Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Vitamins (C) > Flashcards

Vitamins (C) Flashcards

1
Q

How many known vitamins are there?

A

13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which chronic malabsorption disease can cause deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the name for vitamin compounds that have different chemical forms but the same purpose?

A

Vitamers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When are fat soluble vitamins lost?

A

When mineral oil is ingested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Maintain vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, and a healthy immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the names of carotenoids?

A

Beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are good sources of carotenoids?

A

Orange and green vegetables (Carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, pumpkin, squash, mango, canteloupe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are good sources of retinol?

A

Fat-containing animal foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which effect of carotenoids is not shown to be achieved with supplements?

A

Anti-cancer effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a retinol equivalent?

A

3.33 IUs. 1 mcg retinol or 6mcg beta-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?

A

Birth defects, hair loss, dry skin, liver damage, headaches, and nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, dry skin, weakened immune system, xerophthalmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) found?

A

In plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) made?

A

Synthesized through cholesterol in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is vitamin D classified as?

A

Prohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption/bone and tooth mineralization, and prevents tetany. Also plays a part in cell growth, immune and neuromuscular function, and reduces inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is vitamin D absorbed and converted?

A

Absorbed in intestines, changed in the liver and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much vitamin D does cow’s milk provide?

A

100IU per cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the DRI for vitamin D?

A

600 IUs / 15 mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypervitaminosis D?

A

Calcium deposits in soft tissue, kidney and heart damage, and bone fragility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the TUL for vitamin D?

A

4,000 IUs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the vitamin D requirement for children ages 0-12 months?

A

400 IUs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the vitamin D requirement for seniors older than 70?

A

800 IUs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Inhibited calcium and phosphorus absorption, rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A

Breastfed infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What percent of the US population is deficient in vitamin D?

A

40-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the optimal blood level for vitamin D?

A

> .30 mg/dL (previously thought to be >.20 mg/dL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What compounds are classified as vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols (alpha, beta, delta, and gamma), and tocotrienols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which is the most bioactive form of vitamin E?

A

alpha-tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is vitamin E classified as?

A

An antioxidant (helped by vitamin C and selenium, boosts immune system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What carries vitamin E through the blood?

A

Lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When vitamin E levels are low, red blood cells become vulnerable to what?

A

Higher rate of hemolysis (destruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does vitamin E prevent in infants?

A

Hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the commercial use of vitamin E?

A

Prevent spoilage (antioxidant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are good sources of vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts, and leafy greens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vitamin E requirement increases with increased intake of what?

A

Polyunsaturated fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency?

A

Premature, underweight infants and those with fat malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Neurological defects in children– takes 5-10 years to show for adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) found?

A

Leafy greens and meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is vitamin K2 (menaquinone)

A

Meat, and synthesized in intestine by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is synthetic vitamin K called?

A

Menadione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is vitamin K destroyed by?

A

Light and alkalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What protein does vitamin K form?

A

Prothrombin (properly clots blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Newborns not given vitamin K are at risk for what?

A

Intracranial hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which milk is the best source of vitamin K?

A

Cow’s milk

46
Q

When may vitamin K be given?

A

With fat malabsorption, after extensive antibiotic therapy, or to treat hemorrhage/anticoagulant overdose

47
Q

How often must vitamin K be ingested?

A

Daily (used immediately)

48
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed by what?

A

Light, air, and cooking

49
Q

What systems does beri-beri effect?

A

Nervous, cardiovascular, and GI

50
Q

What are the symptoms of beri-beri?

A

Heavy legs, burning feet, atrophy, irritability, headaches, constipation, tachycardia, edema, and heart failure

51
Q

Thiamine is classified as what?

A

Coenzyme

52
Q

What is thiamine lost to?

A

Water, and partially to heat and alkalies

53
Q

What are the functions of thiamine?

A

Metabolizes carbs and some proteins and is essential to nerve and muscle function

54
Q

What are good sources of thiamine?

A

Grains, pork, liver, nuts, seeds, and legumes

55
Q

When does the DRI for thiamine increase?

A

With increased calorie consumption

56
Q

What are the symptoms of thiamine deficiency?

A

Anorexia, fatigue, irritation, and constipation

57
Q

Who is at risk for thiamine deficiency?

A

Alcoholics, dialysis patients and those who have undergone bypass surgery, and those on a diet of all or mostly rice

58
Q

What food contains thiaminase (inhibits thiamine absorption)?

A

Raw fish

59
Q

What is riboflavin lost to?

A

Light and irradiation, and unstable in alkalies

60
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

Metabolizes macronutrients and maintains lip and eye health.

61
Q

What are the best sources of riboflavin?

A

Widely distributed, but milk, meat, grains, and some green veggies

62
Q

What are the DRIs for riboflavin?

A

1.1mg women, 1.3mg men (increases with energy expenditure)

63
Q

What are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?

A

Cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, eye strain and fatigue

64
Q

What can decrease riboflavin absorption?

A

Fiber laxatives

65
Q

What must milk be stored inside in order to preserve B2?

A

Opaque containers

66
Q

What is niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) classified as?

A

A coenzyme in energy metabolism and a cell constituent

67
Q

What are the best sources of niacin?

A

Meats, peanuts and legumes. Dairy and eggs have tryptophan (precursor)

68
Q

Niacin can be used clinically for what?

A

Cholesterol lowering

69
Q

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis niacin?

A

Flushing due to vascular dilation, GI problems, liver damage and peptic ulcers

70
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of niacin deficiency (often co-occurring with riboflavin)?

A

Weakness, anorexia, indigestion, and irritability. In extreme cases, pellagra: sores, diarrhea, poor memory, and death

71
Q

What is B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and doxamine) sensitive to?

A

Light and alkalies

72
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Metabolizes protein, converts glycogen to glucose, and converts amino acids (tryptophan, neurotransmitters)

73
Q

What are the best sources of B6?

A

Poultry, fish, organs, potatoes, bananas, spinach, and whole grains

74
Q

When does the DRI for B6 increase?

A

With increased protein intake

75
Q

What medication interferes with B6 absorption?

A

Oral contraceptives (birth control)

76
Q

Which vitamin is required to manufacture nonessential amino acids?

A

B6 (pyridoxine)

77
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency (often co-occurring with other B vitamins)?

A

Irritability, depression, dermatitis; in infants, neurological and abdominal problems

78
Q

Although rare, what can vitamin B6 toxicity cause?

A

Temporary neurological problems

79
Q

Which vitamin compound contains the mineral cobalt?

A

B12 (cobalamin)

80
Q

What are vitamin B12 (cobalamin) sensitive to?

A

Light and alkalies

81
Q

How long is vitamin B12 stored in the body?

A

3-5 years

82
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A

Metabolizes folate and maintains the myelin sheath and healthy red blood cells

83
Q

Which steps of absorption does vitamin B12 follow?

A

Binds with glycoprotein intrinsic factor in stomach, combines with pancreatic proteases in small intestine, and binds to receptors in the ileum

84
Q

Lack of the intrinsic factor necessary to absorb B12 can cause what type of anemia?

A

Pernicious anemia (severe and chronic)

85
Q

When does the DRI for B12 increase?

A

With pregnancy and lactation

86
Q

How are rare and congenital B12 absorption problems addressed?

A

Intramuscular injections

87
Q

Inadequate intake of B12 can cause which type of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (large, juvenile RBCs)

88
Q

What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?

A

Nervous system damage, mouth issues, pallor, neurological upsets, and weight loss?

89
Q

What are the functions of folate/folacin/folic acid?

A

Synthesize DNA, metabolize protein, and form hemoglobin

90
Q

What cancers does folic acid prevent?

A

GI and cervical cancer

91
Q

Folate raises blood levels of which amino acids?

A

Homocysteine (prevents stroke, blood vessel disease, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer’s)

92
Q

What are the best sources of folate?

A

Fortified cereal, vegetables, legumes, sunflower seeds, and fruit

93
Q

What percent of folate is lost during cooking and food production?

A

50-90%

94
Q

The DRI for folate is higher for what demographic?

A

Women of child-bearing age (600mcg)

95
Q

What are the symptoms of folic acid deficiency?

A

(Neural tube defects in pregnant) mouth inflammation, poor growth, mental issues, nerve issues, and megaloblastic anemia

96
Q

What amount are OTC folate supplements limited to?

A

100mcg infants, 300mcg children, and 400mcg adults

97
Q

What is the concern with excessive folate?

A

Can mask B12 deficiency and may inactivate epilepsy medication

98
Q

What is biotin (vitamin H) classified as?

A

A coenzyme in the synthesis of fatty and amino acids

99
Q

What are the best sources of biotin?

A

Egg yolks, dairy, lean meat, broccoli, spinach, and cauliflower

100
Q

Where is biotin endogenously synthesized?

A

Colon (unknown amount)

101
Q

What are the symptoms of biotin (H) deficiency?

A

Nausea, anorexia, depression, pallor, dermatitis, and increased serum cholesterol

102
Q

Although it is stable, pantothenic acid is damaged by what?

A

Acids and alkalies

103
Q

What are the functions of pantothenic acid?

A

Metabolizes macronutrients and forms steroids as well as acetylcholine

104
Q

When produced in a lab, what were the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

Weakness, fatigue, and burning of feet

105
Q

What is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) classified as?

A

An antioxidant

106
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is lost to what?

A

Heat, air, alkalies, and in water

107
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A

Prevents scurvy, forms collagen, is necessary for wound healing, and aids in nonheme iron absorption. Also forms norepinephrine, some amino acids, folate, leukocytes, and regulates immune system and allergic reactions

108
Q

Where is vitamin C absorbed?

A

The small intestine

109
Q

How does vitamin C reduce the risk of some cancers?

A

Reducing nitrates

110
Q

When does the DRI for vitamin C increase?

A

In smokers (125mg) and with trauma

111
Q

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis C?

A

GI problems, oxalate kidney stones, and rebound scurvy if excess is stopped abruptly

112
Q

Vitamin C should not exceed what percent of the DRIs in multivitamins?

A

100%

Nutrition (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions