Water (C)

Question 1

How many days can the body live without water?

Answer 1

3-5 days

Question 2

What percent of the body is water?

Answer 2

50-60% (higher in men, 75% in newborns)

Question 3

What percent of body fluid is made up by ICF?

Answer 3

65%

Question 4

What percent of body fluid is made up by ECF (interstitial and intravascular)?

Answer 4

35%

Question 5

What are the functions of water?

Answer 5

Major component of blood plasma, solvent, hydrolyzes nutrients, lubricates joints, cools the body, and provides minerals

Question 6

What is the equivalent of one liter?

Answer 6

33.8ozs / 4.2 cups

Question 7

Which body process produces water?

Answer 7

Energy metabolism

Question 8

What are electrolytes measured in?

Answer 8

Milliequivalents (mEq/L)

Question 9

What is the difference between sensible and insensible water loss?

Answer 9

Sensible: urine; insensible: sweat, feces, respiration

Question 10

How much water must be excreted each day to remove waste products?

Answer 10

500mL

Question 11

How does water move through the cell walls?

Answer 11

Osmosis (from the side with the lesser solute to the side with the greater solute)

Question 12

What minerals are solutes to water?

Answer 12

Sodium, chloride, and potassium

Question 13

Which mineral is the primary constituent of extracellular fluid?

Answer 13

Sodium

Question 14

Which mineral is the primary constituent of intracellular fluid?

Answer 14

Potassium

Question 15

What happens when the electrolyte concentration of ECF increases?

Answer 15

ICF moves to ECF, cells become dehydrated, and thirst occurs

Question 16

What is vascular osmotic pressure?

Answer 16

A high concentration of electrolytes in the blood and low blood pressure

Question 17

What happens when there is vascular osmotic pressure?

Answer 17

The hypothalamus tells the kidneys to secrete anti-diuretic hormone, reabsorbing and not excreting water

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands that tells the kidneys to reabsorb sodium?

Answer 18

Aldosterone

Question 19

What happens when extracellular sodium is decreased?

Answer 19

Water enters the cells; edema. Adrenal glands secrete aldosterone

Question 20

What is the water requirement per calorie consumed?

Answer 20

1 mL per calorie

Question 21

What is the water requirement for an 1800 calorie diet?

Answer 21

7.5 glasses

Question 22

What is the water AI?

Answer 22

3L/ 13 cups for men; 2.2L/ 9 cups for women

Question 23

Which conditions can increase water requirement?

Answer 23

Hyperthyroidism and type two diabetes

Question 24

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

Answer 24

Low blood pressure, thirst, dry skin, fever, and confusion

Question 25

What happens when 10% of body water is lost?

Answer 25

Blood volume, nutrient absorption, and kidney function decrease

Question 26

What happens when 20% of body water is lost?

Answer 26

Circulatory failure and death

Question 27

What percent of body weight lost is considered mild, moderate, or severe dehydration?

Answer 27

3-5% mild, 6-9% moderate, 10-15% severe

Question 28

What are the symptoms of heat fatigue?

Answer 28

Thirst, weakness, and fatigue

Question 29

What are the symptoms of heat cramp?

Answer 29

Thirst and leg cramps from depleted sodium and potassium

Question 30

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

Answer 30

Thirst, dizziness, nausea, headache, sweating

Question 31

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

Answer 31

Fever and potential brain/kidney damage

Question 32

What is positive water balance?

Answer 32

Excess fluid accumulation

Question 33

What causes positive water balance (and subsequent edema)?

Answer 33

Hypothyroidism, CHF, hypoproteinemia; some infections, cancers, and renal diseases

Question 34

What does water intoxication lead to?

Answer 34

Hyponatremia, which is life threatening

Question 35

Diet affects the pH of what?

Answer 35

Urine

Question 36

What system regulates hydrogen ions and therefore acid-base balance?

Answer 36

Buffer systems

Question 37

What is the ratio of bases to acid in the buffer systems?

Answer 37

20 bases: 1 acid (weak bases, strong acid)

Question 38

What are the chief acids and bases in the body's buffer systems?

Answer 38

Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate

Question 39

How are carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate secreted?

Answer 39

The lungs and kidneys respectively

Question 40

What is the pH range for urine?

Answer 40

4.5-8, average 6

Question 41

What are the causes of acidosis?

Answer 41

Renal failure, diabetes, starvation, and diarrhea

Question 42

What are the causes of alkalosis?

Answer 42

Loss of hydrochloric acid (ie vomiting) or the ingestion of excess alkali (ie through antacid tablets)