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Nutrition > Digestion and Absorption (C) > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption (C) Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breakdown of a molecule by adding water

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2
Q

What is a catalyst enzyme?

A

One that causes another reaction but is not a part of it

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3
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A mouthful of food ready to be swallowed

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4
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

10 inches

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5
Q

Which body part prevents gastric reflux?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter/ Cardiac sphincter

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6
Q

How is food moved down the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis and gravity

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7
Q

What are the sections of the stomach?

A

Upper (fundus,) body, end (pylorus)

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8
Q

Which enzyme triggers the release of gastric juices as chyme enters the pylorus?

A

Gastrin

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9
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus

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10
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid?

A

Activates pepsin and prepares molecules for partial digestion by it, destroys most bacteria, and makes iron and calcium more soluble.

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11
Q

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

A

Protect it from hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

Which enzymes are found only in childrens’ stomachs? What do they digest?

A

Rennin and gastric lipase, for milk protein and milkfat respectively

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13
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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14
Q

Which enzyme triggers the release of sodium bicarbonate when chyme enters the small intestine?

A

Secretin

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15
Q

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the small intestine?

A

Neutralize acidity of the chyme

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16
Q

Which enzyme triggers the release of bile when fat enters the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

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17
Q

Where is bile created? Where is it stored?

A

Created in liver, stored in gallbladder

18
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

Emulsify fat in order to be digested by enzymes

19
Q

What are the three pancreatic enzymes present in the small intestine?

A

Proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases,) which split proteins; amylase, which breaks down starch; lipase

20
Q

What enzymes does the small intestine itself secrete?

A

Lactase, maltase, and sucrase; peptidases, which turns proteins to amino acids

21
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum

22
Q

What is the appendix?

A

A diverticulum extending off of the cecum

23
Q

What are the volatile fatty acids used for energy from the large intestine?

A

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate

24
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

20 feet

25
Q

What do capillaries in the villi/microvilli absorb?

A

Simple sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins

26
Q

What do lacteals in the villi/microvilli absorb?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins

27
Q

Which organ converts fructose and galactose to glucose?

A

The liver

28
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

5 feet. 3 inches diameter

29
Q

What are the tasks of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water, synthesize vitamin K and B-complex, and collect food residue

30
Q

What is body waste made up of?

A

Fiber, connective tissue in meat, bacteria, fats bonded to minerals, mucus, and water.

31
Q

What percent of carbs are absorbed?

A

99%

32
Q

What percent of fats are absorbed?

A

95%

33
Q

What percent of proteins are absorbed?

A

92%

34
Q

How long does it usually take from ingestion to excretion?

A

16-27 hours

35
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

A

Oxidation occurs in aerobic metabolism. Aerobic metabolism reduces carbs and proteins, while anaerobic reduces fats

36
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

The complete oxidation cycle

37
Q

Which hormones does the thyroid secrete?

A

Triiodothronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

38
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Sluggishness and weight gain

39
Q

How many KJs = 1kcal?

A

4.184

40
Q

How many calories are in a gram of alcohol?

A

7 calories

41
Q

Which enzymes are present in the stomach?

A

Pepsin (acts on protein); rennin and gastric lipase in children

Nutrition (21 decks)

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