Overlap and Integration among Perspectives Flashcards
The _________ perspective is regarded by many as the only comprehensive
theory of personality.
a. learning
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive self-regulation
d. none of the above
b. psychoanalytic
Parallels have been suggested between psychoanalysis and the:
a. evolutionary perspective.
b. cognitive perspective.
c. self-regulation perspective.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Leak and Christopher interpreted Freud’s ideas through the framework of:
a. humanistic psychology.
b. the neoanalytic perspective.
c. evolutionary psychology.
d. the conditioning approach.
c. evolutionary psychology.
According to Leak and Christopher, what idea was required to understand the
superego through an evolutionary perspective?
a. that the superego leads to better health practices
b. that survival is not only an individual matter
c. that the superego is a behavioral management system
d. none of the above
b. that survival is not only an individual matter
The _________ is primitive and single-minded about its desires.
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. hydraulic drive
a. id
Ego is to Freud as _________ is (are) to sociobiology.
a. genes
b. survival of the fittest
c. the cortex of the brain
d. reciprocal altruism
c. the cortex of the brain
Leak and Christopher have suggested that having a superego may:
a. confer an evolutionary advantage.
b. influence whether others feel compelled to take care of someone.
c. increase the likelihood that someone is accepted as a group member.
d. all of the above
Leak and Christopher argue that reciprocal altruism is the reason for the:
a. existence of anticathexis.
b. idea of preparedness.
c. importance of self-relevant motivation.
d. development of the superego.
d. development of the superego.
Freud’s description of the fixations that arise as a result of the Oedipal conflict bears a resemblance to:
a. the gender differences in the mating strategies that are described
by evolutionary psychologists.
b. the constraints imposed by the development of the cortex.
c. Dollard and Miller’s description of approach-avoidance conflicts.
d. none of the above
a. the gender differences in the mating strategies that are described
When attention is diverted from higher levels, behavior is more:
a. in tune with the ideal self.
b. responsive to situational cues.
c. carefully managed.
d. easily reinforced.
b. responsive to situational cues.
Structural links exist between psychoanalysis and self-regulation with respect
to similarities between:
a. principle control and id functioning.
b. principle control and ego functioning.
c. program control and ego functioning.
d. all of the above
c. program control and ego functioning.
Erdelyi suggests that Freud’s theory was a theory of:
a. social learning.
b. behavior management.
c. cognition.
d. hydraulic energy.
c. cognition.
_________ is the process whereby an idea, thought, or perception is prevented from gaining access to conscious awareness before the threatening
stimulus is experienced.
a. Suppression
b. Perceptual defense
c. Denial
d. Bias in processing
b. Perceptual defense
An event may receive little attention in consciousness because:
a. it may be tagged as having too much potential for anxiety.
b. the information is available but not retrievable.
c. behaviors are highly automatic.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The concept of transference can be explained in terms of:
a. preattentive processing.
b. schema activation.
c. feedback loops.
d. all of the above
b. schema activation.
rdelyi proposes a sequence in information processing, which is similar to
repression and denial. Which of the following represents the correct sequence
of events?
a. discomfort criterion–preattentive analysis–suppression
b. preattentive analysis–suppression–discomfort criterion
c. preattentive analysis–discomfort criterion–suppression
d. discomfort criterion–unbearability criterion–suppression
c. preattentive analysis–discomfort criterion–suppression
Schemas of close others are:
a. active only in the presence of those others.
b. chronically partially active but generally inaccessible.
c. chronically partially active and accessible.
d. chronically completely active and accessible.
c. chronically partially active and accessible.
To accurately understand the processes of learning, Mischel says we must
focus on:
a. people’s cognitive representations of stimuli.
b. the actual stimuli represented in the learning situation.
the underlying drive states which motivate the learning process.
d. the environment in which the learning process takes place.
a. people’s cognitive representations of stimuli.
Expectancies are discussed in the following approaches to personality
psychology:
a. psychodynamic; personal constructs
b. psychodynamic; ego psychology
c. neoanalytic; conditioning
d. social learning; self-regulation
d. social learning; self-regulation
An important difference in emphasis between the learning and self-regulation
views concerns the concept of:
a. expectancy.
b. inhibition.
c. reinforcement.
d. hierarchical organization.
c. reinforcement.
Maslow’s hierarchy is an analysis of _________, whereas the control hierarchy
(from the self-regulation perspective) focuses on _________:
a. thought, behavior
b. behavior, meaning
c. action, motive
d. motive, action
d. motive, action
The notion of a hierarchy of motives and action suggests a similarity between
which two approaches?
a. social learning and self-regulation
b. social learning and self-actualization
c. self-regulation and self-actualization
d. self-actualization and sociobiological
c. self-regulation and self-actualization
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the self-actualization and
self-regulation approaches?
a. Both emphasize the importance of goals.
b. Both use concepts referring to an idealized self.
c. Both emphasize the fact that people compare different elements of the self to
each other.
d. Both involve hierarchies with similar low-level needs.
d. Both involve hierarchies with similar low-level needs.
Within the motive approach to personality, the distinction between individual
and group needs is best captured in the difference between:
a. intimacy motives and affiliation motives.
b. the need for positive regard and the self-actualizing tendency.
c. separation-individuation and merger.
d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Which perspective is appropriately matched with the way in which it relates to
the trait perspective?
a. psychoanalytic, in that people derive stable personality traits from
childhood crises
b. learning, in that people’s traits influence how well they learn
c. self-regulation, in that people vary in terms of how well they self-regulate
behavior
d. none of the above
a. psychoanalytic, in that people derive stable personality traits from
childhood crises
Issues involving acting versus restraint are important in the _________
perspective.
a. psychoanalytic
b. social learning
c. cognitive
d. all of the above
Eclecticism suggests that:
a. some groups of theories are better than others.
b. some levels of analysis are better than others.
c. different perspectives may be mutually supportive.
d. none of the above
c. different perspectives may be mutually supportive.
Most personality psychologists would agree that:
a. personality is nothing more than the sum of one’s experiences.
b. personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures.
c. temperaments are not learned; they are completely inborn.
d. none of the above
b. personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures.
The idea that some associations are learned more easily than others is called:
a. receptivity.
b. preparedness.
c. associative learning.
d. preattentive analysis.
According to William James, Edward Tolman, and the authors of your textbook,
a good theory must account for data and:
a. have few explanatory elements.
b. have many explanatory elements.
c. be different from common sense.
d. must appeal to one’s senses.
d. must appeal to one’s senses.
