Childhood and Adolescence (C) Flashcards
What is the average weight gain for a child between 1-2 years old?
5lb
Children should be given fat-free milk after what age?
2 years (need to support brain development slows)
How often do young children need a snack?
Every 2-3 hours
How many calories per pound of bodyweight does a six month old girl need?
54 calories per pound
How many calories per pound of bodyweight does a ten year old girl need?
35 calories per pound
What are known as the “powerhouse fruits and veggies”?
Citrus and berries; broccoli and orange/green vegetables
How much water do children need per calorie?
1 mL; 1,200 calories = 5 cups
What percent of US children meet the required whole grain intake?
22%
What percent of US children meet the required intake of dark greens and starchy beans?
20%
What percent of US children meet the required intake for whole fruit?
70%
100% juice should be limited to how much per day for children?
4-6oz for ages 1-6; 8-12oz for older children
At what age should children be screened for high cholesterol?
2 years old
What are the ideal serum cholesterol levels for youth?
<170 mg/dL total; <110 LDL
Children aged 1-3 years should consume what percent of calories from fat?
30-40%
Children aged 4-18 years should consume what percent of calories from fat?
25-35%
If calories from fat equal 30% total, how should this be divided among saturated and unsaturated fats?
Under 7% saturated, under 8% polyunsaturated, 15% monounsaturated
Which nutrients are essential to adolescent bone health?
Vitamin D, protein, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, B12, and zinc
What percent of US toddlers are anemic?
14%; slightly higher in low income and black children
When should children be screened for anemia?
9-12 months old; again at 1-5 years old if risk factors
How many US children aged 3-17 have an ADHD diagnosis?
5.9 million / 9.5%
How should the appetite suppression that occurs with ADHD medication be managed?
Give the dose after breakfast; to compensate for decreased appetite at lunch, have a big dinner and make the pre bedtime snack the third meal. May stop meds on weekends or summers if growth change
What are the metabolic side effects of antipsychotic, mood stabilizing, and behavior medications for children?
Increased appetite– average weight gain of 1-1.5lb per week; increased risk of type 2 diabetes and hypertension
Which age group has the largest allergy prevalence?
3-5 years
Which are the three most common allergies?
Peanuts (making up 2%), followed by milk and shellfish
What proportion of minors have at least one food allergy?
1 out of 13
What percent of children with food allergies experience anaphylaxis?
40%
In the last thirty years, how have obesity rates in children and adolescents risen?
Doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents
What percent of 2-19 year olds are obese?
17% (12.7 million!)
From 1998-2008, what percentage did youth with pre diabetes increase to and from?
9% to 23%
What fasting blood sugar is considered pre-diabetic?
100-126 mg/dL
The hyper pigmentation of skin folds observed in T2D and obesity is known as what?
Acanthosis nigricans
How many under 20 year olds have type one diabetes?
167,000 (in 2009)
How many new cases of type one diabetes are diagnosed in children each year?
18,000
How many new cases of type two diabetes are diagnosed in children each year?
5,000
What proportion of children born after 2000 will develop type two diabetes in their lifetime?
1 in 3
Which demographics of children are most commonly diabetic?
Aged 10-19, obese, and have a family history
Diabetics are at a higher risk for what other diseases?
Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and neuropathy
Intake of what helps improve prediabetes?
Fiber and phyochemicals
In children, several blood pressure readings over which percentile suggest hypertension?
95%
What ages are the average rapid growth periods in adolescence?
10-13 for girls and 13-16 for boys
What age group is considered adolescent?
13-20
How many inches of height do growth spurts add?
3 inches for girls and 4 inches for boys
What percent of calories do teens get from soft drinks?
13%
12-19 year olds get how many teaspoons of sugar a day from soft drinks?
Boys 15 tsp; girls 10 tsp
What proportion of milk:soda do teens drink?
1:2 (used to be reversed)
What age is the peak use of calcium for bone mineralization?
12.5 years for girls and 14 years for boys
How much of a child’s adult bone mass is created in a 3-4 year period?
40%
What percent of teens do not meet the daily calcium requirement?
> 50%
How many Americans have an eating disorder?
11 million; 10 million females and 1 million males
Falling below what percent of the expected weight is characteristic for anorexia?
<85%
According to 1990s data, what proportion of young people like fast food?
1/3
How much larger are fast food portion sizes than their originals?
2-5x larger
Menu labeling is required if a restaurant has more than how many locations?
20+ locations
How much does the fast food industry spend on advertising anually?
$4 billion
What is the process of alcohol fermentation?
Enzymes change carbs into alcohol
What are the associated health risks of alcoholism?
Decreased nutrient absorption, higher blood pressure, damage to the heart and gonads, and liver cancer
In the past 30 days, what percent of teens drank or binge drank?
34.9% drank, 20% binge drank (decreased since 1999)
What percent of high school students used weed in the past month?
23%
How many times as harmful is weed to one’s lungs compared to cigarettes?
4-5x (smoke held for longer)
1/2 of all crimes against property are related to what drug?
Cocaine
What is the primary health concern with cocaine usage?
Causes heart issues
What percent of high and middle school students used tobacco in the past month?
24.6% high school; 7.7% middle school
How much vitamin C do smokers need compared to the DRI?
35mg more than the DRI
Low intake of what nutrients are common among smokers?
Vitamin A and C, folate, and fiber
What are the physiological side effects of amphetamines?
Increase in blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate; dry mouth and low appetite
The club drug MDMA is also known as what?
Ecstasy
What medication may energy drinks interact with?
ADHD meds
How much caffeine does an energy drink contain?
80 mg in 8 oz; 200-240mg in a 20-24oz container!
What are the physiological side effects of caffeine?
CNS stimulant; raises blood pressure
What are the metabolic side effects of caffeine?
May lose small amounts of calcium and magnesium
Athletes require which additional nutrients?
Water, calories, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and protein
For light-moderate exercise lasting under one hour, how should electrolytes be replenished>
Just water
What macronutrient split is advised for moderate exercise?
Normal 50-55% carb, 30% fat, and 10-15% protein
What is the protein recommendation for endurance and strength athletes?
1.2-1.7 grams per kilogram of body weight
The sodium and potassium lost through perspiration can be replaced by eating what combination of foods?
Bananas and orange juice
Why is eating concentrated sugar pre-workout not advisable?
It may cause excess water in the gut, leading to gas and diarrhea
What is in the process of glycogen loading?
6-3 days out: 10% carb, heavy exercise; 3-1 days out: 70% carb, light exercise
What are the downsides of glycogen loading?
Less effective in women, may cause water weight gain, may cause digestive discomfort from high fiber intake, and blood sugar changes
What sports are creatine good for?
Sprinting and weightlifting; not long distance
