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Nutrition > Minerals (C) > Flashcards

Minerals (C) Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals represent what percent of total body weight?

A

5-6%

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2
Q

How are minerals obtained?

A

By eating plants grown in mineral-rich soil or animals that have eaten them

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3
Q

What form do most minerals occur as?

A

Water soluble salts

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4
Q

What is classified as a major mineral?

A

> 100mg RDI

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5
Q

What do minerals break into as they dissolve?

A

Ions

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6
Q

Minerals are inorganic, meaning what?

A

They do not contain a carbon atom

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7
Q

The TULs for minerals should not be what?

A

Habitually exceeded

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8
Q

What are some possible side effects of mineral excess?

A

Toxicity, deficiency of another mineral, hair loss, hormonal upsets

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9
Q

What is the most prominent mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

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10
Q

For a 154lb person, how many pounds are calcium?

A

4lbs

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11
Q

What ratio of calcium is in the bones compared to the blood?

A

99% in bones, 1% in blood

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12
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Gives bones hardness; enables normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism

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13
Q

What happens if intake of calcium is poor?

A

The parathyroid glands release a hormone for the kidneys to retrieve calcium before it is excreted. Then, the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, tells osteoclasts to retrieve calcium from bones

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14
Q

Osteoblasts increase bone mass when calcium is high in the blood until what age?

A

30

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15
Q

Why do bones weaken after menopause?

A

Decreased estrogen

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16
Q

What is the best way to determine bone density?

A

DEXA scan

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17
Q

How much calcium is in 1 cup of milk?

A

300mg

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18
Q

How much calcium is in 1 oz of cheddar?

A

250mg

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19
Q

What, besides dairy, is also a good source of calcium?

A

Dark leafy greens, unless they contain oxalic acid (ie spinach and Swiss chard)

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20
Q

Fiber should not exceed 35g because what compound binds to calcium and reduces absorption?

A

Phytates

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21
Q

What proportion of phosphorus to calcium promotes bone health?

A

No more phosphorus than calcium

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22
Q

Which form of calcium is the most bioavailable, and in what dose?

A

Calcium carbonate antacid tablets in 500mg

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23
Q

Why should calcium supplements derived from bonemeal be avoided?

A

They may contain lead

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24
Q

Insufficient blood calcium can cause what?

A

Tetany

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25
Q

Excessive amounts of calcium may inhibit the absorption of what other minerals?

A

Iron and zinc (also causes constipation)

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26
Q

Calcium and phosphorus are better absorbed in the presence of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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27
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

Cell constituent, maintains strong bones, metabolizes macronutrients, acts on B vitamins, and maintains acid-base balance

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28
Q

What are the best sources of phosphorus?

A

Widely distributed, but protein foods and soda

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29
Q

Phosphorus deficiency is rare but may be caused by what?

A

Excess of antacids (decrease absorption)

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?

A

Bone demineralization, fatigue, and anorexia

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31
Q

Phosphorus and calcium requirements are given in AIs, not DRIs, for which age group?

A

1 year and under

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32
Q

The RDI for calcium is highest in what age group?

A

9-18 (1,300mg)

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33
Q

Potassium is the primary constituent of what type of cell fluid?

A

ICF (intra cellular fluid)

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34
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

Essential for osmosis, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions

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35
Q

If sodium inside the cell decreases, fluid enters the cell to dilute potassium, causing what side effects?

A

Decreased ECF, increased blood pressure, dehydration

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36
Q

What are some good sources of potassium?

A

Melons, oranges, peaches, mushrooms, brussel sprouts, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, lima beans, carrots

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37
Q

What causes of hypokalemia?

A

Fluid loss, malnutrition, laxatives or diuretics

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Nausea, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, tachycardia

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39
Q

What causes hyperkalemia?

A

Excessive intake, dehydration, and renal failure

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40
Q

What can hyperkalemia cause?

A

Heart failure

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41
Q

What are the primary functions of sodium?

A

Controls fluid and acid-base balance as well as nerve impulses

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42
Q

Sodium chloride is what percent sodium?

A

40%

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43
Q

1 tsp of sodium chloride contains how many mg of sodium?

A

2,000 mg

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44
Q

What foods is sodium available in?

A

Animal foods, softened water; added commercially to foods for flavor and to control growth of microorganisms

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45
Q

What percent of sodium comes from processed and restaurant foods?

A

77%

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46
Q

For ages 9 and up, what is the DRI for sodium?

47
Q

What is the TUL for sodium?

A

2,300mg for those 14 and older

48
Q

When does sodium deficiency occur?

A

After extreme fluid loss

49
Q

What are the effects of sodium deficiency?

A

Co-occurs with acidosis; dehydration, or tetany due to alkalosis

50
Q

What are the effects of sodium excess?

A

Edema, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure

51
Q

How are the terms salt sensitive and salt resistant defined?

A

Dependent on the degree of BP decrease in response to a low-sodium diet

52
Q

How many grams of salt in a No Added Salt diet?

53
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A

Maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Carries CO2 and helps the immune function of white blood cells. Component of hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and nerve/muscle tissue

54
Q

Which mineral is a component of hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and nerve/muscle tissue?

55
Q

What is the primary source of chloride?

A

Table salt

56
Q

What causes chloride deficency?

A

Fluid loss which results in alkalosis, or people with sodium restrictions

57
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A

Vital to hard and soft tissue, metabolism, neuromuscular function (including the heart), and blood clotting

58
Q

What are the best sources of magnesium?

A

Widely distributed, but mostly in plants– leafy greens, nuts, legumes, whole grains, avocadoes, and bananas

59
Q

How much magnesium are in two cups of milk?

60
Q

What is magnesium lost in?

A

Cooking water and processing

61
Q

When does magnesium requirement increase?

A

During pregnancy and with age (but highest age group is teen females)

62
Q

When induced, what were the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A

Mental disorders and nausea

63
Q

What is sulfur a component of?

A

Some amino acids

64
Q

What are the best sources of sulfur?

A

Protein-rich foods

65
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Deliver oxygen to tissue by being a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (a protein compound in muscles)

66
Q

How much more efficiently is heme iron absorbed than nonheme?

67
Q

Where is nonheme iron found?

A

Grains, plants, eggs, and also meat

68
Q

What factors determine the rate of iron absorption?

A

Dietary patterns and existing iron stores

69
Q

What chemical change must occur for iron to be absorbed?

A

The iron must go from ferric to ferrous via the hydrochloric acid

70
Q

How does vitamin C aid iron absorption?

A

It holds onto the ferrous (final) form

71
Q

What factor in food aids in the absorption of nonheme iron?

A

Meat Protein Factor (MPF)

72
Q

Which compounds can bind to and reduce iron absorption?

A

Phytic acid, oxalic acid, and polyphenols (including tannins)

73
Q

Supplements of what mineral should not be taken with a high-iron meal?

A

Calcium (interferes with absorption)

74
Q

How many milligrams of iron are lost in one day?

A

1mg for men, 1.5mg for women

75
Q

What percent of iron is absorbed?

76
Q

What is the DRI for iron?

A

10mg for men, 1.5mg for women (of child-bearing age)

77
Q

How much does the iron requirement increase during pregnancy?

78
Q

What is hemochromatosis??

A

A congenital metabolism disorder that appears at any age, causing a buildup of iron and damaging the liver, spleen, and heart. Treatment is phlebotomy.

79
Q

Iodine is a component of what hormones?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

80
Q

What are good sources of iodine?

A

Iodized salt, seafood, and plants grown by the sea

81
Q

When does the DRI for iodine increase?

A

During pregnancy and lactation

82
Q

Goiter is more common in which gender?

83
Q

Myxedema is also known as what?

A

Hypothyroidism

84
Q

Children of iodine-deficient mothers may be afflicted with what?

85
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A

Cofactor for 300+ enzymes; essential to growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and vitamin A mobilization.

86
Q

What are the best sources of zinc?

A

Protein foods; meat, fish, eggs, dairy, wheat germ, and legumes

87
Q

What is the DRI for zinc?

A

11mg for men, 8 mg for women, increases during pregnancy and further during lactation

88
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

Decreased appetite and taste; delayed growth, dwarfism, and hypogonadism; poor wound healing and immune system; acne-like rash, and anemia

89
Q

What are the functions of selenium?

A

Constitutes most body tissues (chiefly liver, kidneys, and heart), and a component of an antioxidant enzyme, sparing vitamin E

90
Q

What are the best sources of selenium?

A

Seafood, kidney, liver, and muscle.

91
Q

What amount of selenium daily is toxic?

A

More than one mg

92
Q

What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity?

A

Vomiting, loss of hair and nails, and skin lesions

93
Q

Selenium supplements have been found effective in treating what disease?

A

Keshan disease, a heart muscle condition

94
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A

Found in all tissues (chiefly liver, kidneys, muscle, and brain); essential to the formation of hemoglobin, RBCs, ATP, and to the transportation of iron to bone marrow

95
Q

What are the best sources of copper?

A

Widely distributed, but chiefly organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes, cocoa, and cereal grains.

96
Q

Although copper deficiency is rare, what are the primary risk factors?

A

Malabsorption or gross protein deficiency as in kwashiorkor, premature infants or TPN lacking copper, excess zinc supplementation

97
Q

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?

A

Anemia, decreased growth and bone demineralization

98
Q

What single dose of copper is toxic and leads to vomiting?

99
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

A genetic condition causing copper accumulation in the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea, leading to neuron and liver cell damage

100
Q

If caught early, how is Wilson’s disease treated?

A

A copper-binding agent is used to increase excretion

101
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A

Constituent of metabolism enzymes and important in bone formation

102
Q

What are the best sources of manganese?

A

Whole grains and tea, with moderate amounts in fruits and vegetables

103
Q

Although relatively nontoxic, inhaling excessive amounts of manganese dust can have what side effects?

A

Temporary neurological issues

104
Q

What are the functions of fluoride?

A

Increases resistance to dental caries and makes bone mineral less soluble, thereby strengthening bones and teeth

105
Q

What are the best sources of fluoride?

A

Fluoridated water and food prepared with it, fish, and tea

106
Q

What can fluoride deficiency cause?

A

Tooth decay

107
Q

What can fluoride excess cause?

A

Discoloration and mottling of children’s teeth

108
Q

What are the functions of chromium?

A

Helps glucose and fat metabolism

109
Q

Although chromium levels decrease with age, where does it begin to accumulate?

A

In the lungs

110
Q

What are the best sources of chromium?

A

Meat and organ meat, mushrooms, nuts, and wheat germ

111
Q

Although chromium needs are met with a balanced diet, what is deficiency linked to?

A

Disturbed glucose metabolism

112
Q

What is the function of molybdenum?

A

An enzyme constituent aiding metabolism

113
Q

What are the best sources of molybdenum?

A

Milk, liver, legumes, and cereal grains

114
Q

Excess molybdenum can inhibit the absorption of what other mineral?

Nutrition (21 decks)

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