GENETICS & EVOLUTION Flashcards
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency toward plumpness
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
A) endomorphy
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency muscularity
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
B) mesomorphy
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency toward thinness
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
C) ectomorphy
Sheldon (1942) proposed three aspects of temperament, which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
B) Alerotonia
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as calmness, tolerance, sociability, love of comfort and easygoingness
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
A) Viscerotonia
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as boldness, assertiveness, and desire for adventure and activity
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
C) Somatotonia
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as avoidance of interaction, restraint, pain sensitivity and mental intensity approaching apprehensiveness
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward plumpness, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward muscularity, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
D) boldness and assertiveness
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward thinness, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
compared to monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins are on average ____ alike genetically
A) 100%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 5%
C) 50%
an index of genetic influence on a trait which gives an estimate of how much variance of some characteristic is accounted for
A) reaction range
B) heritability
C) concordance rate
D) epigenesis
B) heritability
heritability estimates measure
A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) allele
D) sex chromosomes
A) phenotype
one limitation of heritability estimates is
A) it does not measure genetic influence
B) it does not measure how much the environment allows genes to be expressed
C) it is not a direct measure of the activity of genes
D) it does not provide evidence on whether there is high or low heritability
C) it is not a direct measure of the activity of genes
which of the following is NOT a limitation of heritability estimates?
A) it does not measure differences in people genes that account for differences in their traits
B) It does not represent the amount of a behavioral characteristic that’s inherited by any one person
C) it does not measure how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed
D) it does not explain why genes matter
A) it does not measure differences in people genes account gor differences in their traits
how is a heritability estimate calculated
A) correlation from DZ twins is subtracted by MZ twins and multiplied
B) correlation between each individual twin pair is added and multiplied
C) correlation between two MZ twin pairs is subtracted and multiplied
D) none of the above
A) correlation from DZ twins is subtracted by MZ twins and multiplied
what assumption is the twin study method based on?
A) The genetic makeup of identical twins (MZ pairs) is more similar than that of fraternal twins (DZ pairs).
B) the degree of similarity of the life experiences of co-twins raised together is just as great for DZ pairs and MZ pairs
C) Environmental factors have a greater impact on the development of traits in identical twins (MZ pairs) compared to fraternal twins (DZ pairs).
D) The level of concordance for various traits is consistently higher in DZ twin pairs than in MZ twin pairs.
B) the degree of similarity of the life experiences of co-twins raised together is just as great for DZ pairs and MZ pairs
If a study aimed to examine the heritability of traits in twins and concluded that a difference between correlations comes from heredity, what potential methodological concern might undermine this conclusion?
A) Differential genetic makeup between MZ and DZ twins
B) Variation in environmental factors for MZ and DZ twins
C) Inconsistent data collection methods for MZ and DZ twins
D) Discrepancies in the measurement of trait correlations for MZ and DZ twins
B) Variation in environmental factors for MZ and DZ twins
In the context of personality traits in monozygotic (MZ) twins, what finding challenges the assumption that similarity in treatment leads to greater personality resemblance?
A) MZ twins exhibit similar personality traits regardless of treatment
B) MZ twins show greater personality resemblance when treated differently
C) Personality resemblance in MZ twins is solely influenced by genetic factors
D) The correlation of personality traits in MZ twins is higher when they are treated alike
A) MZ twins exhibit similar personality traits regardless of treatment
In light of the studies, which conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between perceived zygosity and personality similarity in twins?
A) Dizygotic (DZ) twins who believe they are monozygotic (MZ) twins show greater personality resemblance.
B) Monozygotic (MZ) twins recall significantly more similar experiences than DZ twins, leading to personality similarity.
C) Perceived zygosity has no impact on personality similarity in either monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins.
D) Despite recalling somewhat more similar experiences, the relationship between experiences and personality similarity is not evident in monozygotic (MZ) twins.
D) Despite recalling somewhat more similar experiences, the relationship between experiences and personality similarity is not evident in monozygotic (MZ) twins.
what expectation arises regarding the similarity of twins raised apart, depending on the importance of heredity?
A) Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be less similar than dizygotic (DZ) twins raised together.
B) The similarity of Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be nearly as high as that of MZ twins raised together if heredity is important.
C) Dizygotic (DZ) twins raised apart should be more similar than MZ twins raised apart.
D) The similarity between MZ twins raised apart is unrelated to the importance of heredity.
B) The similarity of Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be nearly as high as that of MZ twins raised together if heredity is important.
According to Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin’s (1984) usage of the term “temperament,” how do they conceptualize this personality trait?
A) Temperament is a personality trait acquired through environmental influences.
B) Temperament refers to a personality trait that emerges during adolescence.
C) Temperament is a personality trait inherited and present in early childhood.
D) Temperament is a personality trait that primarily develops during adulthood.
C) Temperament is a personality trait inherited and present in early childhood.
How is activity level defined, and what are its correlated aspects?
A) Activity level is a measure of physical fitness, and its aspects include strength and endurance.
B) Activity level is the degree of social engagement, and its aspects include extroversion and introversion.
C) Activity level is the person’s output of energy or behavior, with aspects of vigor and tempo.
D) Activity level is related to cognitive abilities, with aspects including memory and problem-solving.
C) Activity level is the person’s output of energy or behavior, with aspects of vigor and tempo.
How is sociability defined, and what does it encompass?
A) Sociability is the inclination to be alone rather than with others, associated with independence and introspection.
B) Sociability is a measure of extroversion, focusing on talkativeness and assertiveness in social situations.
C) Sociability is the preference for being with other people, involving a desire for shared activities and social interaction.
D) Sociability is the level of popularity one attains in social circles, measuring the size of one’s social network.
C) Sociability is the preference for being with other people, involving a desire for shared activities and social interaction.
How is emotionality defined in relation to temperament?
A) Emotionality is the ability to suppress emotions, remaining calm and composed in all situations.
B) Emotionality is the degree of emotional intelligence, reflecting one’s awareness and control of emotions.
C) Emotionality is the tendency to become emotionally aroused, easily and intensely, particularly in upsetting situations.
D) Emotionality is the capacity for logical reasoning and decision-making in emotionally charged scenarios.
C) Emotionality is the tendency to become emotionally aroused, easily and intensely, particularly in upsetting situations.
What early evidence supports the idea that temperaments such as activity, emotionality, and sociability are inherited?
A) Observational studies of children’s behavior in different environments.
B) Cross-cultural studies comparing temperamental traits in various societies.
C) Twin studies where parent ratings of activity, emotionality, and sociability showed strong correlations for MZ twins but minimal correlations for DZ twins.
D) Longitudinal studies tracking changes in temperamental traits over an individual’s lifespan.
C) Twin studies where parent ratings of activity, emotionality, and sociability showed strong correlations for MZ twins but minimal correlations for DZ twins.
In the context of temperament, which statement reflects the comparison between avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin’s (1984) emotionality?
A) The avoidance temperament is unrelated to Buss and Plomin’s emotionality, representing distinct dimensions of temperament.
B) The avoidance temperament is synonymous with Buss and Plomin’s emotionality, sharing identical characteristics.
C) The avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin’s emotionality exhibit some resemblance in certain aspects.
D) The avoidance temperament is the opposite of Buss and Plomin’s emotionality, representing conflicting traits.
C) The avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin’s emotionality exhibit some resemblance in certain aspects.
What is the main characteristic of the temperament known as effortful control?
A) Effortful control is primarily about being highly sociable and engaging in social activities.
B) Effortful control is synonymous with avoidance temperament, emphasizing the avoidance of emotional arousal.
C) Effortful control involves being focused and restrained, including aspects of attention management and suppressing approach when inappropriate.
D) Effortful control is characterized by intense emotional arousal and a lack of restraint in various situations.
C) Effortful control involves being focused and restrained, including aspects of attention management and suppressing approach when inappropriate.
high levels of this temperament early in life relate to fewer problems with antisocial behaviour later in life
A) effortful control
B) approach
C) avoidance
D) emotionality
A) effortful control
In the context of twin studies and the five-factor model of personality, what is the main focus of recent research?
A) Examining the influence of cultural factors on the five personality dimensions.
B) Investigating the impact of environmental factors on the development of personality traits.
C) Analyzing the relationship between personality and intelligence.
D) Assessing the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the heritability of the five personality factors.
D) Assessing the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the heritability of the five personality factors.
In the context of the five-factor model of personality and its genetic influence, what does the evidence suggest about the heritability of these dimensions over the lifespan?
A) The genetic influence on the five dimensions remains constant throughout the lifespan.
B) The genetic influence on the five dimensions increases with age.
C) The genetic influence on the five dimensions is not significant in adulthood.
D) The genetic influence on the five
dimensions decreases over the lifespan.
D) The genetic influence on the five dimensions decreases over the lifespan.
How did Borkenau, Riemann, Angleitner, and Spinath (2001) address the concern of possible bias in twin studies of adult personality?
A) They conducted a study using only self-reports to minimize external influences
.
B) They employed a cross-cultural approach to ensure diverse perspectives on personality traits.
C) They videotaped adult participants and had them rated by individuals unfamiliar with them.
D) They focused exclusively on genetic influences, excluding environmental factors in their analysis.
C) They videotaped adult participants and had them rated by individuals unfamiliar with them.
which temperament has considerable conceptual similarity to neuroticism, one of the supertraits in the five-factor model?
A) The temperament described by Buss and Plomin (1984) as emotionality.
B) The temperament described by Rothbart and Posner (1985) as avoidance temperament.
C) The temperament mentioned by Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner (2005) as a core supertrait.
D) The temperament discussed by Digman & Shmelyov (1996) as a pervasive influence.
B) The temperament described by Rothbart and Posner (1985) as avoidance temperament.
In the context of the “big five” personality traits, what does extraversion imply, particularly in relation to temperament?
A) Extraversion is primarily about avoiding social situations and rewards.
B) Extraversion is unrelated to any specific temperament.
C) Extraversion suggests a preference for being with others and may have overtones of an approach temperament.
D) Extraversion is synonymous with introversion, representing a personality trait characterized by a preference for solitude.
C) Extraversion suggests a preference for being with others and may have overtones of an approach temperament.
How is the trait of conscientiousness described
A) Conscientiousness is characterized by a spontaneous and carefree approach to life’s activities.
B) Conscientiousness reflects a disorganized and erratic orientation toward daily tasks.
C) Conscientiousness is a planful, persistent, and focused orientation toward life’s activities.
D) Conscientiousness is unrelated to effortful control and temperaments.
C) Conscientiousness is a planful, persistent, and focused orientation toward life’s activities
How is openness to experience, or intellect, described in the context of the “big five,” and what is the suggested link between this trait and intelligence?
A) Openness to experience is difficult to define, with multiple labels, and it has no clear connection to intelligence.
B) Openness to experience is linked to intelligence, a quality that can be thought of as a temperament.
C) Openness to experience is unrelated to any other traits and does not manifest early in life.
D) Openness to experience is synonymous with conscientiousness, reflecting a focused and planful orientation.
B) Openness to experience is linked to intelligence, a quality that can be thought of as a temperament, suggesting another connection between temperament and trait models.
What does the study within the framework of the five-factor model, conducted by Jang et al. (1998), reveal about the heritability of personality traits?
A) The study found that only the five supertraits are heritable, while facet traits are not influenced by genetics.
B) The study revealed that facet traits are heritable, but the overall supertraits are not influenced by genetics.
C) Both the five supertraits and most of the facet traits were found to be heritable, with genetic influences separate for facets and overall traits.
D) The study suggested that facet traits are not heritable, and the superordinate traits derive solely from environmental influences.
C) Both the five supertraits and most of the facet traits were found to be heritable, with genetic influences separate for facets and overall traits.
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where environmental factors tend to make twins different in terms of personality, as opposed to making them alike?
A) Shared environmental effect
B) Genetic influence
C) Nonshared environmental effect
D) Concordance effect
C) Nonshared environmental effect
What important aspect should be considered when interpreting heritability estimates?
A) Heritability estimates are consistent across different populations and environments.
B) Heritability is a fixed and unchanging measure, regardless of variations in the population or environment.
C) The size of genetic and environmental influences depends on the consistency of heritability estimates.
D) Heritability estimates can vary across different samples and may change with changes in the population or environment.
D) Heritability estimates can vary across different samples and may change with changes in the population or environment
In the context of parental education’s influence on heritability, what pattern is observed among families with low parental education compared to those with high parental education?
A) Families with low parental education show a large genetic effect and a small environmental effect.
B) Families with low parental education exhibit a large environmental effect and no genetic effect.
C) Families with high parental education demonstrate a substantial genetic effect and a negligible environmental effect.
D) Families with high parental education show a significant environmental effect and a minimal genetic effect.
C) Families with high parental education demonstrate a substantial genetic effect and a negligible environmental effect.
Why is it challenging to sort out causal responsibility when considering the correlation between genetic and environmental influences?
A) The correlation between genetic and environmental influences is purely coincidental and has no impact on causal responsibility.
B) Environmental effects are difficult to measure, making it unclear how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
C) The assumption that genetic and environmental influences are independent is naive, leading to difficulties in assigning causal responsibility.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of an environmental effect rely solely on its correlation with genetic effects, creating confusion in causal attribution.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of an environmental effect rely solely on its correlation with genetic effects, creating confusion in causal attribution.
How did Dickens and Flynn (2001) use intelligence as an example to illustrate the correlation between genetic and environmental influences?
A) They demonstrated that genetic influences on intelligence are entirely independent of environmental factors.
B) They showed that environmental influences on intelligence are unrelated to genetic factors.
C) They highlighted a correlation between high intelligence and environments that foster learning, leading to increased IQ.
D) They argued against the existence of any correlation between genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
C) They highlighted a correlation between high intelligence and environments that foster learning, leading to increased IQ.
Why does the correlation between genetic and environmental influences make it challenging to assess causal responsibility?
A) It complicates the measurement of environmental effects, making it difficult to estimate their true impact.
B) Genetic effects are often mistakenly attributed to the environment due to their correlation, leading to misinterpretation.
C) The correlation between genetic and environmental influences is purely coincidental and doesn’t impact causal assessments.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of genetic effects rely solely on their correlation with environmental influences, causing confusion.
B) Genetic effects are often mistakenly attributed to the environment due to their correlation, leading to misinterpretation.
How is the size of an environmental effect traditionally judged
A) The size of an environmental effect is judged by its correlation with genetic effects
B) Environmental effects are evaluated based on their independence from genetic influences to avoid misattribution.
C) The size of an environmental effect is assessed by how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
D) none of the above
C) The size of an environmental effect is assessed by how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
Dickins and Flinn (2001) argument regarding the correlation between genetic and environmental influences applies to personality because
A) It emphasizes the independence of genetic factors and environmental influences on personality.
B) It suggests that genetic factors play a minimal role in personality development compared to environmental influences.
C) It highlights how people’s genetic makeup influences the environments they enter, impacting personality development.
D) It argues against any correlation between genetic factors and the environments people choose, asserting that personality is solely determined by genetics.
C) It highlights how people’s genetic makeup influences the environments they enter, impacting personality development.
