Lipids (C) Flashcards
What compounds is fat soluble in?
Ether, benzene, and chloroform
Fat has substantially less of which element compared to carbohydrates?
Oxygen
What are the functions of fat?
Cell membrane component, transports vitamins, insulates body, provides satiety, serves as an energy reserve
What does animal saturated fat raise in the blood?
Cholesterol
What are some examples of visible fats?
Butter, oil
Triglycerides make up what percentage of fats in the body?
95%
What is the water-soluble carb attached to fatty acids?
The glycerol frame
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic and linolenic acid (found in omega 3’s and 6’s)
What is the American Heart Association recommendation for saturated fat intake?
Less than 7% of calories, 5-6% if CVD
What is the benefit of omega 3 fatty acids?
Lowers CVD risk
What is a good source of omega 3 fatty acids?
Fish oil
What are good sources of omega 6 fatty acids?
Sunflower oil, soft margarines, fish
What is the benefit of omega 6 fatty acids?
Lowers cholesterol
What percent of calories should polyunsaturated fat make up?
No more than 10%
What percent of calories should monounsaturated fat make up?
20%
What are the dangers of Trans-Fatty Acids?
Raises LDL and lowers HDL, increases risk of CVD and type II diabetes
What is a hydrogenated fat?
A polyunsaturated fat with hydrogens added (ie margarine)
Where is cholesterol found?
Body cells and animal products
What are the functions of cholesterol?
Synthesizes bile, sex hormones, cortisone, and vitamin D. Necessary to all cells
How much cholesterol does the liver produce per day?
800-1,000 mg
Hypercholesterolemia contributes to what type of disease?
Heart disease
What is a healthy serum cholesterol level?
Under 200 mg/dL
How can someone lower their serum cholesterol?
Decrease intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, increase intake of monounsaturated fats and soluble fiber, lose weight, and exercise
What percent of ingested fat is digested and absorbed?
95%
Where is fat predominantly digested?
The small intestine
What foods does gastric lipase act on?
Cream and egg yolk
How is fat digested in the small intestine?
Bile emulsifies, pancreatic lipase reduces, and villi absorb
What is the function of lipoproteins?
Carry fat through blood
What are chylomicrons?
The largest and lightest lipoproteins, made up of 80-90% fat
What are VLDLS?
Lipoproteins made by the liver that become LDLs
What are LDLs?
Lipoproteins made up of 45% cholesterol, preferably making up <130 mg/dL in the bloodstream
What are HDLS?
Lipoproteins that carry cholesterol back for excretion. Preferably >40 mg/dL in the blood, and >60 mg/dL protects against heart disease?
What lifestyle factor lowers the amount of HDL in the blood?
Smoking
Although the liver hydrolyzes fat, where is it ultimately broken down in?
The cells
What are the byproducts of fat digestion?
CO2 and H2O
What is lecithin?
A phospholipid from both plant and animal sources that emulsifies fat in order to transport fat through the blood. Commercially, it smooths food products.
What products is Olestra used for?
Chips and crackers
What is a downside of Olestra?
It lowers the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Therefore, products containing Olestra are fortified with A, D, E, and K.
What is Simplesse?
A fat substitute made from egg/milk protein used for cold foods. 1.3 cals/g
What is Oatrim?
A fat-reduced oat fiber used as thickening in baking
What percent of the US diet is made up of saturated fat and sugar?
30%
What is the AHA recommendation for saturated and unsaturated fats in the daily diet?
<7% saturated, 10% polyunsatured, 20% monounsaturated
What is the minimum percent of daily calories that fat should make up?
10%; less is gross deficiency
