Diabetes (C) Flashcards
What is metabolic syndrome?
Abnormal cholesterol, high blood pressure and glucose, and excess stomach fat
What is diabetes insipidus?
A rare form of diabetes resulting from a damaged pituitary gland. Urine is insipid, not sweet
How many Americans have diabetes?
29.1 (9.3% of the population!)
How many Americans have undiagnosed diabetes?
8.1 million (18.8 million diagnosed)
How many Americans have prediabetes?
86 million
How many new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in 2021 among those age 20+?
1.7 million new cases
Which hormones do the alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Alpha cells: glucagon; beta cells: insulin
Which hormone do the delta cells in the islets of Langerhans and the hypothalamus secrete?
Somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin)
What percent of fats can provide energy in place of carbs?
10%
What percent of proteins can provide energy in place of carbs?
60%
When hyperglycemia exceeds the renal threshold (kidney capacity), what happens?
Glucose is secreted in the urine (glucosuria), and polyuria and polydipsia result
Why is nitrogen excretion present in diabetes?
The body breaks down its own tissue for energy
How do ketones in the blood lead to ketoacidosis?
Lowers blood pH
What percent of diabetics have neuropathy?
60-70%
What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?
Retinopathy, which can result from diabetes
What is the leading cause for the need for dialysis in the US?
Nephropathy, which can result from diabetes
What proportion of US adults are prediabetic?
More than 1/3 (9/10 don’t know!)
What are the diagnosis criteria for prediabetes?
Fasting glucose from 100-125 mg/dL; A1C 5.7-6.4%; OGTT 2h glucose from 140-199 mg/dL
When should prediabetes testing occur?
If one is overweight, has risk factors, or over 45; at 3-year intervals
What percent of diabetes cases are type 1?
5%
Which form of glucose testing is preferred for type one diabetes?
Glucose > A1C (>126 mg/dL qualifies)
What are the diagnostic criteria for type two diabetes?
Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL; 2h OGTT >200 mg/dL; A1C >6.5%
Fasting glucose tests are taken after consuming no calories for how many hours?
8 hours
What percent of those with type two diabetes are overweight?
85%
What are incretin mimetics?
Noninsulin injectable medication
What is Pramlintine (Symlin)?
A noninsulin injectable medication that assists insulin and suppresses glucagon
What is the A1C goal for clients with diabetes?
Less than 7% (or less than 6.5% with American College of Endocrinology)
When does gestational diabetes occur?
Between 16-28 weeks of pregnancy
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
Oral glucose tolerance test
After gestational diabetes, what is the chance of developing type two diabetes in the next ten to twenty years?
35-60%
Although rare, secondary diabetes may be caused by what?
Steroid medication
What is the physical activity guideline for clients with diabetes?
150 minutes of moderate activity per week
What are normal blood glucose levels?
70-100 mg/dL
What are the protein and fat amounts each meal when using exchange list meal planning?
3-4oz protein for lunch and dinner; 1-2 fats for each meal
What are the components of an evening snack using exchange list meal planning?
2 carbs and 1oz protein
What amount of vegetables are “free” using exchange list meal planning?
1/2 cup cooked or 3 cups raw; also, if fiber exceeds 5 grams, subtract half of it from the carbs
What is sucralose (Splenda)?
An altered sugar molecule; 600x sweeter than sugar
What is aspartame?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid; 200x sweeter than sugar
What is saccharin (Sweet N’ Low)?
A sugar substitute 350x sweeter than sugar
What is Acesulfame-Potassium?
Used with sucralose and aspartame to cut bitterness; 200x sweeter than sugar
What is advantame?
A sugar substitute 20,000x sweeter than sugar– neotame 8,000x
When is stevia leaf toxic?
When unpurified or using the whole leaf
Although alcohol is discouraged for diabetic clients, how must it be consumed?
While eating to prevent hypoglycemia, and with the calories accounted for
Why is exercise beneficial for clients with type two diabetes?
Increases insulin receptors and glucagon
Why must exercise be monitored for clients with type one diabetes?
May cause hypoglycemia
Why is beef/pork insulin rarely used?
They contain antibodies and are less pure
What is insulin action?
Speed of mobilization (rapid before meals, long as background)
What can happen when a diabetic does not follow the diet but takes insulin?
An insulin reaction causing a hypoglycemic episode and possibly leading to coma, death, and brain damage
What are the symptoms of an insulin reaction?
Sweating, shaking, light-headedness, headache, blurred vision, and confusion
What is the treatment for an insulin reaction?
Give glucose tablets or a drink with 15-20g sugar; repeat every 15 minutes until successful. If unconscious, use injected glucagon or IV dextrose and water
