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Nutrition > Water (C) > Flashcards

Water (C) Flashcards

1
Q

How many days can the body live without water?

A

3-5 days

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2
Q

What percent of the body is water?

A

50-60% (higher in men, 75% in newborns)

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3
Q

What percent of body fluid is made up by ICF?

A

65%

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4
Q

What percent of body fluid is made up by ECF (interstitial and intravascular)?

A

35%

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5
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Major component of blood plasma, solvent, hydrolyzes nutrients, lubricates joints, cools the body, and provides minerals

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6
Q

What is the equivalent of one liter?

A

33.8ozs / 4.2 cups

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7
Q

Which body process produces water?

A

Energy metabolism

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8
Q

What are electrolytes measured in?

A

Milliequivalents (mEq/L)

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9
Q

What is the difference between sensible and insensible water loss?

A

Sensible: urine; insensible: sweat, feces, respiration

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10
Q

How much water must be excreted each day to remove waste products?

A

500mL

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11
Q

How does water move through the cell walls?

A

Osmosis (from the side with the lesser solute to the side with the greater solute)

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12
Q

What minerals are solutes to water?

A

Sodium, chloride, and potassium

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13
Q

Which mineral is the primary constituent of extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

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14
Q

Which mineral is the primary constituent of intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

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15
Q

What happens when the electrolyte concentration of ECF increases?

A

ICF moves to ECF, cells become dehydrated, and thirst occurs

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16
Q

What is vascular osmotic pressure?

A

A high concentration of electrolytes in the blood and low blood pressure

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17
Q

What happens when there is vascular osmotic pressure?

A

The hypothalamus tells the kidneys to secrete anti-diuretic hormone, reabsorbing and not excreting water

18
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands that tells the kidneys to reabsorb sodium?

A

Aldosterone

19
Q

What happens when extracellular sodium is decreased?

A

Water enters the cells; edema. Adrenal glands secrete aldosterone

20
Q

What is the water requirement per calorie consumed?

A

1 mL per calorie

21
Q

What is the water requirement for an 1800 calorie diet?

A

7.5 glasses

22
Q

What is the water AI?

A

3L/ 13 cups for men; 2.2L/ 9 cups for women

23
Q

Which conditions can increase water requirement?

A

Hyperthyroidism and type two diabetes

24
Q

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

A

Low blood pressure, thirst, dry skin, fever, and confusion

25
Q

What happens when 10% of body water is lost?

A

Blood volume, nutrient absorption, and kidney function decrease

26
Q

What happens when 20% of body water is lost?

A

Circulatory failure and death

27
Q

What percent of body weight lost is considered mild, moderate, or severe dehydration?

A

3-5% mild, 6-9% moderate, 10-15% severe

28
Q

What are the symptoms of heat fatigue?

A

Thirst, weakness, and fatigue

29
Q

What are the symptoms of heat cramp?

A

Thirst and leg cramps from depleted sodium and potassium

30
Q

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A

Thirst, dizziness, nausea, headache, sweating

31
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A

Fever and potential brain/kidney damage

32
Q

What is positive water balance?

A

Excess fluid accumulation

33
Q

What causes positive water balance (and subsequent edema)?

A

Hypothyroidism, CHF, hypoproteinemia; some infections, cancers, and renal diseases

34
Q

What does water intoxication lead to?

A

Hyponatremia, which is life threatening

35
Q

Diet affects the pH of what?

A

Urine

36
Q

What system regulates hydrogen ions and therefore acid-base balance?

A

Buffer systems

37
Q

What is the ratio of bases to acid in the buffer systems?

A

20 bases: 1 acid (weak bases, strong acid)

38
Q

What are the chief acids and bases in the body’s buffer systems?

A

Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate

39
Q

How are carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate secreted?

A

The lungs and kidneys respectively

40
Q

What is the pH range for urine?

A

4.5-8, average 6

41
Q

What are the causes of acidosis?

A

Renal failure, diabetes, starvation, and diarrhea

42
Q

What are the causes of alkalosis?

A

Loss of hydrochloric acid (ie vomiting) or the ingestion of excess alkali (ie through antacid tablets)

Nutrition (21 decks)

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