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Nutrition > Childhood and Adolescence (C) > Flashcards

Childhood and Adolescence (C) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average weight gain for a child between 1-2 years old?

A

5lb

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2
Q

Children should be given fat-free milk after what age?

A

2 years (need to support brain development slows)

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3
Q

How often do young children need a snack?

A

Every 2-3 hours

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4
Q

How many calories per pound of bodyweight does a six month old girl need?

A

54 calories per pound

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5
Q

How many calories per pound of bodyweight does a ten year old girl need?

A

35 calories per pound

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6
Q

What are known as the “powerhouse fruits and veggies”?

A

Citrus and berries; broccoli and orange/green vegetables

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7
Q

How much water do children need per calorie?

A

1 mL; 1,200 calories = 5 cups

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8
Q

What percent of US children meet the required whole grain intake?

A

22%

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9
Q

What percent of US children meet the required intake of dark greens and starchy beans?

A

20%

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10
Q

What percent of US children meet the required intake for whole fruit?

A

70%

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11
Q

100% juice should be limited to how much per day for children?

A

4-6oz for ages 1-6; 8-12oz for older children

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12
Q

At what age should children be screened for high cholesterol?

A

2 years old

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13
Q

What are the ideal serum cholesterol levels for youth?

A

<170 mg/dL total; <110 LDL

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14
Q

Children aged 1-3 years should consume what percent of calories from fat?

A

30-40%

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15
Q

Children aged 4-18 years should consume what percent of calories from fat?

A

25-35%

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16
Q

If calories from fat equal 30% total, how should this be divided among saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Under 7% saturated, under 8% polyunsaturated, 15% monounsaturated

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17
Q

Which nutrients are essential to adolescent bone health?

A

Vitamin D, protein, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, B12, and zinc

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18
Q

What percent of US toddlers are anemic?

A

14%; slightly higher in low income and black children

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19
Q

When should children be screened for anemia?

A

9-12 months old; again at 1-5 years old if risk factors

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20
Q

How many US children aged 3-17 have an ADHD diagnosis?

A

5.9 million / 9.5%

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21
Q

How should the appetite suppression that occurs with ADHD medication be managed?

A

Give the dose after breakfast; to compensate for decreased appetite at lunch, have a big dinner and make the pre bedtime snack the third meal. May stop meds on weekends or summers if growth change

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22
Q

What are the metabolic side effects of antipsychotic, mood stabilizing, and behavior medications for children?

A

Increased appetite– average weight gain of 1-1.5lb per week; increased risk of type 2 diabetes and hypertension

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23
Q

Which age group has the largest allergy prevalence?

A

3-5 years

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24
Q

Which are the three most common allergies?

A

Peanuts (making up 2%), followed by milk and shellfish

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25
Q

What proportion of minors have at least one food allergy?

A

1 out of 13

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26
Q

What percent of children with food allergies experience anaphylaxis?

A

40%

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27
Q

In the last thirty years, how have obesity rates in children and adolescents risen?

A

Doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents

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28
Q

What percent of 2-19 year olds are obese?

A

17% (12.7 million!)

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29
Q

From 1998-2008, what percentage did youth with pre diabetes increase to and from?

A

9% to 23%

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30
Q

What fasting blood sugar is considered pre-diabetic?

A

100-126 mg/dL

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31
Q

The hyper pigmentation of skin folds observed in T2D and obesity is known as what?

A

Acanthosis nigricans

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32
Q

How many under 20 year olds have type one diabetes?

A

167,000 (in 2009)

33
Q

How many new cases of type one diabetes are diagnosed in children each year?

A

18,000

34
Q

How many new cases of type two diabetes are diagnosed in children each year?

A

5,000

35
Q

What proportion of children born after 2000 will develop type two diabetes in their lifetime?

A

1 in 3

36
Q

Which demographics of children are most commonly diabetic?

A

Aged 10-19, obese, and have a family history

37
Q

Diabetics are at a higher risk for what other diseases?

A

Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and neuropathy

38
Q

Intake of what helps improve prediabetes?

A

Fiber and phyochemicals

39
Q

In children, several blood pressure readings over which percentile suggest hypertension?

A

95%

40
Q

What ages are the average rapid growth periods in adolescence?

A

10-13 for girls and 13-16 for boys

41
Q

What age group is considered adolescent?

A

13-20

42
Q

How many inches of height do growth spurts add?

A

3 inches for girls and 4 inches for boys

43
Q

What percent of calories do teens get from soft drinks?

A

13%

44
Q

12-19 year olds get how many teaspoons of sugar a day from soft drinks?

A

Boys 15 tsp; girls 10 tsp

45
Q

What proportion of milk:soda do teens drink?

A

1:2 (used to be reversed)

46
Q

What age is the peak use of calcium for bone mineralization?

A

12.5 years for girls and 14 years for boys

47
Q

How much of a child’s adult bone mass is created in a 3-4 year period?

A

40%

48
Q

What percent of teens do not meet the daily calcium requirement?

A

> 50%

49
Q

How many Americans have an eating disorder?

A

11 million; 10 million females and 1 million males

50
Q

Falling below what percent of the expected weight is characteristic for anorexia?

A

<85%

51
Q

According to 1990s data, what proportion of young people like fast food?

A

1/3

52
Q

How much larger are fast food portion sizes than their originals?

A

2-5x larger

53
Q

Menu labeling is required if a restaurant has more than how many locations?

A

20+ locations

54
Q

How much does the fast food industry spend on advertising anually?

A

$4 billion

55
Q

What is the process of alcohol fermentation?

A

Enzymes change carbs into alcohol

56
Q

What are the associated health risks of alcoholism?

A

Decreased nutrient absorption, higher blood pressure, damage to the heart and gonads, and liver cancer

57
Q

In the past 30 days, what percent of teens drank or binge drank?

A

34.9% drank, 20% binge drank (decreased since 1999)

58
Q

What percent of high school students used weed in the past month?

A

23%

59
Q

How many times as harmful is weed to one’s lungs compared to cigarettes?

A

4-5x (smoke held for longer)

60
Q

1/2 of all crimes against property are related to what drug?

A

Cocaine

61
Q

What is the primary health concern with cocaine usage?

A

Causes heart issues

62
Q

What percent of high and middle school students used tobacco in the past month?

A

24.6% high school; 7.7% middle school

63
Q

How much vitamin C do smokers need compared to the DRI?

A

35mg more than the DRI

64
Q

Low intake of what nutrients are common among smokers?

A

Vitamin A and C, folate, and fiber

65
Q

What are the physiological side effects of amphetamines?

A

Increase in blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate; dry mouth and low appetite

66
Q

The club drug MDMA is also known as what?

A

Ecstasy

67
Q

What medication may energy drinks interact with?

A

ADHD meds

68
Q

How much caffeine does an energy drink contain?

A

80 mg in 8 oz; 200-240mg in a 20-24oz container!

69
Q

What are the physiological side effects of caffeine?

A

CNS stimulant; raises blood pressure

70
Q

What are the metabolic side effects of caffeine?

A

May lose small amounts of calcium and magnesium

71
Q

Athletes require which additional nutrients?

A

Water, calories, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and protein

72
Q

For light-moderate exercise lasting under one hour, how should electrolytes be replenished>

A

Just water

73
Q

What macronutrient split is advised for moderate exercise?

A

Normal 50-55% carb, 30% fat, and 10-15% protein

74
Q

What is the protein recommendation for endurance and strength athletes?

A

1.2-1.7 grams per kilogram of body weight

75
Q

The sodium and potassium lost through perspiration can be replaced by eating what combination of foods?

A

Bananas and orange juice

76
Q

Why is eating concentrated sugar pre-workout not advisable?

A

It may cause excess water in the gut, leading to gas and diarrhea

77
Q

What is in the process of glycogen loading?

A

6-3 days out: 10% carb, heavy exercise; 3-1 days out: 70% carb, light exercise

78
Q

What are the downsides of glycogen loading?

A

Less effective in women, may cause water weight gain, may cause digestive discomfort from high fiber intake, and blood sugar changes

79
Q

What sports are creatine good for?

A

Sprinting and weightlifting; not long distance

Nutrition (21 decks)

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