Diabetes (C)

Question 1

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 1

Abnormal cholesterol, high blood pressure and glucose, and excess stomach fat

Question 2

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 2

A rare form of diabetes resulting from a damaged pituitary gland. Urine is insipid, not sweet

Question 3

How many Americans have diabetes?

Answer 3

29.1 (9.3% of the population!)

Question 4

How many Americans have undiagnosed diabetes?

Answer 4

8.1 million (18.8 million diagnosed)

Question 5

How many Americans have prediabetes?

Answer 5

86 million

Question 6

How many new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in 2021 among those age 20+?

Answer 6

1.7 million new cases

Question 7

Which hormones do the alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?

Answer 7

Alpha cells: glucagon; beta cells: insulin

Question 8

Which hormone do the delta cells in the islets of Langerhans and the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 8

Somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin)

Question 9

What percent of fats can provide energy in place of carbs?

Answer 9

10%

Question 10

What percent of proteins can provide energy in place of carbs?

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

When hyperglycemia exceeds the renal threshold (kidney capacity), what happens?

Answer 11

Glucose is secreted in the urine (glucosuria), and polyuria and polydipsia result

Question 12

Why is nitrogen excretion present in diabetes?

Answer 12

The body breaks down its own tissue for energy

Question 13

How do ketones in the blood lead to ketoacidosis?

Answer 13

Lowers blood pH

Question 14

What percent of diabetics have neuropathy?

Answer 14

60-70%

Question 15

What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?

Answer 15

Retinopathy, which can result from diabetes

Question 16

What is the leading cause for the need for dialysis in the US?

Answer 16

Nephropathy, which can result from diabetes

Question 17

What proportion of US adults are prediabetic?

Answer 17

More than 1/3 (9/10 don’t know!)

Question 18

What are the diagnosis criteria for prediabetes?

Answer 18

Fasting glucose from 100-125 mg/dL; A1C 5.7-6.4%; OGTT 2h glucose from 140-199 mg/dL

Question 19

When should prediabetes testing occur?

Answer 19

If one is overweight, has risk factors, or over 45; at 3-year intervals

Question 20

What percent of diabetes cases are type 1?

Answer 20

5%

Question 21

Which form of glucose testing is preferred for type one diabetes?

Answer 21

Glucose > A1C (>126 mg/dL qualifies)

Question 22

What are the diagnostic criteria for type two diabetes?

Answer 22

Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL; 2h OGTT >200 mg/dL; A1C >6.5%

Question 23

Fasting glucose tests are taken after consuming no calories for how many hours?

Answer 23

8 hours

Question 24

What percent of those with type two diabetes are overweight?

Answer 24

85%

Question 25

What are incretin mimetics?

Answer 25

Noninsulin injectable medication

Question 26

What is Pramlintine (Symlin)?

Answer 26

A noninsulin injectable medication that assists insulin and suppresses glucagon

Question 27

What is the A1C goal for clients with diabetes?

Answer 27

Less than 7% (or less than 6.5% with American College of Endocrinology)

Question 28

When does gestational diabetes occur?

Answer 28

Between 16-28 weeks of pregnancy

Question 29

How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 29

Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 30

After gestational diabetes, what is the chance of developing type two diabetes in the next ten to twenty years?

Answer 30

35-60%

Question 31

Although rare, secondary diabetes may be caused by what?

Answer 31

Steroid medication

Question 32

What is the physical activity guideline for clients with diabetes?

Answer 32

150 minutes of moderate activity per week

Question 33

What are normal blood glucose levels?

Answer 33

70-100 mg/dL

Question 34

What are the protein and fat amounts each meal when using exchange list meal planning?

Answer 34

3-4oz protein for lunch and dinner; 1-2 fats for each meal

Question 35

What are the components of an evening snack using exchange list meal planning?

Answer 35

2 carbs and 1oz protein

Question 36

What amount of vegetables are "free" using exchange list meal planning?

Answer 36

1/2 cup cooked or 3 cups raw; also, if fiber exceeds 5 grams, subtract half of it from the carbs

Question 37

What is sucralose (Splenda)?

Answer 37

An altered sugar molecule; 600x sweeter than sugar

Question 38

What is aspartame?

Answer 38

Phenylalanine and aspartic acid; 200x sweeter than sugar

Question 39

What is saccharin (Sweet N' Low)?

Answer 39

A sugar substitute 350x sweeter than sugar

Question 40

What is Acesulfame-Potassium?

Answer 40

Used with sucralose and aspartame to cut bitterness; 200x sweeter than sugar

Question 41

What is advantame?

Answer 41

A sugar substitute 20,000x sweeter than sugar-- neotame 8,000x

Question 42

When is stevia leaf toxic?

Answer 42

When unpurified or using the whole leaf

Question 43

Although alcohol is discouraged for diabetic clients, how must it be consumed?

Answer 43

While eating to prevent hypoglycemia, and with the calories accounted for

Question 44

Why is exercise beneficial for clients with type two diabetes?

Answer 44

Increases insulin receptors and glucagon

Question 45

Why must exercise be monitored for clients with type one diabetes?

Answer 45

May cause hypoglycemia

Question 46

Why is beef/pork insulin rarely used?

Answer 46

They contain antibodies and are less pure

Question 47

What is insulin action?

Answer 47

Speed of mobilization (rapid before meals, long as background)

Question 48

What can happen when a diabetic does not follow the diet but takes insulin?

Answer 48

An insulin reaction causing a hypoglycemic episode and possibly leading to coma, death, and brain damage

Question 49

What are the symptoms of an insulin reaction?

Answer 49

Sweating, shaking, light-headedness, headache, blurred vision, and confusion

Question 50

What is the treatment for an insulin reaction?

Answer 50

Give glucose tablets or a drink with 15-20g sugar; repeat every 15 minutes until successful. If unconscious, use injected glucagon or IV dextrose and water