

How many extra servings of milk should be consumed during pregnancy?

A

2– preferably fat-free (90cal per 8oz serving)

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17
Q

What nutrients does dairy contribute?

A

Protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and nicain

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18
Q

What trimester does pregnancy-induced hypertension occur?

A

3rd trimester

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)?

A

High BP, proteinuria (albumin in urea,) and edema

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20
Q

What are the effects of the eclamptic stage of PIH?

A

Convulsions, coma, and death

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21
Q

Who is most at risk for pregnancy induced hypertension?

A

With first pregnancies, with twins, obese and protein-deficient women, and teens

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22
Q

What can folate deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

23
Q

What are the characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A

Prematurity, small head, short and far-apart eye slits, a flat midface, and thin upper lip. Growth deficiency and CNS dysfunction including seizures and microcephaly

24
Q

What is fetal alcohol effect (FAE)?

A

Exclusively the mental effects of fetal alcohol syndrome with no physical deformity

25
What disease can illegal drugs during pregnancy cause the fetus?
HIV
26
What are the effects of using tobacco during pregnancy?
Low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), miscarriage, and impaired childhood development
27
What should caffeine be limited to during pregnancy?
2 cups/ 300mg per day
28
Gestational diabetes increases fetal risk of what?
Physical/mental defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia (9lbs+ birth weight)
29
What is the chance of developing type two diabetes later in life after having gestational diabetes?
35-60% increased chance
30
When should pregnant women be tested for gestational diabetes?
24-48 weeks
31
In the case of gestational diabetes, what is the carb limit at breakfast?
Under 45 grams
32
What problems can pregnancy induced hypertension cause later in life?
Liver and heart problems
33
Which hormone produces breastmilk?
Prolactin
34
Which hormone is released by infant suckling and ejects breastmilk?
Oxytocin
35
How many weeks does it take to establish an infant feeding routine?
2-3 weeks
36
What mineral is not sufficiently supplied by breastmilk?
Iron (but babies absorb well)
37
How long does a diet of exclusively breast milk sustain a baby?
6 months
38
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
Lowers chance of allergies, asthma, ear infections and viruses (antibodies from mother), includes 100+ more ingredients than formula, bonding, and stimulates uterus contraction and weight loss
39
How long does breast milk keep at room temperature, refrigerated, and frozen?
6-8 hours room temp, 5 days refrigerated, 3-6 months in the freezer and 6-12 months in a deep freezer
40
How soon after defrosting should breast milk be used?
Within 24 hours
41
How many calories does it take to produce 100 mL (3.3oz) of milk?
85 calories
42
What is the calorie requirement increase in the first 6 months of lactation?
640 calories
43
How much milk is produced daily during the first six months of lactation?
750 mL (25oz)
44
What is the calorie requirement increase during the 6-12 month lactation period?
510 calories
45
How much milk is produced daily during the 6-12 month lactation period?
600 mL (20oz)
46
What calorie increase does the institute of medicine suggest during lactation?
500 calories 1-6 months, 400 calories 6-12 months (deficit to make up for stored fat during pregnancy
47
How much protein is secreted through milk per day during lactation?
10 grams
48
What might lactating vegetarians be prescribed, or pay close attention to?
Supplement B12; be mindful of calories, iron, zinc, copper, protein, calcium, and vitamin D
49
How many pounds does the fetus account for in pregnancy weight gain?
7-8 pounds
50
How many pounds does the aminiotic fluid account for in pregnancy weight gain?
2 pounds
51
How many pounds does the placenta account for in pregnancy weight gain?
1-2 pounds
52
How many pounds does the enlarged uterus account for in pregnancy weight gain?
2 pounds
53
How many pounds does the extra blood volume account for in pregnancy weight gain?
3-5 pounds
54
How many pounds does the growth of breast tissue account for in pregnancy weight gain?
1-2 pounds

Nutrition (21 decks)

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