WEEKLY Quiz's Flashcards
one reason that a personality psychologist might not use the experimental method is that
A) experiments tend to be long in duration
B) experiments cannot be used in personality research
C) for ethical reasoning, certain variables cant be manipulated
D) all are correct
C) for ethical reasoning, certain variables cant be manipulated
The broader a theory is,
A) the more likely it is to be ambiguous.
B) the more likely it is to be correct.
C) the more likely it is to make clear predictions.
D) the more likely it is to deny scientific facts.
A) the more likely it is to be ambiguous.
Allport’s definition of personality includes all of the following points EXCEPT the idea that personality:
A) is a causal force
B) shows up in patterns
C) is a purely psychological concept
D) has organisation
C) is a purely psychological concept
The two fundamental issues to keep in mind when looking at personality as a construct are individual differences and interpersonal functioning.
True
False
True
Chopik and Kitayama (2018) found that there was no change in the big-five personality traits over a lifespan.
True
False
False
Cattell’s approach to understanding personality can best be described as:
theoretical.
rational.
empirical.
psychoanalytic.
empirical.
Conscientiousness does not reflect which of the following?
Purposeful striving toward goals
Persistence
Planning
Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
Traits are quantitative rather than qualitative.
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT one of the big five factors of personality?
Group of answer choices
Extraversion
Neutoricism
Openness
Honesty
In a factor analysis:
Traits are qualitative rather than quantitative, with people sitting in distinct descriptive categories of behaviour.
The first step in the analysis is labelling or naming the factors.
You would perform an exploratory factor analysis when you have a good idea of what items will load on each factor.
Traits are quantitative rather than qualitative, with people sitting along a continuum of behaviour.
Traits are quantitative rather than qualitative, with people sitting along a continuum of behaviour.
Primary needs:
include the needs for power and intimacy.
are limited to nutritional and sexual needs.
are based in our biological nature.
All of the answers are correct.
are based in our biological nature.
The distinction between needs and motives involves:
motives that are more closely related to behaviour.
whether the construct is quantifiable.
whether the desired object is tangible or intangible.
motives that are unrelated to behaviour.
motives that are more closely related to behaviour.
Personology refers to the study of:
the inner self.
the whole person.
the work personality.
dependents.
the whole person.
TAT stands for ‘the apparent test’.
True
False
False
Needs are directive.
True
False
True
Eysenck suggests that differences between introverts and extraverts are based on differences in:
exposure to hormones prior to birth.
cerebral cortex activation.
how parents respond to young infants.
endocrine functioning.
cerebral cortex activation.
The BAS is assumed to be involved when a person is:
pursuing an incentive.
avoiding a punishment.
experiencing negative emotion.
experiencing neutral emotion.
pursuing an incentive.
BIS may be related to serotonin and/or GABA activity.
True
False
True
Sociobiology suggests that many aspects of human social behaviour are products of:
nutrition.
chemical exposure.
nurture.
evolution.
evolution.
Testosterone in adults relates to:
happiness.
long-term goals.
dominance behaviour.
IQ.
dominance behaviour.
A central theme underlying psychoanalysis (and which gives rise to the name ‘psychodynamic theory’) is that personality:
is a set of processes always in motion.
processes always work together.
reflects the fact that humans are not like other animals.
All of the answers are correct.
is a set of processes always in motion.
What components are included in Freud’s topographical model of the mind?
Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Primary process and secondary process
Id, ego, and superego
Thanatos and libido
Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Which of the following is an example of the defence mechanism of displacement?
A person diagnosed with cancer refuses to believe the diagnosis.
A person with aggressive sexual fantasies volunteers at a rape crisis center.
A person who cheated on an exam justifies it by saying that everyone else cheats.
A person who fails an exam yells at a roommate upon arriving at home.
A person who fails an exam yells at a roommate upon arriving at home
Ego follows the pleasure principle.
True
False
False
Parapraxes are:
dreams.
reflexes.
slips of the tongue.
genetic traits.
slips of the tongue.
In object relations theories, the ‘object’ refers to:
intrinsic goals.
the ego.
a person.
lifelong patterns.
a person.
Many neoanalytic theories emphasised:
that there is no merit to traditional Freudian ideas.
the importance of the superego.
sexual functioning.
the important of the ego.
the important of the ego.
According to Mahler, a child will experience _________ when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly.
insecure attachment
basic anxiety
separation anxiety
separation–individuation
separation anxiety
Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in:
resolving id–superego conflicts.
the development of a conscience.
relationships.
learning.
relationships.
People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love:
is almost impossible.
takes a lot of work.
is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’.
is a waste of time.
is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’.
Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development:
proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences.
continues to evolve throughout life.
is divided into the id, ego and superego.
None of the answers are correct.
continues to evolve throughout life.
Classical conditioning requires:
a conditioned response to a certain class of stimuli.
the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively.
reinforcement of a specific response behaviour.
All of the answers are correct.
the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
When a CS–CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:
Group of answer choices
secondary conditioning.
tertiary conditioning.
higher-order conditioning.
operant conditioning.
higher-order conditioning.
The term ‘instrumental conditioning’ is often used interchangeably with the term:
classical conditioning.
Pavlovian conditioning.
operant conditioning.
classical learning.
operant conditioning.
Thorndike’s law of effect states that:
people learn more efficiently than rats.
learning cannot occur in a single trial.
learning is quickly forgotten if the relevant situation is not re-experienced.
behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
Vicarious emotional arousal:
occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person.
occurs when you feel guilty for an imagined transgression.
is the same as sympathy.
None of the answers are correct.
occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person.
Which of the following is most important to assessment from the social–cognitive learning perspective?
Behavioural observation
Measures of generalised tendencies
Self-report measures
Objective definitions of situations
Self-report measures
Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?
The model receives rewards.
The person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy.
The person is learning needed skills.
The person is exposed to what he/she fears.
The person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy.
Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:
making people depressed.
making people anxious.
altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others.
facilitating a person’s goal of self-actualisation.
altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others.
People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be:
self-determined.
self-rationalised.
self-actualised.
explicitly motivated.
self-determined.
In Rogers’ view, people have a strong need to experience _________, which is the respect, love and friendship of others.
positive reinforcement
conditional acceptance
positive regard
expectancies of worth
positive regard
According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most basic, is:
physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualisation.
physiological - esteem - safety - love - self-actualisation.
physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation.
physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualisation.
physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation
Self-actualisers tend to:
appreciate results rather than the process of doing things
form deep ties with many people
at times appear temperamental and ruthless
All of these options.
at times appear temperamental and ruthless
According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:
reactance.
angst.
existential guilt.
wish fulfillment.
angst.
One assumption of the cognitive perspective is that:
all decisions are unconscious.
all decisions are conscious.
most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious.
most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious.
most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious.
Kelly viewed people as implicit:
scientists.
artists.
altruists.
All of the answers are correct.
scientists.
One consequence of the use of a schema is:
easier coding of new material.
improved memory for randomly selected details.
improved reading ability.
greater intelligence.
easier coding of new material.
A self-schema:
makes it easier to remember things consistent with it.
is small, simple and efficient.
has fewer emotional elements and more intellectual elements than other schema.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The process of judging the cause of an event is called:
attribution.
construal.
primary appraisal.
secondary appraisal.
attribution.
Dual-process researchers talk about people having
automatic and implicit knowledge.
implicit and explicit knowledge.
certain and uncertain knowledge.
All of the answers are correct.
implicit and explicit knowledge.
To assess the cognitions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally-occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be:
think-aloud protocols.
retrospective thought listing.
experience sampling.
reconstructive thought protocols.
experience sampling.
Which of the following criticisms has been leveled at the cognitive approach to personality?
It has generated very little empirical research.
It is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong.
It is too rooted in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
All of the answers are correct.
It is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong.
The self-regulation view on personality is:
one of the oldest perspectives in psychology.
more applied than theoretical.
offers no suggestions on personality assessment.
None of the answers are correct.
None of the answers are correct.
Having the belief that you are capable of doing the required action is called:
self-efficacy.
self-assurance.
potency.
personal control.
self-efficacy.
Theory concerning self-regulation emphasises:
external influences.
goals.
the ego.
personality.
goals.
Intention derives from both the attitude and the subjective norm.
True
False
True
Self-regulation is a once off process.
True
False
False
In order to obtain a full account of psychological individuality, the personality psychologist needs to:
examine the person’s patterning of dispositional traits.
characteristic adaptations.
integrative life stories.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
In the paradigmatic mode, we look for ____________ relationships.
cause and effect
personal
impersonal
educational
cause and effect
Which of the following is not an example of good narrative form?
Coherence
Credibility
Openness
Conflict
Conflict
