Digestion and Absorption (C)

Question 1

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 1

The breakdown of a molecule by adding water

Question 2

What is a catalyst enzyme?

Answer 2

One that causes another reaction but is not a part of it

Question 3

What is a bolus?

Answer 3

A mouthful of food ready to be swallowed

Question 4

How long is the esophagus?

Answer 4

10 inches

Question 5

Which body part prevents gastric reflux?

Answer 5

Lower esophageal sphincter/ Cardiac sphincter

Question 6

How is food moved down the esophagus?

Answer 6

Peristalsis and gravity

Question 7

What are the sections of the stomach?

Answer 7

Upper (fundus,) body, end (pylorus)

Question 8

Which enzyme triggers the release of gastric juices as chyme enters the pylorus?

Answer 8

Gastrin

Question 9

What is gastric juice made up of?

Answer 9

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus

Question 10

What is the function of hydrochloric acid?

Answer 10

Activates pepsin and prepares molecules for partial digestion by it, destroys most bacteria, and makes iron and calcium more soluble.

Question 11

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Answer 11

Protect it from hydrochloric acid

Question 12

Which enzymes are found only in childrens’ stomachs? What do they digest?

Answer 12

Rennin and gastric lipase, for milk protein and milkfat respectively

Question 13

What are the sections of the small intestine?

Answer 13

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 14

Which enzyme triggers the release of sodium bicarbonate when chyme enters the small intestine?

Answer 14

Secretin

Question 15

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the small intestine?

Answer 15

Neutralize acidity of the chyme

Question 16

Which enzyme triggers the release of bile when fat enters the small intestine?

Answer 16

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

Question 17

Where is bile created? Where is it stored?

Answer 17

Created in liver, stored in gallbladder

Question 18

What is the purpose of bile?

Answer 18

Emulsify fat in order to be digested by enzymes

Question 19

What are the three pancreatic enzymes present in the small intestine?

Answer 19

Proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases,) which split proteins; amylase, which breaks down starch; lipase

Question 20

What enzymes does the small intestine itself secrete?

Answer 20

Lactase, maltase, and sucrase; peptidases, which turns proteins to amino acids

Question 21

What are the sections of the large intestine?

Answer 21

Cecum, colon, rectum

Question 22

What is the appendix?

Answer 22

A diverticulum extending off of the cecum

Question 23

What are the volatile fatty acids used for energy from the large intestine?

Answer 23

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate

Question 24

How long is the small intestine

Answer 24

20 feet

Question 25

What do capillaries in the villi/microvilli absorb?

Answer 25

Simple sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins

Question 26

What do lacteals in the villi/microvilli absorb?

Answer 26

Glycerol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 27

Which organ converts fructose and galactose to glucose?

Answer 27

The liver

Question 28

How long is the large intestine?

Answer 28

5 feet. 3 inches diameter

Question 29

What are the tasks of the large intestine?

Answer 29

Absorb water, synthesize vitamin K and B-complex, and collect food residue

Question 30

What is body waste made up of?

Answer 30

Fiber, connective tissue in meat, bacteria, fats bonded to minerals, mucus, and water.

Question 31

What percent of carbs are absorbed?

Answer 31

99%

Question 32

What percent of fats are absorbed?

Answer 32

95%

Question 33

What percent of proteins are absorbed?

Answer 33

92%

Question 34

How long does it usually take from ingestion to excretion?

Answer 34

16-27 hours

Question 35

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 35

Oxidation occurs in aerobic metabolism. Aerobic metabolism reduces carbs and proteins, while anaerobic reduces fats

Question 36

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 36

The complete oxidation cycle

Question 37

Which hormones does the thyroid secrete?

Answer 37

Triiodothronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 38

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 38

Sluggishness and weight gain

Question 39

How many KJs = 1kcal?

Answer 39

4.184

Question 40

How many calories are in a gram of alcohol?

Answer 40

7 calories

Question 41

Which enzymes are present in the stomach?

Answer 41

Pepsin (acts on protein); rennin and gastric lipase in children