~~ Genetics and Evolution QUIZ

Question 1

If Ross was comparing pairs of identical and same-sex fraternal twins raised together on a measure of interest to get an estimate of the proportion of variance in that characteristic that is accounted for by inheritance, Ross would be in the field of

A) astronomy

B) organic chemistry

C) behavioural genetics

D) cognitive psychology

Answer 1

C) behavioural genetics

Question 2

in terms of forgiveness, which of the following is an example of a theme in evolutionary psychology?

A) Forgiveness is always detrimental to group outcomes.

B) Even after people have transgressed and been punished, there may be important reasons to restore the damaged relationships.

C) Forgiveness is a recent cultural development and not influenced by evolutionary factors.

D) Forgiveness is solely based on individual survival.

Answer 2

B) Even after people have transgressed and been punished, there may be important reasons to restore the damaged relationships.

Question 3

what concept was extended by Rushton and his colleagues to what they call genetic similarity theory?

A) Altruism toward strangers.

B) Inclusive fitness.

C) Cooperation among nonrelatives.

D) none of the above

Answer 3

B) Inclusive fitness.

Question 4

what is the core idea of genetic similarity theory?

A) Genes are only represented in the next generation by direct descendants.

B) A gene is represented in the next generation by anything that brings about reproduction of any organism in which copies of the gene exist

C) Genetic similarity theory only applies to humans.

D) Genes are only represented in the next generation by individuals who share a high degree of genetic similarity.

Answer 4

B) A gene is represented in the next generation by anything that brings about reproduction of any organism in which copies of the gene exist

Question 5

Rushton’s genetic similarity theory posits that

A) You’re more attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t.

B) You’re less attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t.

C) Attraction is not influenced by genetic factors.

D) You’re equally attracted to all strangers regardless of genetic similarity.

Answer 5

A) you’re more attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t

Question 6

how does the genetic similarity theory suggest that being attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically aids in the survival of the gene?

A) It does not affect the survival of the gene.

B) Attraction increases the odds of reproducing and passing genes into offspring.

C) Attraction only occurs between individuals with identical genes.

D) Attraction has no connection to the passing of genes to the next generation.

Answer 6

B) Attraction increases the odds of reproducing and passing genes into offspring.

Question 7

why is heritability an issue in behavioural genetics that complicates the process of drawing conclusions from findings

A) heritability only tells us how much of a trait is caused by genetic factors

B) heritability index can change substantially if either the population or environment changes

C) heritability only tells us what proportion of a trait is determined by genes

D) heritability only tells us what proportion of a trait is determined by environment

Answer 7

B) heritability index can change substantially if either the population or environment changes

Question 8

why are correlations an issue in behavioural genetics that complicates the process of drawing conclusions from findings

A) Correlations are always positive

B) Correlations are not affected by genetic influence

C) Genetic influence and environmental factors are correlated

D) Correlations are unrelated to behavioral genetics

Answer 8

C) genetic influence and environmental factors are correlated

Question 9

In the first half of the 20th century, physical makeup referred to _________, whereas now it refers to
a. genes; physique.
b. physique; genes.
c. genes; brain processes.
d. brain processes; genes.

Answer 9

b. physique; genes.

Question 10

Kretschmer examined the relationship between physique and
a. body type.
b. physical sensitivity.
c. psychological disorders.
d. bodily humors.

Answer 10

c. psychological disorders.

Question 11

Compared to Kretschmer’s theory, Sheldon’s theory concentrates more on
a. early childhood vulnerabilities.
b. normal qualities of personality.
c. gender differences in body type and personality.
d. skeletal and muscular differences.

Answer 11

b. normal qualities of personality.

Question 12

According to Sheldon, each body characteristic reflects

a. an overemphasis on one of the layers of the embryo.

b. the interaction between genetically determined physiology and environmental pressure.

c. brainwave activity.

d. hormone level fluctuations.

Answer 12

a. an overemphasis on one of the layers of the embryo.

Question 13

When twins have no more in common than other siblings, they are said to be _________ twins.

a. monozygotic
b. identical
c. dizygotic
d. congenital

Answer 13

c. dizygotic

Question 14

Dizygotic twins
a. share the same amount of genetic material as any other pair of brothers or sisters.
b. are the result of an unusual occurrence shortly after conception.
c. develop from one fertilized egg.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 14

a. share the same amount of genetic material as any other pair of brothers or sisters.

Question 15

Twin studies are based on the assumption that

a. fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life experiences.

b. fraternal twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing physical
characteristics.

c. identical twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing
personalities.

d. both identical and fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life
experiences.

Answer 15

d. both identical and fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life
experiences.

Question 16

If dizygotic twins think they are monozygotic twins,

a. they are more resentful of their siblings.

b. they are less resentful of their siblings.

c. they are more like their siblings.

d. they are less like their siblings.

Answer 16

c. they are more like their siblings.

Question 17

If the correlation for a given personality trait in a set of same-sex fraternal twins is .25 and the correlation for that same personality trait is .75 in a set of identical twins, we can assume the heritability estimate is approximately
a. .50.
b. .25.
c. 1.00.
d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 17

c. 1.00.

Question 18

In an adoption study, resemblances are measured between the adopted child and

a. the biological parent.

b. the biological parent and siblings (if any).

c. the adoptive parent and siblings (if any).

d. both biological parent and adoptive parent.

Answer 18

d. both biological parent and adoptive parent.

Question 19

If heredity is REALLY important, then

a. fraternal twins should be more similar than identical twins if they have been raised apart.

b. identical twins raised apart should be nearly as similar as identical twins raised together.

c. fraternal twins raised apart should be more similar than identical twins raised together.

d. there should be no differences between identical twins and fraternal twins raised together.

Answer 19

b. identical twins raised apart should be nearly as similar as identical twins raised together.

Question 20

According to Buss and Plomin, temperaments include

a. activity level.

b. sociability.

c. emotionality.

d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 20

d. all of these answers are correct

Question 21

Parent ratings of Buss’s and Plomin’s temperaments for their twins are

a. weakly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

b. strongly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

c. strongly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins.

d. weakly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins.

Answer 21

c. strongly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins.

Question 21

The two aspects of activity level are
a. vigor and tempo.
b. vigor and arousal.
c. tempo and arousal.
d. arousal and responsiveness.

Answer 21

a. vigor and tempo.

Question 21

Emotionality is defined by Buss and Plomin as the
a. tendency to experience positive emotion.
b. tendency to experience disgust.
c. tendency to become aroused easily.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 21

c. tendency to become aroused easily.

Question 22

A recent developmental approach to understanding temperaments suggests which of these?
a. Approach
b. Avoidance
c. Effortful control
d. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 22

d. All of these answers are correct.

Question 23

When researchers examine whether the five basic factors of personality are genetically influenced, they have found
a. no evidence for a genetic influence.
b. self-report evidence suggests that they are, but observer reports are inconclusive.
c. self-report and observer reports both suggest that they are, but research has not been done
cross-culturally.
d. self-report, observer report, and cross-cultural research all suggest that they are.

Answer 23

d. self-report, observer report, and cross-cultural research all suggest that they are.

Question 24

Neuroticism is highly similar to the temperaments of
a. emotionality and avoidance.
b. emotionality and need for intimacy.
c. emotionality and dependence.
d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 24

a. emotionality and avoidance.

Question 25

According to Eysenck, the big-five trait of extraversion may be a blend of which of the following temperaments?

a. Emotionality and sociability

b. Activity and emotionality

c. Activity and sociability

d. None of these answers are correct.

Answer 25

c. Activity and sociability

Question 26

The concept of emotionality is most similar to the big five trait of

a. extraversion.

b. neuroticism.

c. openness.

d. agreeableness.

Answer 26

b. neuroticism.

Question 27

The environment tends to affect twins

a. by making them more similar.

b. by making them more different.

c. by making dizygotic twins more similar.

d. not at all in terms of similarity or difference.

Answer 27

b. by making them more different.

Question 27

Which of the following is true about what psychologists have thought about the interplay between genes and environment?

a. It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has been supported by the evidence.

b. It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has turned out to be overly simplified.

c. It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has been supported by the evidence.

d. It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has turned out to be overly simplified.

Answer 27

d. It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has turned out to be overly simplified.

Question 27

Recent evidence suggests that _________ has all the characteristics Buss and Plomin use to define temperaments.

a. hostility

b. intelligence

c. conscientiousness

d. greediness

Answer 27

b. intelligence

Question 27

Methylation
a. affects gene expression.
b. can be affected by stress.
c. can be affected by diet.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 27

d. all of these answers are correct

Question 28

When different patterns of genetic differences can occur at a particular location, the differernt patterns are called

a. polymorphisms.
b mutations.
c. alleles.
d. genomes.

Answer 28

c. alleles.

Question 29

The attempt to relate differences in gene locations with other differences in persons is called
a. quantitative genetics.
b. molecular genetics.
c. bio-behavioral genetics.
d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 29

b. molecular genetics.

Question 30

Single-gene discoveries have found genetic influences for
a. novelty-seeking.
b. neuroticism.
c. agreeableness.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 30

d. all of these answers are correct

Question 31

There is evidence that higher levels of disease prevalence in a given environment is associated with
a. more neuroticism.
b. less neuroticism.
c. more openness to experience.
d. less openness to experience.

Answer 31

d. less openness to experience.

Question 32

_________ is a process in which one version of a characteristic (or one end of a dimension) is represented in the next generation to either a greater or lesser degree.

a. Extremity selection
b. Allele selection
c. Directional selection
d. Stabilizing selection

Answer 32

c. Directional selection

Question 33

_________ is a process in which the intermediate value of some characteristic is more adaptive than is the value at either end of the distribution.
a. Adaptive selection
b. Allele selection
c. Directional selection
d. Stabilizing selection

Answer 33

d. Stabilizing selection

Question 34

Sociobiologists explain altruism by invoking the concept of
a. docility.
b. inclusive fitness.
c. imprinting.
d. moral exclusivity.

Answer 34

b. inclusive fitness.

Question 35

There is evidence that _________ explains the effect of genetic relatedness on altruism.
a. similar upbringing.
b. parental directives.
c. emotional closeness.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 35

c. emotional closeness.

Question 36

Rushton’s genetic similarity theory suggests that

a. people will be more attracted to those who resemble them genetically.

b. same-sex pairs do not contribute to gene reproduction.

c. altruism toward one’s kinship group is maladaptive.

d. opposites attract.

Answer 36

a. people will be more attracted to those who resemble them genetically.

Question 37

In the competition for mates, Buss found that women tend to

a. play hard to get.

b. enhance their physical appearance.

c. be drawn to cues regarding availability of resources.

d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 37

d. all of these answers are correct

Question 37

Recent research on sexually involved couples indicated that genetically similar couples
a. were less likely to get divorced.
b. were less likely to get married.
c. were more likely to have reproduced.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 37

c. were more likely to have reproduced.

Question 37

The idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics is called
a. directional selection.
b. assortative mating.
c. selective mating.
d. intuitive mating.

Answer 37

b. assortative mating.

Question 38

Both men and women view the following qualities as necessities in a potential mate:

a. attractiveness and status.

b. intelligence and status.

c. intelligence and kindness.

d. attractiveness and kindness.

Answer 38

c. intelligence and kindness.

Question 39

Compared to women, men are
a. less selective in their criteria for one-night stands.
b. more interested in casual sex.
c. more easily excited by visual erotica.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 39

d. all of these answers are correct

Question 40

Compared to women, men are

a. more concerned about thoughts of sexual infidelity.

b. more concerned about thoughts of emotional infidelity.

c. equally concerned about sexual and emotional infidelity.

d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 40

a. more concerned about thoughts of sexual infidelity.

Question 41

According to the evolutionary perspective on sex differences in mating tendencies, women are most jealous of _________, whereas men are most jealous of

a. emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity.
b. sexual infidelity; emotional infidelity.
c. emotional infidelity; emotional infidelity.
d. sexual infidelity; sexual infidelity.

Answer 41

a. emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity.

Question 42

Men tend to _________ cues from potential mates as implying sexual interest; women tend to _________ cues from potential mates in terms of commitment levels.
a. overinterpret; overinterpret
b. underinterpret; underinterpret
c. underinterpret; overinterpret
d. overinterpret; underinterpret

Answer 42

d. overinterpret; underinterpret

Question 43

he young male syndrome refers to the fact that

a. when given a choice, most parents would rather adopt a young male.

b. young men often father unwanted children.

c. young males may have evolved to behave violently when confronted with scarce
resources.

d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 43

c. young males may have evolved to behave violently when confronted with scarce
resources.

Question 44

The current sociobiological view is that aggression

a. is part of human nature, expressed indiscriminately.

b. is both a male and a female phenomenon.

c. results from sexual selection pressures.

d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 44

c. results from sexual selection pressures.

Question 45

The early behavioral genetics research on problem behavior tended to focus on
a. alcoholism and schizophrenia.
b. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
c. depression and alcoholism.
d. bipolar disorder and alcoholism.

Answer 45

b. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a valid concern about mapping the human genome?

a. It will take many more years to complete.

b. It could lead to discrimination against people with certain genetic profiles.

c. It could lead to so-called “designer babies.”

d. All of these answers are correct are valid criticisms.

Answer 45

a. It will take many more years to complete.

Question 45

In terms of assessment, the biological orientation to personality is most similar to the

a. psychodynamic perspective.
b. learning perspective.
c. trait perspective.
d. phenomenological perspective

Answer 45

c. trait perspective.

Question 46

The interaction between genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia and an environmental context that touches it off resembles the _________ model.
a. cross-over
b. inclusive fitness c. heritability
d. diathesis-stress

Answer 46

d. diathesis-stress

Question 47

The concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins is _________; among fraternal twins, it is
a. 20%; 12%.
b. 35%; 35%.
c. 50%; 9%.
d. 75%; 20%.

Answer 47

c. 50%; 9%.

Question 48

Both sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have been criticized because
a. they are not theoretically grounded.
b. their statements have disturbing political overtones.
c. there are no data to support either of them.
d. all of these answers are correct

Answer 48

b. their statements have disturbing political overtones.

Question 48

The long allele on DRD4, a gene related to measures of reward seeking, has been linked to
a. alcoholism but not heroin addiction.
b. heroin addiction but not alcoholism.
c. both alcoholism and heroin addiction.
d. none of these answers are correct, it is only related to schizophrenia

Answer 48

c. both alcoholism and heroin addiction.

Question 48

According to Barash, behavior problems reflect the fact that
a. biological evolution has progressed faster than cultural evolution.
b. there is more biological variability in the present than ever before.
c. cultural evolution has progressed faster than biological evolution.
d. none of these answers are correct

Answer 48

c. cultural evolution has progressed faster than biological evolution.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the sociobiology and evolutionary psychology approaches?
a. Early arguments were derived from evidence but provided no theoretical interpretation.
b. Some of the ideas are not falsifiable.
c. Some of the ideas are not testable.
d. All of these answers are valid criticisms.

Answer 49

a. Early arguments were derived from evidence but provided no theoretical interpretation.