Illnesses, Intolerances, and Allergies (C) Flashcards
What is food poisoning?
A general term for foodborne illness
What is a foodborne infection?
Infection by a food pathogen
What is foodborne intoxication?
Infection by toxins from food pathogen (ie botulism)
What are enterotoxins?
Toxins affecting the digestive tract and mucous membranes
How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted?
Found in intestinal tract of meat; transmitted by unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, raw meat, poultry, and shellfish
Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent cause of what ailment?
Diarrhea
Why can clostridium botulinum survive in sealed containers?
The spores can produce without oxygen
Where is clostridium botulinum found?
In soil and water, on plants, and in intestinal tracts
How should clostridium botulinum be removed from packaged foods?
Boiling for 10 minutes
How many cases of botulism occur in the US each year?
145 cases
What are the symptoms of botulism?
Double vision, speech difficulty, aphagia, and lung paralysis
What is the fatality of botulism?
5-10%
Where is clostridium perfrigens found?
Known as the “cafeteria/buffet germ”; in soil dust, sewage, and intestines
How many cases of clostridium perfrigens (“buffet germ”) occur in the US per year?
10,000
How should clostridium perfrigens (“buffet germ”) be prevented?
Hot foods should be kept at 140F or higher, and cold below 40F. Leftovers should be stored to 40F and heated to 165F
Where is cryptosporidium found?
Contaminated soil, food, water, and feces
How is E coli transmitted?
Water, milk or apple juice, raw beef, unwashed fruit and vegetables, and person-to-person contact
How many cases of E Coli are there annually in the US?
70,000 cases
Most recover from E. Coli in how many days?
10 days
What complication can E Coli cause?
Hemorrhagic colitis, leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS in children), causing kidney damage
How should E Coli be prevented?
Cook ground meat to 160 and ground poultry to 165
Where is listeria monocytogenes found?
Unpasteurized dairy, unwashed vegetables, and processed meat– can grow in the refrigerator
What complications can listeria cause?
Miscarriage, meningitis, or respiratory distress
where is salmonellosis (salmonella) found?
Raw eggs, poultry, and meat; milk and juice, cheese, seafood, and contaminated fruits and vegetables
Who is at most risk for contracting salmonella?
The young and elderly
One strand of which bacteria can cause typhoid fever?
Salmonella
How should salmonella be prevented?
<40F inhibits growth but must heat to 145-165F to kill. Thaw meat in the fridge then heat immediately
How is shigella transmitted?
Unwashed hands and contaminated plants
How should shigella be prevented?
Keep tuna/chicken/egg salad on ice when served; cook foods to 145-165F
Which foodborne infection can be asymptomatic?
Shigella
Where is staphylococcus aureus found on the body?
On skin, in cuts, pimples, noses, and throats
Where is staphylococcus aureus found in food?
Meat, fish, eggs, chicken/tuna/egg salads, and cream-filled pastries
How should staphylococcus aureus be prevented?
Throw away if thought to be contaminated
Why should mold not be smelled?
Some cause respiratory issues and allergic reactions
How does mold grow in food?
A fungus– roots go down into the food and spores form on the stalk
The myotoxin aflatoxin is found in what spoiled foods?
Nuts, soybeans, grans, and spices (cooking and refrigeration do not destroy)
What foodborne intoxication can take months for symptoms to appear and cause skin/liver damage and cancer?
Aflatoxin (found in some mold)
Foods contaminated with what toxin cannot be sold to another state?
Aflatoxin
What is trichinella spiralis?
A parasitic worm that causes trichinosis
Where is trichinella spiralis?
Inadequately cooked pork or wild game (particularly bear)
How should trichinella spiralis be prevented?
Cook to 145F (160F if ground) or freeze
When should anti-diarrheal medications not be used?
With bloody diarrhea. Usually not used for children
What is the dietary treatment after foodborne illness?
Replace lost fluids and electrolytes, and reintroduce bland foods
How soon should produce be refrigerated?
2 hours
Child food allergies increased what percent from 1997 to 2011?
50%
What percent of adults and children have food allergies?
4% adults, 8% children
What are the symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Hay fever, urticaria (hives), edema, headache, dermatitis, dizziness, nausea, and asthma
Which allergens are most likely to cause anaphylaxis?
Peanuts, tree nuts, seafood, and shellfish
Which eight foods cause 90% of allergic reactions?
Milk, wheat, eggs, tree nuts, peanuts, fish, shellfish, and soybeans
On an elimination diet, how often are foods re-introduced?
Every 4-7 days
How long can food intolerances (nonallergic food sensitivities) take to produce a reaction?
72-96 hours
What are common food intolerances?
Lactose, gluten, histamine and tyramine (aged cheese, deli meat, beer, wine); salicyclate (type of salt), tartrazine (food color); benzoates; BHA, BHT, sulfites, MSG, and other dyes
