PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE Flashcards by Jordan Crystal

these theories focus on one person’s relations to others.

A) ego psychology

B) attachment theories

C) objective behavioural theories

D) object relations

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the core theme of object relations derives from

a. The primacy of the superego
b. The role of the unconscious mind
c. The development of bonds to external objects
d. The dominance of the id

c. The development of bonds to external objects

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What concept from Freud’s theory is specifically mentioned as the foundation for the core theme of object relations?
a. Oedipus complex
b. Defense mechanisms
c. Ego development
d. Libido

c. Ego development

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In the context of object relations, what is the role of the ego in relation to external objects?

a. Suppressing id energies
b. Developing bonds to external objects
c. Sublimating unconscious desires
d. Isolating the superego

b. Developing bonds to external objects

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How does the ego’s development of bonds to external objects contribute to the effective release of id energies?

a. By repressing id energies
b. By isolating id energies
c. By channeling id energies into relationships
d. By enhancing id energies

c. By channeling id energies into relationships

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What is the primary focus of object relations theory in terms of understanding human development?

a. The role of unconscious conflicts
b. The impact of societal norms
c. The formation of relationships with external objects
d. The dominance of instinctual drives

c. The formation of relationships with external objects

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What is the primary focus of object relations theories regarding bonds?

a. Satisfaction of the id
b. Satisfying unconscious desires
c. Forming bonds with people as objects
d. Liberating the superego

c. Forming bonds with people as objects

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in object relations theories, what is considered a basic ego function?

a. Satisfying the id
b. Forming bonds with people as objects
c. Suppression of unconscious desires
d. Enhancing superego control

b. Forming bonds with people as objects

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How are object relations theories similar to neoanalytic theories in terms of emphasis?

a. They emphasize the id over the ego
b. They prioritize the superego over the id
c. They focus on unconscious conflicts
d. They emphasize the ego over the id

d. They emphasize the ego over the id

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What is highlighted as the main focus of personality in object relations theories, according to the information?

a. Satisfying the superego
b. Fulfilling unconscious desires
c. Developing bonds with people as objects
d. Liberating the id

c. Developing bonds with people as objects

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What is the significance of bonds in object relations theories

a. They primarily serve to satisfy unconscious desires
b. They are a basic ego function and the main focus of personality
c. They aim to liberate the id from societal constraints
d. They suppress the influence of the superego

b. They are a basic ego function and the main focus of personality

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White 1959 introduced two motivational concepts that he used to discuss _____

A) objects

B) the superego

C) the ego

D) the id

C) the ego

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what is the motive of effectance motivation

A) the motive to be effective in dealing with the environment

B) the motive to have an effect or an impact on your surroundings

C) the extent to which the person inhibits impulses

D) a compensatory process is activated and the person strives for superiority

B) the motive to have an effect or an impact on your surroundings

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what did White believe is a basic motive which is the major outlet for the egos energies

A) competence motivation

B) effectance motivation

C) ego control

D) ego resilience

B) effectance motivation

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what does Effectance motivation evolve into

A) competence motivation

B) it does not evolve

C) ego control

D) ego resilience

A) competence motivation

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the motive to be effective in dealing with the environment refers to what

A) competence motivation

B) effectance motivation

C) ego control

D) ego resilience

A) competence motivation

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what motive moves the person toward ever-new challenges and masteries.

A) competence motivation

B) effectance motivation

C) ego control

D) ego resilience

A) competence motivation

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what motivation can be exercised endlessly

A) competence motivation

B) effectance motivation

C) ego control

D) ego resilience

A) competence motivation

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who proposed that people strive for greater competence, but for different reasons

A) Block

B) Freud

C) Adler

D) White

C) Adler

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Adler proposed that whenever a person has feelings of inferiority, what happens when the persons strives for superiority

A) Feelings of inferiority are intensified

B) A compensatory process is activated

C) The individual gives up on the pursuit of superiority

D) The individual becomes complacent and content with their current status

B) a compensatory process is activated

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what did Adler believe about inferiority feelings and superiority strivings

A) Inferiority feelings and superiority strivings are unrelated

B) They cycle with each other constantly

C) Inferiority feelings are permanent and unchangeable

D) Superiority strivings are irrelevant to mental health

B) they cycle with each other constantly

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what did Adler view to be an important part of healthy ego functioning

A) Repression of unwanted thoughts

B) Withdrawal from social interactions

C) Dependency on others

D) Struggle for increased competence

D) struggle for increased competence

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what did Adler call the “great upward drive.

A) Repression of unwanted thoughts

B) Withdrawal from social interactions

C) Dependency on others

D) The struggle for increased competence

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in Adler and Whites view, what is the primary goal of the ego

A) To suppress unconscious desires

B) To better adapt to the world

C) To maintain a state of constant pleasure

D) To achieve perfection

B) To better adapt to the world

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the aspects of learning to restrain impulses and knowing when to restrain yourself and when to behave freely forms the aspects of what A) repression B) denial C) adaptation D) learning

C) adaptation

Block and Block used "ego control" to refer to what A) The extent to which the person inhibits impulses B) The ability to engage in goal-directed behavior C) The level of unconscious desires D) The strength of the superego

A) The extent to which the person inhibits impulses

an aspect of ego functioning that is flexible and refers to the capacity to modify your usual level of ego control to adapt to a given situation A) Ego inhibition B) Ego resiliency C) Ego control D) Ego adaptability

B) Ego resiliency

people who undercontrol—who can't delay gratification, who express their feelings and desires immediately would have low levels of A) Ego inhibition B) Ego resiliency C) Ego control D) Ego adaptability

C) Ego control

people who overcontrol––who delay gratification endlessly, inhibit their actions and feelings, and insulate themselves from outside distractions would have high levels of A) Ego inhibition B) Ego resiliency C) Ego control D) Ego adaptability

C) Ego control

People who can't break out of their usual way of relating to the world, even when it's temporarily good to do so would have A) low ego control B) high ego control C) high ego resiliency D) low ego resilience

D) low ego resilience

People who are resilient and resourceful and adapt well to changing circumstances. would have A) Ego inhibition B) Ego resiliency C) Ego control D) Ego adaptability

B) Ego resiliency

Mahler viewed personality development as A) A static and unchanging process B) A process of breaking down the psychological fusion with others that we are born with and becoming an individual who's separate and distinct C) A predetermined and irreversible sequence of psychological fusions with others D) A process that ends in early childhood with no involvement of an individual in determining what they want to do

B) process of breaking down the psychological fusion that we are born with, and becoming an individual who’s separate and distinct

The period when the infant is fused with its mother is called A) Autonomy B) Object constancy C) Symbiosis D) Individuation

C) Symbiosis

what did Mahler call the process that occurs at around 6 months of age when a child starts to become aware of its separate existence A) symbiosis B) separation–individuation C) fusion-separation D) object constancy

B) separation–individuation

what does separation-individuation involve A) Fusion with the mother B) Gradual exploration away from the mother C) Immediate independence from the mother D) Sudden individuation from the mother

B) Gradual exploration away from the mother

during what time does a child have conflict between two pressures A) symbiosis B) separation–individuation C) fusion-separation D) object constancy

B) separation–individuation

which of the following is NOT a conflict a child has during the process of separation-individuation A) fear of being overwhelmed in a merger with her and a desire to establish its own selfhood B) a wish to be taken care of by mother and united with her C) wanting a sense of union despite striving for individuation and separation D) A desire for complete independence from the mother

D) A desire for complete independence from the mother

which of the following is NOT important to a child's adjustment to individuation-separation A) a mothers emotional availability B) a mothers behaviour C) a mothers gentle nudge toward independence D) the mother being as present as possible to the child's experience

D) the mother being as present as possible to the child's experience

what would cause a child to experience separation anxiety. A) If the mother is not present enough in the child’s experience B) If the mother pushes too much toward individuation C) if the mother is emotional available D) if the mother gives her child a gentle nudge toward independence

B) If the mother pushes too much toward individuation

at what age does the child develops a stable mental representation of its mother A) at about age 3 B) at about 6 months C) at about age 6 D) at about age 1

A) at about age 3

what occurs once a child develops a stable mental representation of its mother A) The child becomes completely independent from the mother B) The childforms a psychological and emotional impression of her as an internal object C) The child's desire for symbiosis intensifies D) The child regresses to an earlier stage of development

B) The childforms a psychological and emotional impression of her as an internal object

what matters regarding the internalisation of object representations A) what the child experiences as happening B) who is present in childhood C) what happens in childhood D) how the child is treated

A) what the child experiences as happening

what would an object relations theorist say in relation to how we relate to others A) resemblance of a significant person determines our reaction to others B) we treat everyone uniquely C) we look at others from inside our patterns D) we notice only variations within patterns

A) resemblance of a significant person determines our reaction to others

the pattern of relating to others that you develop in early childhood forms the core of what A) how we treat others uniquely B) relating to others for the rest of your life C) how minor the variations are within patterns of how we treat people D) how we view ourselves

B) relating to others for the rest of your life

Kohut’s theory that relationships create the structure of the self A) Self-attributed motive B) Ego Psychology C) self psychology D) object relations

C) self psychology

Kohut believed people have an essential A) detachment B) narcissism C) dependence D) suppression

B) narcissism

narcissism though Kohut's view refers to A) The ego process of rationally seeking an object to satisfy a desire. B) a pattern of self-centered needs that must be satisfied through others C) The ability to hold back a behavior you want to do in favor of some other behavior. D) Deciding for yourself what to do.

B) a pattern of self-centered needs that must be satisfied through others

what term did Kphut use to refer to the mental representation of another person who functions to help satisfy your needs A) Symbiotic partner B) Internal object C) Transitional object D) Selfobject

D) Selfobject

how are self objects experiences in early childhood A) from the view of others B) extensions of the self C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self D) from the view that one needs help

B) extensions of the self

how are self objects experienced after early childhood A) from the view of others B) extensions of the self C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self D) from the view that one needs help

C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self

how does a selfobject exist A) as extensions of others B) to serve the needs of others C) from the selfs point of view D) from the point of view of others

C) from the selfs point of view

how did Kohut think a child acquires a self A) Through genetic inheritance B) Through exposure to cultural influences C) Through direct instruction from parents D) Through interaction with parents

D) Through interaction with parents

what do parents engage in to gratify the child's narcissistic needs A) approving B) mirroring C) rejecting D) ignoring

B) mirroring

what does mirroring refer to in terms of narcissistic needs A) ignoring the child's needs B) Showing behaviour that the child must do C) Giving support to the child and responding in an empathic, accepting way. D) Encouraging the child to be completely independent

C) Giving support to the child and responding in an empathic, accepting way.

what must be sustained to some degree throughout development, to create a sense of self-importance to be carried into adulthood A) Reality orientation B) Illusion of all importance C) Self-criticism D) Narcissistic devaluation

B) Illusion of all importance

what sense of self does a child have A) An accurate and realistic sense of self B) Grandiosity C) A diminished sense of self D) Self-deprecation

B) Grandiosity

In a healthy personality, what happens to the grandiosity A) its modified and channeled into realistic activities B) turns into ambition and self-esteem C) the child develops a healthy sense of self D) all of the above

D) all of the above

what occurs if there are severe failures of mirroring A) the child will continue relating to other people immaturely B) the child will have deeper narcissistic needs than other people C) the child never develops an adequate sense of self D) all of the above

D) all of the above

what does mirroring involve later in life A) reality B) adaptation C) transference D) motification

C) transference

what does the process of transference refer to A) The process of individuation B) Using your parents as a frame of reference to the orientation you have toward others C) The process of internalization D) The process of object constancy

B) Using your parents as a frame of reference to the orientation you have toward others

transference fromparents to other self objects is similar to what part of Mahlers idea A) a child developing a stable mental representation of its mother B) internal object relation corresponding to a parent is used in forming later relationships. C) separation–individuation and fusion with the other. D) becoming an individual who’s separate and distinct

B) internal object relation corresponding to a parent is used in forming later relationships.

according to Bowlby, what is the biological purpose of clinging and following of the infant A) Promoting independence B) Facilitating exploration C) Keep the infant close to the mother D) Encouraging autonomy

C) Keep the infant close to the mother

what is the basic theme of attachment theory A) Independence is the primary goal B) Mother creates a secure base and safe haven for the child C) Attachment is irrelevant to child development D) Autonomy is discouraged in children

B) Mother creates a secure base and safe haven for the child

what theory sees the childs need for security and a base from which to explore the world as important A) Object relations theory B) Behaviorism C) Attachment theory D) Psychoanalytic theory

C) Attachment theory

what does attachment theory hold about the child A) children are inherently social beings, driven by an innate need to form emotional bonds and connections with others. B) children are primarily isolated and do not seek meaningful connections with caregivers or peers. C) children engage in social interactions solely for entertainment purposes, without forming any lasting emotional connections. D) they build implicit mental "working models" of the self, others and the nature of relationships

D) they build implicit mental "working models" of the self, others and the nature of relationships

what procedure was devised to assess infant attachment A) Parental involvement assessment B) Strange situation C) Attachment disconnection test D) Infant behavior inventory

B) Strange situation

attachment shown in the strange situation where normal distress occurs when the mother left and happy enthusiasm when she returned A) secure B) ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganised

A) secure

in the strange situation, where the infant was clingy and became very upset when the mother left. The response to the mother’s return mixed approach with rejection and anger. A) secure B) ambivalent / resistant C) avoidant D) disorganised

B) ambivalent

in this pattern shown in the strange situation the infant stayed calm when the mother left and responded to her return by ignoring her. A) secure B) ambivalent / resistant C) avoidant D) disorganised

C) avoidant

what is important in relation to the basis of variations in attachment in terms of the mothers A) timing B) actions C) emotions D) words

A) timing

if one was to respond "maybe" to the question "Can I count on my attachment figure to be available and responsive when needed?" what attachment does this reflect? A) secure B) ambivalent / resistant C) avoidant D) disorganised

B) ambivalent / resistant

what is true regarding the specificity of attachment patterns? A) they can vary in style depending on who one is interacting with B) they are stable from early life C) they become stable after childhood D) patterns are consistent throughout life and show no variability

A) they can vary in style depending on who one is interacting with

if behaviour 6 years old showed some resistance and subtle signs of hostility, they would most likely have what sort of attachment style A) secure B) ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganised

B) ambivalent

if a 6 year old shows posture and voice that exaggerate sense of intimacy and dependency, they would most likely have what sort of attachment style A) secure B) ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganised

B) ambivalent

if a 6 year old minimizes opportunity for interaction with returning parent, looking and speaking only briefly; returns to toys. they would most likely have what sort of attachment style A) secure B) ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganised

C) avoidant

what attachment pattern would be seen when people a appear to distort their memory of interactions over time to make them more consistent with their working models A) secure B) ambivalent C) avoidant D) insecure

D) insecure

adults with a secure attachment pattern report A) a desire for reciprocation and union B) greater obsessive preoccupation C) lower levels of acceptance of their partners’ imperfections D) high levels of trust in their romantic partner

D) high levels of trust in their romantic partner

how do Ambivalent adults experience love A) B) with a desire for reciprocation and union C) by accepting their lovers’ imperfections D)

B) with a desire for reciprocation and union

who are more likely to report that a relationship had been “love at first sight.” A) secure adults B) ambivalent adults C) avoidant adults D) insecure adults

B) ambivalent adults

how do avoidant adults experience love A) they are less likely than the others to report accepting their lovers’ imperfections B) as an obsessive preoccupation C) as “love at first sight.” D) with extreme emotional highs and lows

A) they are less likely than the others to report accepting their lovers’ imperfections

what attachment style would be related to extremes of both attraction and jealousy A) secure adults B) ambivalent adults C) avoidant adults D) insecure adults

B) ambivalent adults

in terms of mental models that people hold on the nature of relationships, what would avoidant adults most likely say A) falling in love is easy and happens often B) love doesn’t last C) love is real D) when love comes, its stays

B) love doesn’t last

in terms of mental models that people hold on the nature of relationships, what would ambivalent adults most likely say A) falling in love is easy and happens often, but doesnt last B) love doesn’t last C) love is real D) when love comes, its stays

A) falling in love is easy and happens often, but doesnt last

who most likely to have obsessive and dependent love relationships A) secure adults B) ambivalent adults C) avoidant adults D) insecure adults

B) ambivalent adults

for ambivalent adults, what would be the cause of conflict and stress in their relationship A) not being interested in their partners intimate thoughts and feelings B) obsessive tendency to seek reassurance C) too much independence D) being self reliant

B) obsessive tendency to seek reassurance

who are the least likely to report being in love in the present or in the past A) secure adults B) ambivalent adults C) avoidant adults D) insecure adults

C) avoidant adults

who would be the least interested in knowing their partners’ intimate thoughts and feelings A) secure adults B) ambivalent adults C) avoidant adults D) insecure adults

C) avoidant adults

Bartholomew and Horowitz 1991 argued for what A) different attachment styles in infancy B) two dimensions of working models C) variations in attachment across cultures D) attachments applicability in adolescence

B) two dimensions of working models

what are the two dimensions of Bartholomew and Horowitz 1991 working models A) Positive-versus-negative model of the self and a positive-versus-negative model of others B) Secure-versus-insecure model of attachment and an anxious-versus-avoidant model of attachment C) Internal-versus-external model of the self and an internal-versus-external model of others D) Adaptive-versus-maladaptive model of the self and an adaptive-versus-maladaptive model of others

A) Positive-versus-negative model of the self and a positive-versus-negative model of others

what is true regarding secure attachment patterns in adults and the most important romance of their life A) they report patterns of greater obsessive preoccupation B) they report higher levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others C) they report lower levels of acceptance of their partners’ imperfections D) they report average levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others

B) they report higher levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others

one procedure to study attachment patterns in adults asks people to respond to a series of statements expressing opinions about their current close relationships, what do these self report scales include A) items that reflect greater attachment security versus items that reflect greater attachment insecurity B) items that reflect greater attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater attachment avoidance C) items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment avoidance D) Items that measure the respondent's knowledge of attachment theory in psychology.

C) items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment avoidance

which of the following is a measure of adult attachment A) Adult Attachment Interview B) Relationship Satisfaction Survey C) Attachment Style Quiz D) Attachment Productivity Assessment

A) Adult Attachment Interview

what does the Adult attachment interview ask from participants A) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance B) what people recall about their early experiences with caregivers C) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence with their caregivers D) none of the above

whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance

what does the Adult Attachment Interview measure A) what people recall about their early experiences with caregivers B) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences C) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance D) none of the above

B) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences

what are key issues the Adult Attachment Interview look for A) whether people either lack childhood memories or idealize their caregivers B) whether people seem preoccupied by unresolved loss or abuse C) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences D) all of the above

D) all of the above

if the Adult Attachment Interview finds that the person has a lack childhood memories or idealize their caregivers, this would be taken as signs of A) healthy attachment B) avoidant attachment C) anxious attachment D) ambivalent attachment

B) avoidant attachment

if the Adult Attachment Interview finds that the person seem preoccupied by unresolved loss or abuse this is taken as A) healthy attachment B) avoidant attachment C) anxious attachment D) ambivalent attachment

C) anxious attachment

what are the two dimensions of adult attachment patterns according to Bartholomew and Horowitz A) healthy and unhealthy B) anxious and avoidance C) avoidant and ambivalent D) ambivalent and anxious

B) anxious and avoidance

What is highlighted as a conceptual parallel between the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report scales? a. Empirical overlap b. Lack of convergence c. Theoretical differences d. Conceptual divergence

a. Empirical overlap

what is the empirical overlap between the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report scales? a. High convergence in measurement procedures b. Low convergence in measurement procedures c. Complete agreement in scoring d. Minimal difference in scoring

b. Low convergence in measurement procedures

What is suggest about individuals who score as secure on a self-report measure in comparison to the Adult Attachment Interview? a. They are very likely to score as secure on the AAI b. They are barely more likely to score as secure on the AAI c. They are less likely to score as secure on the AAI d. They are never likely to score as secure on the AAI

b. They are barely more likely to score as secure on the AAI

Despite the lack of convergence, what common characteristic is mentioned about both the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report measures? a. They are unreliable in predicting outcomes b. They predict outcomes that are irrelevant to the theory c. They predict outcomes that are relevant to the theory d. They have theoretical differences

c. They predict outcomes that are relevant to the theory

What is the main point emphasized regarding the predictive ability of both measures? a. They have limited predictive ability b. They predict different outcomes c. They have no predictive ability d. They predict outcomes relevant to the theory

d. They predict outcomes relevant to the theory

According to Roisman et al. (2007), when are self-reports most reliably associated with the quality of adult relationships? a. Under conditions of low interpersonal stress b. Under conditions of high interpersonal stress c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations d. Only in situations of extreme stress

b. Under conditions of high interpersonal stress

In contrast to self-reports, when is the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) linked to relationship quality, according to the conclusion by Roisman et al. (2007)? a. Only under conditions of high interpersonal stress b. Only under conditions of low interpersonal stress c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations d. It is not linked to relationship quality in any situation

c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations

what temptation arises when considering the differences between implicit and self-ascribed measures of attachment? a. The temptation to disregard implicit measures b. The temptation to overemphasize implicit measures c. The temptation to speculate about differences d. The temptation to dismiss self-reports entirely

c. The temptation to speculate about differences

what does some evidence suggest as what self-reports of attachment relate to A) explicit attachment attitudes B) implicit attachment attitudes C) self ascribed attachment attitudes D) observed attachment behaviors

B) implicit attachment attitudes

within the two dimensional approach to attachment, what is the result of forming groups by combining extremes on models of self and others in the two-dimensional approach? a. Formation of three separate groups b. Formation of two separate groups c. Formation of four separate groups d. Formation of five separate groups

c. Formation of four separate groups

according to Bartholomew and Horowitz people with avoidant attachment can be further divided into which two subgroups? A) dismissive and hateful B) dismissive and fearful C) dismissive and anxious D) dismissive and ambivalent

B) dismissive and fearful

What is mentioned as equivalent to the secures and ambivalents from the three-group approach in the two-dimensional approach? a. The secures and dismissives b. The ambivalents and fearfuls c. The secures and ambivalents d. The dismissives and fearfuls

c. The secures and ambivalents

what happens to avoidants from the three-group approach in the two-dimensional approach? a. They remain as a single group b. They split into two separate groups c. They merge with secures d. They form a new category called "insecure"

b. They split into two separate groups

What are the two separate groups into which avoidants split in the two-dimensional approach, depending on whether attachment anxiety is involved? a. Avoidants and ambivalents b. Dismissive and ambivalent c. Dismissive and fearful d. Secure and fearful

c. Dismissive and fearful

what does ambivalence from the three-category model equivalent to in the four category model? A) secure B) preoccupied C) fearful D) dismissing

B) preoccupied

what does avoidant from the three-category model equivalent to in the four category model? A) secure B) preoccupied C) fearful D) dismissing

C) fearful D) dismissing

if one was to have a positive model of the self but a negative model of others, they would have what sort of attachment pattern according to the two dimensional approach A) secure B) preoccupied C) fearful avoidant D) dismissing avoidant

D) dismissing avoidant

if one was to have a negative model of the self and a negative model of others, they would have what sort of attachment pattern according to the four category mode A) secure B) preoccupied C) fearful avoidant D) dismissing avoidant

C) fearful avoidant

if one was to have a positive model of others byt a negative model of the self, they would have what sort of attachment pattern according to the four category mode A) secure B) preoccupied C) fearful D) dismissing

B) preoccupied

the two dimensional approach to attachment yields what A) three attachment patterns B) four attachment patterns C) two attachment patterns D one attachment pattern

B) four attachment patterns

What is the advantage of the two-dimensional approach in understanding the attachment response? a. It simplifies the assessment process b. It focuses on a single issue in attachment c. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of two separate issues in attachment d. It disregards the complexities of attachment styles

c. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of two separate issues in attachment

What idea does the three-category approach emphasize regarding significant others? a. Their constant availability b. Their unpredictability c. Their consistent unavailability d. Their conditional availability

b. Their unpredictability

what does the three-category approach nicely convey about significant others? a. Their varied emotional responses b. Their diverse range of behaviors c. Their availability, unpredictability, or unavailability d. Their consistent supportiveness

c. Their availability, unpredictability, or unavailability

What is the specific advantage of the two-dimensional approach in comparison to the three-category approach in understanding attachment? a. It simplifies the assessment of attachment styles b. It captures the complexity of two separate issues in attachment c. It reduces attachment responses to a single issue d. It highlights the exclusivity of attachment behaviors

b. It captures the complexity of two separate issues in attachment

what model of attachment does personality literature largely use A) three dimensional approach B) two-dimensional approach. C) eight dimensional approach D) one dimensional approach

B) two-dimensional approach.

what is true regarding the stability of attachment over long periods A) its total B) its moderate C) its weak D) its consistent

B) its moderate

what is true regarding specificity of attachment A) each person has one pattern of relating to others B) people have specific patterns for how they relate to their parents C) attachment patterns may vary across relationships D) attachment patterns are universal for everyone

C) attachment patterns may vary across relationships

in studying links to people’s orientations to work, Hazan and Shaver found what responses in those who are ambivalent A) they report a desire to keep busy with work B) they are most likely to report that their work was motivated by a desire for others’ approval C) they socialized less during leisure time D) they report more happiness with the recognition they got at work and their degree of job security

B) they are most likely to report that their work was motivated by a desire for others’ approval

in studying links to people’s orientations to work, Hazan and Shaver found what responses in those who are avoidant A) they report a desire to keep busy with work B) they are most likely to report that their work was motivated by a desire for others’ approval C) they socialize more during leisure time D) they report more happiness with the recognition they got at work and their degree of job security

A) they report a desire to keep busy with work

what has some research found in relation to men who have avoidance attachment styles A) they attempt to be reassuring if their partner shows signs of distress B) they get angry if their partners show signs of distress C) they may withdraw emotionally when their partners show signs of distress D) they seek emotional closeness when their partners show signs of distress

B) they get angry if their partners show signs of distress

what predicts greater stress reactivity during discussion of a relationship conflict A) ambivalence B) avoidance C) high stress D) anxiety

what predicts low scores on prosocial orientation, trust, and interdependence A) ambivalence B) avoidance C) high stress D) anxiety

B) avoidance

what is related to compulsive caregiving and also to higher levels of egoistic motivation and lower levels of trust A) ambivalence B) avoidance C) high stress D) anxiety

D) anxiety

what attachment pattern experiences more stress and found parenting less satisfying compared to people with other attachment patterns A) ambivalence B) avoidance C) fearful D) anxious

B) avoidance

what has research on psychosocial views suggested in what makes people more compassionate and responsive to the needs of others in general A) empathy development B) attachment security C) emotional intelligence D) cultural factors

B) attachment security

what does people's motivation for helping others depend on? a. Attachment style b. Personality traits and external circumstances c. External circumstances only d. Personality traits only

a. Attachment style

who are more likely to report helping because they want something in return or they feel obligated and want to avoid the negative consequences of not helping A) ambivalents B) avoidants C) fearful D) anxious

B) avoidants

who are less likely to report helping because they enjoy it or have a genuine concern over their partner’s well-being A) ambivalents B) avoidants C) fearful D) anxious

B) avoidants

what people would exaggerate the negative implications of a partner’s failure to offer help when dealing with stress A) anxious B) avoidants C) secure D) insecures

D) insecures

who is more likely to explain away a partner’s unsupportive behavior when dealing with stress A) anxious B) avoidants C) secure D) insecures

C) secure

what attachment is linked to severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in veterans and secondary traumatic stress in their wives A) anxious B) avoidants C) secure D) insecures

A) anxious

who has higher levels of ineffective emotion-focused reactions (e.g., self-criticism, wishing they could change how they felt) when coping with stress A) anxious B) avoidants C) secure D) ambivalents

D) ambivalents

what pattern leads people to perceive hostile intent behind others’ behavior A) anxious B) avoidant C) secure D) ambivalents

B) avoidant

what does research suggest in terms of avoidant men with ambivalent women A) Tensions often arise due to conflicting attachment styles B) they are most desired as partners C) it is unsatisfying to both partners D) they tend to be stable pairings, despite dissatisfactions

D) they tend to be stable pairings, despite dissatisfactions

what relationship parings are rare A) secure with avoidant B) secure with secure C) insecure with insecure D) insecure with anxious

C) insecure with insecure

what type of partners do avoidants avoid A) partners who will be inconsistent B) partners who will be emotionally inaccessible C) partners who demand too much emotional intimacy D) partners who are overly expressive with their emotions

B) partners who will be emotionally inaccessible

what type of partners do ambivalents avoid A) partners who will be inconsistent B) partners who will be emotionally inaccessible C) partners who demand too much emotional intimacy D) partners who are overly expressive with their emotions

A) partners who will be inconsistent

what trait of the five factor model does avoidants link with A) openness B) introverted C) extraverted D) neurotic

B) introverted

what trait of the five factor model does secure attachement link with A) conscentiousness B) introverted C) extraverted D) neurotic

C) extraverted

what trait of the five factor model does ambivalents link with A) Agreeable B) introverted C) extraverted D) neurotic

D) neurotic

what do attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety dimensions strongly resemble A) Trust and dependency B) introversion–extraversion and neuroticism C) Openness and conscientiousness D) Emotional stability and social orientation

B) introversion–extraversion and neuroticism

Avoidance, measured by the scale that pits avoidance against security, has associations with what traits A) Openness and conscientiousness B) Social withdrawal tendencies C) Extraversion and agreeableness D) Emotional stability and social orientation

C) both extraversion and agreeableness

do correlated measures (attachment and “big five” scales) overlap in predicting outcomes or contribute separately A) Attachment dimensions don’t seem identical with the “big five” traits. B) They share a significant overlap in predicting outcomes C) They contribute independently to predicting outcomes D) Attachment dimensions demonstrate a complete alignment with the "big five" traits.

A) Attachment dimensions don’t seem identical with the “big five” traits.

Childhood adversity has been linked to what traits A) Improved emotional resilience B) high neuroticism and low agreeableness C) low neuroticism and low agreeableness D) Decreased openness to experience

B) higher neuroticism and lower agreeableness

in contrast to Freud, what did Erickson believe about personality development A) proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences. B) continues to evolve throughout life. C) is divided into the id, ego and superego. D) None of the answers are correct.

B) continues to evolve throughout life.

what was Ericksons contribution to developmental processes A) sudden changes in development B) stage development C) discontinuous development D) life span development

D) life span development

what is the central theme of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. A) Social conformity B) Physical development C) Interpersonal conflicts D) Ego identity

D) ego identity

what is ego identity A) Inherent personality traits B) The consciously experienced sense of self, derived from transactions with social reality C) Biological determinants of identity D) Unconscious perceptions of the self, derived from social transactions

B) The consciously experienced sense of self, derived from transactions with social reality

what is the source of ego identity? a. Internal psychological processes b. Genetic predisposition c. Transactions with social reality d. Inherent personality traits

c. Transactions with social reality

According to Erikson, why is forming and maintaining a strong sense of ego identity critical? a. It has no impact on individual development b. It ensures a stable and unchanging personality c. It is essential for healthy psychological functioning d. It is irrelevant to social interactions

c. It is essential for healthy psychological functioning

According to Erikson's theory, what is a second major theme that concerns competence and personal adequacy? a. Identity and self-discovery b. Autonomy and independence c. Competence and mastery d. Attachment and bonding

c. Competence and mastery

what is the outcome if a stage in Erikson's theory is managed well in terms of competence? a. The person emerges with a sense of inadequacy b. The person emerges with a sense of incompetence c. The person emerges with a sense of mastery d. The person emerges with a sense of identity crisis

c. The person emerges with a sense of mastery

What is the consequence if a stage in Erikson's theory is not managed well in terms of competence? a. The person experiences feelings of inadequacy b. The person experiences feelings of competence c. The person experiences a sense of identity d. The person experiences a sense of autonomy

a. The person experiences feelings of inadequacy

How is the motivating force behind people's actions described in Erikson's theory regarding competence? a. A desire for happiness b. A desire for emotional expression c. A desire for competence d. A desire for cognitive development

c. A desire for competence

Whites motive to be effective in dealing with the environment corresponds with what aspect of Eriksons theory a. A desire for happiness b. A desire for emotional expression c. A desire for competence d. A desire for cognitive development

c. A desire for competence

in contrast to White, Erikson A) focused on competence as a motive that moves the person toward ever-new challenges and masteries. B) focused more specifically on competence in the social environment C) focused on the motive to have an effect or an impact on your surroundings D) focused on the motive to be effective in dealing with the environment

B) focused more specifically on competence in the social environment

in Erikson's view, what do people experience during each stage of development A) Cognitive development challenges B) Psychosocial crisis C) Emotional stagnation D) Physical growth spurts

B) psychosocial crisis

what does crisis and conflict relate to in Eriksons theory A) Identity formation challenges B) Intense emotional distress C) Internal struggles and external challenges D) A phase of optimal development coupled with increased susceptibility

D) A phase of optimal development coupled with increased susceptibility

what occurs during the conflict that occurs in each crisis A) confrontation between persons B) conflict within personality C) struggle between attaining some psychological quality versus failing to attain it D) having mastered it once and for all when handled in the most intense period

C) struggle between attaining some psychological quality versus failing to attain it

what does each stage of Erikson's theory focus on A) Transactions with social reality B) Interpersonal relationships and conflicts C) Cognitive development milestones D) Emotional well-being and stability

A) Transactions with social reality

what is the outcome of each pair associated with each stage in Erikson's theory A) incorporating both sides of the conflict B) Resolving the crisis in favor of one side C) acquiring the good quality C) Developing the negative quality

A) incorporating both sides of the conflict

what does successful negotiation of a stage in Erikson's theory imply A) Avoidance of conflicts during the stage B) Complete eradication of challenges C) That the balance is weighted more toward the positive value than the negative one D) A perfect resolution without any residual effects

C) That the balance is weighted more toward the positive value than the negative one

ego quality, ego strength, and virtue all refer to what in relation to Erikson's theory A) The ability to flexibly modify your typical level of ego control to adapt to new contexts. B) The positive orientation that becomes part of your personality through successful management of a crisis. C) The overall sense of self that emerges from your transactions with social reality. D) The part of the superego that represents perfection and rewards for good behavior.

B) The positive orientation that becomes part of your personality through successful management of a crisis.

The conflict at infancy—the most fundamental crisis of life—is between a sense of A) initiative vs guilt B) autonomy vs shame and doubt C) basic trust versus basic mistrust D) industry vs inferiority

C) basic trust versus basic mistrust

feeding easily, sleeping well, and eliminating regularly reflects A) identity B) initiative C) trust D) autonomy

C) trust

fitful sleep, fussiness in feeding and constipation is reflected in A) inferiority B) guilt C) shame and doubt D) mistrust

D) mistrust

A predominance of trust over mistrust gives rise to the ego strength of A) will B) hope C) purpose D) competence

B) hope

what crisis occurs during early childhood? A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Trust vs. Mistrust D) Industry vs. Inferiority

A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

in contrast to Freud, what did Erikson believe about toilet training A) It is a crucial determinant of later personality development B) Acquiring control over bladder and bowels helps create feelings of autonomy C) It is a source of deep-seated trauma D) It has minimal impact on psychological development

B) Acquiring control over bladder and bowels helps create feelings of autonomy

when do feelings of autonomy and competence emerge in children A) During the early stages of infancy B) when they can interact effectively with others C) Once they enter formal schooling D) When they achieve physical independence

B) when they can interact effectively with others

managing the autonomy in actions versus shame and doubt about being able to act independently leads to what qgo quality A) will B) hope C) purpose D) competence

A) will

Children with a greater sense of basic trust and security at 1 year A) Tend to exhibit increased dependence on caregivers B) Have a higher proportion of exploration that is self-initiated, or autonomous C) Are less likely to form secure attachments D) Show early signs of rebellious behavior

B) have a higher proportion of exploration that is self-initiated, or autonomous

what crisis occurs during preschool? A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Trust vs. Mistrust D) Industry vs. Inferiority

B) Initiative vs. Guilt

initiative concerns the child's willingness for A) will B) power C) exploration D) knowledge

B) power

Because constantly exerting power does tend to produce some disapproval, initiative eventually must be tempered by A) purpose B) guilt C) restraint D) will

C) restraint

what ego quality does a child emerge with if the crisis of initiative versus guilt is managed well A) care B) competence C) will D) purpose

D) purpose

what does purpose refer to in relation to ego strength A) a determination to exercise free choice. B) the courage to pursue valued goals without fear of punishment. C) an enduring belief that wishes are attainable D) the ability to live up to who you are

B) the courage to pursue valued goals without fear of punishment.

what does the ego strength of will refer to A) a determination to exercise free choice. B) the courage to pursue valued goals without fear of punishment. C) an enduring belief that wishes are attainable D) the ability to live up to who you are

A) a determination to exercise free choice.

what provides groundwork for the sense of initiative and purpose. A) basic trust B) C) D)

A) basic trust

what conflict arises during school age A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt B) Industry versus inferiority C) Identity vs. Confusion D) Initiative vs. Guilt

B) industry versus inferiority

what does the term industry reflect A) B) the fact that the child’s life remains focused on doing things that have an impact and is judged as good C) D)

B) the fact that the child’s life remains focused on doing things that have an impact and are good

what part of Eriksons theory relates to doing things that others value and in ways that others regard as appropriate and commendable A) initiative B) industry C) identity D) integrity

B) industry

what children tend to prefer reality-based activities over fantasy, and they are more able to distinguish the role of effort from that of ability in producing outcomes A) those with a strong sense of industry B) those with a strong sense of integrity C) those with a strong sense of initiative D) those with a strong sense of autonomy

A) those with a strong sense of industry

what children get better grades, and they tend to agree more with statements that are socially desirable. A) those with a strong sense of industry B) those with a strong sense of integrity C) those with a strong sense of initiative D) those with a strong sense of autonomy

A) those with a strong sense of industry

what feelings can arise when children are led by others to view their performance as inadequate or morally wrong A) feelings of superiority B) indifference towards the feedback C) feelings of inferiority D) a sense of accomplishment

C) feelings of inferiority

Managing the conflict between industry and inferiority results what ego quality A) care B) will C) fidelity D) competence

D) competence

what crisis occurs during adolescence A) identity versus role confusion. B) industry versus role confusion C) initiative versus guilt D) intimacy versus isolation

A) identity versus role confusion.

what does the phrase role confusion reflect A) an integrated sense of self B) the fact that every self has many facets that sometimes seem incompatible C) D)

B) the fact that every self has many facets that sometimes seem incompatible

what is the first step required to emerge from adolescence with a strong sense of identity? a. Developing a new set of self-views b. Consolidating self-views from previous stages c. Rejecting self-views from previous stages d. Ignoring self-views from previous stages

b. Consolidating self-views from previous stages

How does the integration of self-views from previous stages contribute to the development of a strong sense of identity? a. It creates confusion and inconsistency b. It results in a fragmented sense of identity c. It helps merge self-views in a sensible way d. It leads to the rejection of self-view

c. It helps merge self-views in a sensible way

what is the second step required for developing a strong sense of identity in adolescence? a. Rejecting the views that others hold b. Ignoring the views that others hold c. Integrating the self-view with the views of others d. Developing a completely independent self-view

c. Integrating the self-view with the views of others

How does the integration of the self-view with the views of others contribute to the emergence of a full sense of identity? a. It hinders the development of identity b. It reinforces a narrow sense of self c. It limits the scope of identity development d. It reflects the consensus with people the individual relates to

d. It reflects the consensus with people the individual relates to

What is emphasized regarding the consensus in the development of identity a. Consensus is not relevant to identity development b. Identity development is an entirely individual process c. A full sense of identity emerges by considering both self-views and others' views d. Consensus only matters in the early stages of development

c. A full sense of identity emerges by considering both self-views and others' views

According to Erikson's perspective, what is the source of identity? a. Solely from private self-conceptions b. Solely from social self-conceptions c. From a blending of private and social self-conceptions d. From external influences only

c. From a blending of private and social self-conceptions

How does Erikson describe the result of blending private and social self-conceptions in identity development? a. A sense of confusion b. A sense of personal discontinuity c. A sense of personal continuity or inner congruence d. A sense of isolation

c. A sense of personal continuity or inner congruence

What does Erikson emphasize regarding the importance of developing a sense of identity? a. It is a minor aspect of personal development b. It is irrelevant to an individual's life task c. It is a major life task for each person d. It is optional and not crucial for well-being

c. It is a major life task for each person

In Erikson's view, how does developing a sense of identity contribute to an individual's life task? a. It has minimal impact on an individual's life task b. It is entirely unrelated to an individual's life task c. It is a crucial aspect of each person's major life task d. It only matters in the early stages of development

c. It is a crucial aspect of each person's major life task

an inability to select a career or identify with popular heros or groups reflects A) industry B) inferiority C) identity formation D) role confusion

D) role confusion

what ego strength is associated with successful identity formation A) hope B) competence C) fidelity D) purpose

C) fidelity

what does fidelity refer to A) B) C) D) the ability to be truthful and live up to who you are

D) the ability to be truthful and life up to who you are

what conflict occurs during young adulthood A) intimacy versus isolation B) identity versus role confusion C) Generativity vs. Stagnation D) Industry vs. Inferiority

A) intimacy versus isolation

Erikson believed people are capable of intimacy only if they have a strong sense of A) others B) self C) closeness D) identity

D) identity

what is the ego quality associated with intimacy A) care B) purpose C) love D) togetherness

C) love

The failure to have intimacy in your life is termed A) interpersonal disconnect B) emotional isolation C) relational deficiency D) emotional detachment

B) emotional isolation

what is the longest life stage of the psychosocial stages A) infancy B) adulthood C) childhood D) adolescence

B) adulthood

what is the central conflict that occurs during adulthood A) B) generativity versus stagnation C) D)

B) generativity versus stagnation

the desire to create things in the world that will outlive you A) ego integrity B) intimacy C) generativity D) industry

C) generativity

By creating a new life tied to yours, you symbolically ensure your continuation into the future. this is linked with what A) ego integrity B) intimacy C) generativity D) industry

C) generativity

what relates to having a view of the self as a role model and source of wisdom for one’s children A) ego integrity B) intimacy C) generativity D) industry

C) generativity

what is related to a parenting style that fosters autonomy A) ego integrity B) intimacy C) generativity D) industry

C) generativity

Erikson believed that the desire for generativity reflects what shift in focus a. A continuation of the focus on a close relationship with one other person b. A shift from a broader concern with society to a close relationship with one other person c. A shift from a close relationship with one other person to a broader concern with society d. A rejection of both intimacy and generativity

c. A shift from a close relationship with one other person to a broader concern with society

an inability or unwillingness to give of oneself to the future and are preoccupied with their own concerns A) guit B) isolation C) despair D) stagnation

D) stagnation

those who have a self-centered or self-indulgent quality that keeps them from deeper involvement in the world around them have A) failed to develop a sense of intimacy B) failed to develop a sense of ego integrity C) failed to develop a sense of generativity D) failed to develop a sense of identity

C) failed to develop a sense of generativity

what ego quality emerges if there is a positive balance of generativity A) fidelity B) wisdom C) care D) love

C) care

what life stage is related to the conflict of ego integrity versus despair A) middle age B) old age C) early adulthood D) adolescence

B) old age

emerging from old age with a sense of integrity creates the ego quality of A) fidelity B) wisdom C) care D) love

B) wisdom

what involves meaning making and benevolence A) fidelity B) wisdom C) care D) love

B) wisdom

what idea did Erickson apply in which he said there is a readiness for each crisis at birth and that all issues of each crisis is always there A) evolution B) unfolding C) imaturation D) epigenesis

D) epigenesis

what are the implications of applying epigenesis to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development A) Stages are predetermined B) Personality remains static C) Crises are not resolved once and for all D) Stages are linear and irreversible

C) Crises are not resolved once and for all

in McAdams view, what are two aspects underlying personality and identities A) cognition and emotion B) motivation and narratives C) temperament and behavior D) social roles and self-concept

B) motivation and narratives

what is McAdams view on narratives constructing our identities A) Narratives are fixed and unchangeable B) Our story is constantly being written and under revision until death C) The stories we tell ourselves partly describes individual differences in personality D) Narratives are irrelevant to personality

B) Our story is constantly being written and under revision until death

what are commitment stories according to McAdams A) highly generative adults being more likely to reconstruct the past and anticipate the future with a lack of emotional depth B) highly generative adults being more likely to reconstruct the past and anticipate the future in which the protagonist had early advantages C) highly generative adults being more likely to focus solely on present experiences D) highly generative adults being more likely to reconstruct the past and anticipate the future in ways that are rigid and inflexible

B) highly generative adults being more likely to reconstruct the past and anticipate the future in which the protagonist had early advantages

what do commitment stories contain A) Detailed accounts of daily events B) references to past failures C) self-sabotage D) redemption themes

D) redemption themes

a part of commitment stories in which a bad situation somehow is transformed into something good A) Transformative narratives B) Redemption themes C) Resilience elements D) Reflective episodes

B) Redemption themes

Adults who are low in generativity sometimes have stories in which a good situation somehow turns bad, this is known as A) Negative transformation narratives B) Adversity elements C) Contamination themes D) Pessimistic storytelling

C) Contamination themes

fundamental themes of each psychosocial perspective is reflected in what part of Erikson's theory A) ego integrity versus despair B) ego identity C) basic trust versus basic mistrust D) crisis

C) basic trust versus basic mistrust

The psychosocial approach places a greater emphasis than other approaches on assessing the person’s A) B) C) orientation to relationships. D)

The alienation scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. measures A) a lack of basic trust and an inability to be close B) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted C) how one engages in even simple social interactions. D) the tendency to view others only in relation to one’s own needs and aims

A) a lack of basic trust and an inability to be close

The alienation scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. resembles A) ambivalent pattern B) avoidant attachment C) narcissism D) shyness

B) avoidant attachment

The insecure attachment scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. measures A) a lack of basic trust and an inability to be close B) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted C) how one engages in even simple social interactions. D) the tendency to view others only in relation to one’s own needs and aims

B) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted

The insecure attachment scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. resembles A) ambivalent pattern B) avoidant attachment C) narcissism D) shyness

A) ambivalent pattern

The egocentricity scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. measures A) a lack of basic trust and an inability to be close B) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted C) how one engages in even simple social interactions. D) a self-protective and exploitive attitude toward relationships and a the tendency to view others only in relation to one’s own needs and aims

D) a self-protective and exploitive attitude toward relationships and a the tendency to view others only in relation to one’s own needs and aims

the egocentricity scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. assesses A) ambivalent pattern B) avoidant attachment C) narcissism D) shyness

C) narcissism

The social competence scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. measures A) a lack of basic trust and an inability to be close B) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted C) how one engages in even simple social interactions. D) a self-protective and exploitive attitude toward relationships and a the tendency to view others only in relation to one’s own needs and aims

C) how one engages in even simple social interactions.

the social incompetence scale from the object relations measure of Bell et al. assesses A) ambivalent pattern B) avoidant attachment C) narcissism D) shyness

D) shyness

an open-ended measure by Blatt et al. (1979) uses a coding system to assess A) a sensitivity to rejection and concern about being liked and accepted B) attachments you have to other people in close relationships C) maturity of people’s perceptions of social relations D) lack of basic trust and an inability to be close

C) maturity of people’s perceptions of social relations

the open ended measure by Blatt et al (1979) asks you to describe your mother and father, if you are at a low level of maturity A) you have a self-protective and exploitive attitude toward relationships B) you tend to focus on how your parents acted to satisfy your needs C) your descriptions focus more on your parents’ values, thoughts, and feelings apart from your needs. D) you have shyness and uncertainty about how to engage in even simple social interactions.

B) you tend to focus on how your parents acted to satisfy your needs

the open ended measure by Blatt et al (1979) asks you to describe your mother and father, if you are at a high level of maturity A) you have a self-protective and exploitive attitude toward relationships B) you tend to focus on how your parents acted to satisfy your needs C) your descriptions focus more on your parents’ values, thoughts, and feelings apart from your needs. D) you have shyness and uncertainty about how to engage in even simple social interactions.

C) your descriptions focus more on your parents’ values, thoughts, and feelings apart from your needs.

the open ended measure by Blatt et al (1979) asks you to describe your mother and father, at a very high level, what description aretaken into account A) Familial dynamics and interpersonal shifts B) Emotional expressions and communication styles C) Internal contradictions in the parents and changes over time D) External behaviors and actions

internal contradictions in the parents and changes over time

what does the open-ended measure by Blatt et al. (1979) reflect A) Cognitive abilities and intelligence B) Emotional intelligence and self-awareness C) Interpersonal relationships and communication skills D) A person’s level of separation and individuation from the parents.

D) a person’s level of separation and individuation from the parents.

why is the play situation devised by Erikson projective A) because it involves unstructured activities B) because it relies on direct questioning C) because the child imposes a story on ambiguous stimuli. D) because the child actively engages with the stimuli

C) because the child imposes a story on ambiguous stimuli.

objective characteristic of the play situation devised by Erikson includes a behavioural record, which includes A) a subjective analysis of the child's emotions B) what the child says and describes about the scene and the steps taken to create it C) a psychological interpretation of the child's play D) a cognitive assessment of the child's thoughts

B) what the child says and describes about the scene and the steps taken to create it

one objective characteristic of Erikson's play situation receives more attention than is usual in projective tests, what aspect of this assessment is this A) focusing on the child's emotional expressions B) Taking the child's behaviour at face value C) interpreting the child's symbolic play D) observing the child's overt behavior

B) Taking the childs behaviour at face value

what was the disorder that provided the starting point for Kohut’s work on the self A) anxiety B) narcissism C) depression D) PTSD

B) narcissism

a sense that everyone and everything is an extension of the self or exists to serve the self A) Self-importance B) narcissism C) Egocentrism D) self centred

B) narcissism

Kohut (1977) said that _______ by parents frustrates the narcissistic needs and prevents formation of an adequate self structure A) excessive praise B) inadequate mirroring C) emotional nurturing D) unconditional love

B) inadequate mirroring

Kernberg (1976, 1980) said that narcissism arises from A) excessive parental attention B) parental rejection C) overindulgence D) inconsistent parenting

B) parental rejection

_____ people are more likely to inflate their judgments of their performances A) self aware B) self absorbed C) narcissistic D) egocentric

C) narcissistic

If these people are told that someone else has outperformed them, they’re more likely to criticize or ridicule that other person A) Self-importance B) narcissist C) Egocentrism D) self centred

B) narcissist

what attachment pattern is believed to be produced by neglectful or rejecting parenting A) ambivalent B) anxious C) insecure D) avoidant

D) avoidant

what attachment pattern has been linked to development of emotional distress when under stress A) ambivalent B) anxious C) avoidant D) insecure

C) avoidant

what attachment is a risk factor for depression A) ambivalent B) anxious C) avoidant D) insecure

C) avoidant

what attachment pattern linked to an erratic pattern of adult behavior A) ambivalent B) anxious C) avoidant D) insecure

A) ambivalent

what techniques give the child the opportunity to do as he or she wishes, without pressuring, intruding, prodding, or nagging A) Unstructured activities B) Play therapy C) Behavioral modification D) Directive interventions

B) Play therapy

play therapy techniques allow the child to do what A) Express emotions through nonverbal means B) Have distance and play out anger C) Explore subconscious desires and fears D) Develop cognitive skills through play

B) have distance and play out anger

Fraley (2002) concluded from a review of studies that a prototype for close relations arises in infancy and A) remains static throughout the lifespan B) is entirely shaped by external experiences C) doesn't go away despite new experiences D) is irrelevant for adult relationships

C) doesn't go away despite new experiences