Overlap and Integration among Perspectives

Question 1

The _________ perspective is regarded by many as the only comprehensive
theory of personality.

a. learning
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive self-regulation
d. none of the above

Answer 1

b. psychoanalytic

Question 2

Parallels have been suggested between psychoanalysis and the:
a. evolutionary perspective.
b. cognitive perspective.
c. self-regulation perspective.
d. all of the above

Answer 2

d. all of the above

Question 3

Leak and Christopher interpreted Freud’s ideas through the framework of:

a. humanistic psychology.

b. the neoanalytic perspective.

c. evolutionary psychology.

d. the conditioning approach.

Answer 3

c. evolutionary psychology.

Question 4

According to Leak and Christopher, what idea was required to understand the
superego through an evolutionary perspective?

a. that the superego leads to better health practices

b. that survival is not only an individual matter

c. that the superego is a behavioral management system

d. none of the above

Answer 4

b. that survival is not only an individual matter

Question 5

The _________ is primitive and single-minded about its desires.
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. hydraulic drive

Answer 5

a. id

Question 6

Ego is to Freud as _________ is (are) to sociobiology.
a. genes
b. survival of the fittest
c. the cortex of the brain
d. reciprocal altruism

Answer 6

c. the cortex of the brain

Question 7

Leak and Christopher have suggested that having a superego may:

a. confer an evolutionary advantage.
b. influence whether others feel compelled to take care of someone.
c. increase the likelihood that someone is accepted as a group member.
d. all of the above

Question 8

Leak and Christopher argue that reciprocal altruism is the reason for the:

a. existence of anticathexis.
b. idea of preparedness.
c. importance of self-relevant motivation.
d. development of the superego.

Answer 8

d. development of the superego.

Question 9

Freud’s description of the fixations that arise as a result of the Oedipal conflict bears a resemblance to:

a. the gender differences in the mating strategies that are described
by evolutionary psychologists.

b. the constraints imposed by the development of the cortex.

c. Dollard and Miller’s description of approach-avoidance conflicts.

d. none of the above

Answer 9

a. the gender differences in the mating strategies that are described

Question 10

When attention is diverted from higher levels, behavior is more:

a. in tune with the ideal self.

b. responsive to situational cues.

c. carefully managed.

d. easily reinforced.

Answer 10

b. responsive to situational cues.

Question 11

Structural links exist between psychoanalysis and self-regulation with respect
to similarities between:

a. principle control and id functioning.

b. principle control and ego functioning.

c. program control and ego functioning.

d. all of the above

Answer 11

c. program control and ego functioning.

Question 12

Erdelyi suggests that Freud’s theory was a theory of:
a. social learning.
b. behavior management.
c. cognition.
d. hydraulic energy.

Answer 12

c. cognition.

Question 13

_________ is the process whereby an idea, thought, or perception is prevented from gaining access to conscious awareness before the threatening
stimulus is experienced.
a. Suppression
b. Perceptual defense
c. Denial
d. Bias in processing

Answer 13

b. Perceptual defense

Question 14

An event may receive little attention in consciousness because:
a. it may be tagged as having too much potential for anxiety.
b. the information is available but not retrievable.
c. behaviors are highly automatic.
d. all of the above

Answer 14

d. all of the above

Question 15

The concept of transference can be explained in terms of:
a. preattentive processing.
b. schema activation.
c. feedback loops.
d. all of the above

Answer 15

b. schema activation.

Question 15

rdelyi proposes a sequence in information processing, which is similar to
repression and denial. Which of the following represents the correct sequence
of events?

a. discomfort criterion–preattentive analysis–suppression

b. preattentive analysis–suppression–discomfort criterion

c. preattentive analysis–discomfort criterion–suppression

d. discomfort criterion–unbearability criterion–suppression

Answer 15

c. preattentive analysis–discomfort criterion–suppression

Question 16

Schemas of close others are:

a. active only in the presence of those others.

b. chronically partially active but generally inaccessible.

c. chronically partially active and accessible.

d. chronically completely active and accessible.

Answer 16

c. chronically partially active and accessible.

Question 17

To accurately understand the processes of learning, Mischel says we must
focus on:

a. people’s cognitive representations of stimuli.

b. the actual stimuli represented in the learning situation.

the underlying drive states which motivate the learning process.

d. the environment in which the learning process takes place.

Answer 17

a. people’s cognitive representations of stimuli.

Question 18

Expectancies are discussed in the following approaches to personality
psychology:

a. psychodynamic; personal constructs

b. psychodynamic; ego psychology

c. neoanalytic; conditioning

d. social learning; self-regulation

Answer 18

d. social learning; self-regulation

Question 19

An important difference in emphasis between the learning and self-regulation
views concerns the concept of:

a. expectancy.

b. inhibition.

c. reinforcement.

d. hierarchical organization.

Answer 19

c. reinforcement.

Question 20

Maslow’s hierarchy is an analysis of _________, whereas the control hierarchy
(from the self-regulation perspective) focuses on _________:

a. thought, behavior

b. behavior, meaning

c. action, motive

d. motive, action

Answer 20

d. motive, action

Question 21

The notion of a hierarchy of motives and action suggests a similarity between
which two approaches?

a. social learning and self-regulation

b. social learning and self-actualization

c. self-regulation and self-actualization

d. self-actualization and sociobiological

Answer 21

c. self-regulation and self-actualization

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the self-actualization and
self-regulation approaches?

a. Both emphasize the importance of goals.

b. Both use concepts referring to an idealized self.

c. Both emphasize the fact that people compare different elements of the self to
each other.

d. Both involve hierarchies with similar low-level needs.

Answer 22

d. Both involve hierarchies with similar low-level needs.

Question 23

Within the motive approach to personality, the distinction between individual
and group needs is best captured in the difference between:

a. intimacy motives and affiliation motives.

b. the need for positive regard and the self-actualizing tendency.

c. separation-individuation and merger.

d. none of the above

Answer 23

d. none of the above

Question 23

Which perspective is appropriately matched with the way in which it relates to
the trait perspective?

a. psychoanalytic, in that people derive stable personality traits from
childhood crises

b. learning, in that people’s traits influence how well they learn

c. self-regulation, in that people vary in terms of how well they self-regulate
behavior

d. none of the above

Answer 23

a. psychoanalytic, in that people derive stable personality traits from
childhood crises

Question 24

Issues involving acting versus restraint are important in the _________
perspective.
a. psychoanalytic
b. social learning
c. cognitive
d. all of the above

Question 25

Eclecticism suggests that:

a. some groups of theories are better than others.

b. some levels of analysis are better than others.

c. different perspectives may be mutually supportive.

d. none of the above

Answer 25

c. different perspectives may be mutually supportive.

Question 26

Most personality psychologists would agree that:

a. personality is nothing more than the sum of one’s experiences.

b. personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures.

c. temperaments are not learned; they are completely inborn.

d. none of the above

Answer 26

b. personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures.

Question 27

The idea that some associations are learned more easily than others is called:

a. receptivity.

b. preparedness.

c. associative learning.

d. preattentive analysis.

Question 28

According to William James, Edward Tolman, and the authors of your textbook,
a good theory must account for data and:

a. have few explanatory elements.

b. have many explanatory elements.

c. be different from common sense.

d. must appeal to one’s senses.

Answer 28

d. must appeal to one’s senses.