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Nutrition > Diabetes (C) > Flashcards

Diabetes (C) Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Abnormal cholesterol, high blood pressure and glucose, and excess stomach fat

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2
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A rare form of diabetes resulting from a damaged pituitary gland. Urine is insipid, not sweet

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3
Q

How many Americans have diabetes?

A

29.1 (9.3% of the population!)

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4
Q

How many Americans have undiagnosed diabetes?

A

8.1 million (18.8 million diagnosed)

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5
Q

How many Americans have prediabetes?

A

86 million

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6
Q

How many new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in 2021 among those age 20+?

A

1.7 million new cases

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7
Q

Which hormones do the alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?

A

Alpha cells: glucagon; beta cells: insulin

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8
Q

Which hormone do the delta cells in the islets of Langerhans and the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin)

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9
Q

What percent of fats can provide energy in place of carbs?

A

10%

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10
Q

What percent of proteins can provide energy in place of carbs?

A

60%

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11
Q

When hyperglycemia exceeds the renal threshold (kidney capacity), what happens?

A

Glucose is secreted in the urine (glucosuria), and polyuria and polydipsia result

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12
Q

Why is nitrogen excretion present in diabetes?

A

The body breaks down its own tissue for energy

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13
Q

How do ketones in the blood lead to ketoacidosis?

A

Lowers blood pH

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14
Q

What percent of diabetics have neuropathy?

A

60-70%

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15
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?

A

Retinopathy, which can result from diabetes

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16
Q

What is the leading cause for the need for dialysis in the US?

A

Nephropathy, which can result from diabetes

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17
Q

What proportion of US adults are prediabetic?

A

More than 1/3 (9/10 don’t know!)

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18
Q

What are the diagnosis criteria for prediabetes?

A

Fasting glucose from 100-125 mg/dL; A1C 5.7-6.4%; OGTT 2h glucose from 140-199 mg/dL

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19
Q

When should prediabetes testing occur?

A

If one is overweight, has risk factors, or over 45; at 3-year intervals

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20
Q

What percent of diabetes cases are type 1?

A

5%

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21
Q

Which form of glucose testing is preferred for type one diabetes?

A

Glucose > A1C (>126 mg/dL qualifies)

22
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for type two diabetes?

A

Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL; 2h OGTT >200 mg/dL; A1C >6.5%

23
Q

Fasting glucose tests are taken after consuming no calories for how many hours?

A

8 hours

24
Q

What percent of those with type two diabetes are overweight?

A

85%

25
Q

What are incretin mimetics?

A

Noninsulin injectable medication

26
Q

What is Pramlintine (Symlin)?

A

A noninsulin injectable medication that assists insulin and suppresses glucagon

27
Q

What is the A1C goal for clients with diabetes?

A

Less than 7% (or less than 6.5% with American College of Endocrinology)

28
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur?

A

Between 16-28 weeks of pregnancy

29
Q

How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

30
Q

After gestational diabetes, what is the chance of developing type two diabetes in the next ten to twenty years?

A

35-60%

31
Q

Although rare, secondary diabetes may be caused by what?

A

Steroid medication

32
Q

What is the physical activity guideline for clients with diabetes?

A

150 minutes of moderate activity per week

33
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

70-100 mg/dL

34
Q

What are the protein and fat amounts each meal when using exchange list meal planning?

A

3-4oz protein for lunch and dinner; 1-2 fats for each meal

35
Q

What are the components of an evening snack using exchange list meal planning?

A

2 carbs and 1oz protein

36
Q

What amount of vegetables are “free” using exchange list meal planning?

A

1/2 cup cooked or 3 cups raw; also, if fiber exceeds 5 grams, subtract half of it from the carbs

37
Q

What is sucralose (Splenda)?

A

An altered sugar molecule; 600x sweeter than sugar

38
Q

What is aspartame?

A

Phenylalanine and aspartic acid; 200x sweeter than sugar

39
Q

What is saccharin (Sweet N’ Low)?

A

A sugar substitute 350x sweeter than sugar

40
Q

What is Acesulfame-Potassium?

A

Used with sucralose and aspartame to cut bitterness; 200x sweeter than sugar

41
Q

What is advantame?

A

A sugar substitute 20,000x sweeter than sugar– neotame 8,000x

42
Q

When is stevia leaf toxic?

A

When unpurified or using the whole leaf

43
Q

Although alcohol is discouraged for diabetic clients, how must it be consumed?

A

While eating to prevent hypoglycemia, and with the calories accounted for

44
Q

Why is exercise beneficial for clients with type two diabetes?

A

Increases insulin receptors and glucagon

45
Q

Why must exercise be monitored for clients with type one diabetes?

A

May cause hypoglycemia

46
Q

Why is beef/pork insulin rarely used?

A

They contain antibodies and are less pure

47
Q

What is insulin action?

A

Speed of mobilization (rapid before meals, long as background)

48
Q

What can happen when a diabetic does not follow the diet but takes insulin?

A

An insulin reaction causing a hypoglycemic episode and possibly leading to coma, death, and brain damage

49
Q

What are the symptoms of an insulin reaction?

A

Sweating, shaking, light-headedness, headache, blurred vision, and confusion

50
Q

What is the treatment for an insulin reaction?

A

Give glucose tablets or a drink with 15-20g sugar; repeat every 15 minutes until successful. If unconscious, use injected glucagon or IV dextrose and water

Nutrition (21 decks)

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