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Nutrition > Renal Disease (IC) > Flashcards

Renal Disease (IC) Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons (working parts) are in each kidney?

A

About one million

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2
Q

What is inside a nephron?

A

A glomerulus (filtering unit) inside of which is a cluster of capillaries

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3
Q

How much ultrafiltrate is processed in the kidneys each day?

A

180L

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4
Q

Where does liquid waste travel from the kidneys?

A

To the bladder via ureters

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5
Q

How much liquid waste is excreted per day?

A

1.5L

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6
Q

What are the waste materials in urine?

A

Protein waste (urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and sulfates), excess water and nutrients, dead renal cells, and toxins

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7
Q

Oliguria eventually leads to what?

A

Renal failure

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8
Q

What urinary output is considered oliguric?

A

Under 500mL per day

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9
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

A

The final form of vitamin D (calcitriol) and erythropoietin

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10
Q

What are some causes of kidney disorders?

A

Infection, diabetes, HTN, cysts, renal stones, or trauma

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of uremia?

A

Nausea, headache, convulsions, and coma

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12
Q

What are nephritis and glomerulonephritis?

A

General terms for renal inflammation

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13
Q

What is nephrosclerosis?

A

The hardening of renal arteries caused by arteriosclerosis and HTN, occurring in older people and diabetics

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14
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

A genetic condition which goes unnoticed until renal failure at roughly age fifty

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15
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A

Kidney stones– causes hematuria, infection, obstruction, and pain

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16
Q

What is the goal of dietary treatment for renal disease?

A

To decrease waste in the blood

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17
Q

Why should weight loss be prevented for renal clients?

A

Tissue is metabolized and circulated through the blood

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18
Q

What is often restricted in the diets of renal clients?

A

Protein, sodium, and often phosphorus and potassium

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19
Q

During stage 3-4 of renal disease, what may protein intake equal?

A

40g (no more than 3oz protein and 1/2c of milk)

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20
Q

What is the typical exchange diet for a client with stage 3-4 renal disease?

A

2 servings of 1/2c vegetables, 7 servings of grains, 5 servings of 1/2c fruit, and no more than 3oz protein and 1/2c milk

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21
Q

What types of fruits and vegetables should be consumed during renal treatment?

A

Low and moderate potassium

22
Q

What are fluids and sodium limited during renal treatment?

A

Decrease edema and prevent hypertension and congestive heart failure

23
Q

What nutrients are increased during renal treatment?

A

Calcium and vitamin D; sugar and fat for calories

24
Q

Why is phosphorus decreased during renal treatment?

A

To prevent osteomalacia because it is often retained in renal clients

25
Q

What proportion of diabetics develop kidney disease?

A

1/3 (30% T1D and 10-40% T2D develop ESRD)

26
Q

Why is potassium restricted for renal clients?

A

Hyperkalemia tends to occur in ESRD, leading to MI (no salt subtitutes!)

27
Q

What nutrients should be supplemented for renal disease?

A

vitamins B, C, and D, and iron to prevent anemia

28
Q

Why should vitamin A not be given to renal clients?

A

In uremia, blood levels are increased already

29
Q

How does hemodialysis work?

A

Using a permanent fistula near the wrist. 3 times a week for 3-5 hours

30
Q

How does a peritoneal dialysis work?

A

Using the peritoneal cavity. 3 times a week for 10-12 hours (less efficient than hemodialysis)

31
Q

How often is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)?

A

Occurring 4-5x daily; 24 hour treatment

32
Q

What are some complications associated with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)?

A

Peritonitis, hypotension, and weight gain

33
Q

What is the protein requirement during dialysis?

A

1.2g protein per kg of body weight

34
Q

What percent of protein should be high biological value (HBV) from animal products for dialysis clients?

A

50%

35
Q

How much potassium do healthy people ingest?

A

2,000-6,000mg

36
Q

How much potassium should be ingested during renal failure (NOT ESRD)?

A

2,000-4,000mg

37
Q

How much potassium should be ingested during ESRD?

A

1,500-2,500mg

38
Q

Why is milk restricted to 1/2c or not allowed on renal diets?

A

High in potassium and methionine

39
Q

What is the 80-3-3 diet?

A

For dialysis patients; 80g protein, 3g sodium, and 3g potassium

40
Q

How many portions of protein are used on an 80-3-3 diet?

A

8 portions

41
Q

How many portions of fat are used on an 80-3-3 diet?

A

Unrestricted

42
Q

Which vitamins and minerals should be supplemented during dialysis?

A

Vitamins C + B to the DRI; Iron and D when blood levels are low

43
Q

Which minerals may be given after a kidney transplant?

A

Calcium and phosphorus to undo bone loss

44
Q

What percent of all renal stones are calcium oxalate?

A

80%

45
Q

What are the risk factors for calcium oxalate stones?

A

Excessive animal protein or oxalates (in beets, bran, chocolate, tea, and strawberries); deficiencies of vitamin B6, thiamine, and magnesium

46
Q

What is the treatment for uric acid stones?

A

Reduce purines (end products of nucleoprotein metabolism found in meat, alcohol, and broth) in the diet; medicate to reduce uric acid formation

47
Q

What complications are associated with uric acid stones?

A

Gout, diarrhea, and malignant disease

48
Q

How do cystine stones form?

A

From hereditary disorder; made up of amino acid

49
Q

What is the dietary treatment for cystine stones?

A

Increase fluids and follow an alkaline-ash diet

50
Q

What are struvite stones?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate buildup post UTI (called “infection stones”)

51
Q

What is the dietary treatment for struvite stones?

A

Restrict phosphorus

Nutrition (21 decks)

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