Lipids (C)

Question 1

What compounds is fat soluble in?

Answer 1

Ether, benzene, and chloroform

Question 2

Fat has substantially less of which element compared to carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Oxygen

Question 3

What are the functions of fat?

Answer 3

Cell membrane component, transports vitamins, insulates body, provides satiety, serves as an energy reserve

Question 4

What does animal saturated fat raise in the blood?

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

What are some examples of visible fats?

Answer 5

Butter, oil

Question 6

Triglycerides make up what percentage of fats in the body?

Answer 6

95%

Question 7

What is the water-soluble carb attached to fatty acids?

Answer 7

The glycerol frame

Question 8

What are the essential fatty acids?

Answer 8

Linoleic and linolenic acid (found in omega 3’s and 6’s)

Question 9

What is the American Heart Association recommendation for saturated fat intake?

Answer 9

Less than 7% of calories, 5-6% if CVD

Question 10

What is the benefit of omega 3 fatty acids?

Answer 10

Lowers CVD risk

Question 11

What is a good source of omega 3 fatty acids?

Answer 11

Fish oil

Question 12

What are good sources of omega 6 fatty acids?

Answer 12

Sunflower oil, soft margarines, fish

Question 13

What is the benefit of omega 6 fatty acids?

Answer 13

Lowers cholesterol

Question 14

What percent of calories should polyunsaturated fat make up?

Answer 14

No more than 10%

Question 15

What percent of calories should monounsaturated fat make up?

Answer 15

20%

Question 16

What are the dangers of Trans-Fatty Acids?

Answer 16

Raises LDL and lowers HDL, increases risk of CVD and type II diabetes

Question 17

What is a hydrogenated fat?

Answer 17

A polyunsaturated fat with hydrogens added (ie margarine)

Question 18

Where is cholesterol found?

Answer 18

Body cells and animal products

Question 19

What are the functions of cholesterol?

Answer 19

Synthesizes bile, sex hormones, cortisone, and vitamin D. Necessary to all cells

Question 20

How much cholesterol does the liver produce per day?

Answer 20

800-1,000 mg

Question 21

Hypercholesterolemia contributes to what type of disease?

Answer 21

Heart disease

Question 22

What is a healthy serum cholesterol level?

Answer 22

Under 200 mg/dL

Question 23

How can someone lower their serum cholesterol?

Answer 23

Decrease intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, increase intake of monounsaturated fats and soluble fiber, lose weight, and exercise

Question 24

What percent of ingested fat is digested and absorbed?

Answer 24

95%

Question 25

Where is fat predominantly digested?

Answer 25

The small intestine

Question 26

What foods does gastric lipase act on?

Answer 26

Cream and egg yolk

Question 27

How is fat digested in the small intestine?

Answer 27

Bile emulsifies, pancreatic lipase reduces, and villi absorb

Question 28

What is the function of lipoproteins?

Answer 28

Carry fat through blood

Question 29

What are chylomicrons?

Answer 29

The largest and lightest lipoproteins, made up of 80-90% fat

Question 30

What are VLDLS?

Answer 30

Lipoproteins made by the liver that become LDLs

Question 31

What are LDLs?

Answer 31

Lipoproteins made up of 45% cholesterol, preferably making up <130 mg/dL in the bloodstream

Question 32

What are HDLS?

Answer 32

Lipoproteins that carry cholesterol back for excretion. Preferably >40 mg/dL in the blood, and >60 mg/dL protects against heart disease?

Question 33

What lifestyle factor lowers the amount of HDL in the blood?

Answer 33

Smoking

Question 34

Although the liver hydrolyzes fat, where is it ultimately broken down in?

Answer 34

The cells

Question 35

What are the byproducts of fat digestion?

Answer 35

CO2 and H2O

Question 36

What is lecithin?

Answer 36

A phospholipid from both plant and animal sources that emulsifies fat in order to transport fat through the blood. Commercially, it smooths food products.

Question 37

What products is Olestra used for?

Answer 37

Chips and crackers

Question 38

What is a downside of Olestra?

Answer 38

It lowers the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Therefore, products containing Olestra are fortified with A, D, E, and K.

Question 39

What is Simplesse?

Answer 39

A fat substitute made from egg/milk protein used for cold foods. 1.3 cals/g

Question 40

What is Oatrim?

Answer 40

A fat-reduced oat fiber used as thickening in baking

Question 41

What percent of the US diet is made up of saturated fat and sugar?

Answer 41

30%

Question 42

What is the AHA recommendation for saturated and unsaturated fats in the daily diet?

Answer 42

<7% saturated, 10% polyunsatured, 20% monounsaturated

Question 43

What is the minimum percent of daily calories that fat should make up?

Answer 43

10%; less is gross deficiency