PERSPECTIVES Flashcards
Differentiate between the major theoretical approaches to personality and their approaches: - Trait and Dispositional Perspective - Needs and Motives Perspective - Genetics, evolution and biological perspectives - Psychoanalytic perspective - Psychosocial perspective - Learning perspective - Self-actualisation and self-determination - Cognitive perspective - Self-regulation perspective - Narrative perspective
this approach assumes that personality begins with the fundamental assumption that it consists of stable inner qualities reflected in behaviour
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
this perspective assumed that there are differences between people and consistency within people
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
Most trait approaches are ________, emphasising how people differ but assuming that the trait dimensions are the same for everyone.
a. nomothetic
b.commonality
c. idiographic
d.implicit
a. nomothetic
an ______ approach emphasises the uniqueness and treats some dimensions as unique to specific persons
a. nomothetic
b.commonality
c. idiographic
d.implicit
c. idiographic
this perspective exemplifies that people are consistent in their actions, thoughts and feelings over time and situations
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
this perspective is guided in part by an emphasis that people differ from each other in many ways and that there is a pattern of qualities
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
this perspective, people are seen as differing in how much various characteristics are incorporated in their personalities.
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
this approach focuses on assessment more than other viewpoints on personality
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
an approach that assumes behaviour reflects a set of underlying needs
A) motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
A) motives perspective
an approach about common surface levels behaviours
A) motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
according to the motives approach, what are needs?
A) something that is essential
B) manifestation of an internal state
C) something available to us
D) both A and B
B) manifestation of an internal state
according to the motive perspective, behaviour is affected by
A) external events; self actualisation
B) strength of needs; press
C) strength of needs; achievement
D) self actualisation; affiliation
B) strength of needs; press
according to the motives approach, behaviour is affected by press , which is
A) a picture of the persons personality
B) the perception of stimuli in light of ones own experiences and motives
C) an external stimuli that elicit motivational tendencies
D) motive to have impact on others
C) an external stimuli that elicit motivational tendencies
according to the motive perspective, the difference in patterns of chronic need strength
A) explains why external stimuli elicits motivational tendencies
B) depends on the level of achievement motive one has
C) is the source of individual differences in personality
D) determines the patterns behaviour one exhibits
C) is the source of individual differences in personality
according to the motives approach, needs can be directive in nature, such as positive needs, which refer to ______ or negative needs, which refer to ______
A) avoidance; approach
B) approach; avoidance
C) direction; intensity
D) intensity; direction
B) approach; avoidance
according to the motives perspective, needs and press vary in
A) direction and intensity
B) direction and duration
C) force and specificity
D) force and duration
A) direction and intensity
in McClelland’s distribution of need behaviours, the motive to overcome obstacles and to attain goals is known as
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
C) need for achievement
people with high levels of this motive behave differently from those with lower levels in the kinds of tasks they prefer, the level of task difficulty they prefer, their persistence and their performance levels
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
C) need for achievement
in McClelland’s distribution of need behaviours, the motive to be strong compared to other people
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
A) need for power
People with high levels of this motive tend to choose as friends people who aren’t influential or popular, thereby protecting themselves from undesired competition
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
A) need for power
People who score high in this need tend to seek out positions of influence, to surround themselves with the trappings of power, and to become energised when the groups they are guiding have difficulties
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
A) need for power
in McClelland’s distribution of need behaviours, the desire to spend time with other people; to develop and maintain relationship
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
B) need for affiliation
People who score high in this need are responsive to social influence, spend a large proportion of their time communicating with other people, and when alone often think about being with others
A) need for power
B) need for affiliation
C) need for achievement
D) need for press
B) need for affiliation
an approach that argues that personality is genetically determined and that human behaviour tendencies arise from evolutionary processes
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychodynamic
B) genetic
basic assumption of these models is that separate motivational systems manage the approach of incentives and avoidance of threats, respectively
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychodynamic
A) biological
what view has a general consensus that approach and avoidance are important focal points?
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychodynamic
A) biological
the idea that personality is a dynamo—or a bubbling spring. Forces emerge that can be channeled, modified, or transformed.
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychoanalytic
D) psychoanalytic
The idea that pressures within the personality can conflict with each other
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychoanalytic
D) psychoanalytic
theory that uses metaphors and symbols
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychoanalytic
D) psychoanalytic
what perspective has its roots in psychoanalytic perspective
A) self regulation perspective
B) self actualization
C) psychosocial theories
D) cognitive perspective
C) psychosocial theories
This perspective started off by examining how infants interact with and are affected by other people. Eventually, it grew to carry that theme onward to the rest of life, viewing adult personality as a reflection of the same forces that are critical in infancy
A) self regulation perspective
B) self actualization
C) psychosocial theories
D) cognitive perspective
C) psychosocial theories
theories that all emphasize that a person’s pattern of relating to others is laid down in early childhood AND assume that these patterns tend to recur over and over throughout life.
A) Psychoanalytic theories
B) Humanistic theories
C) Behavioral theories
D) Object relations theories
D) object relations
what was the first major theory of personality
A) Psychoanalytic theories
B) Humanistic theories
C) Behavioral theories
D) Object relations theories
A) Psychoanalytic theories
this view emphasises goals
A) Psychoanalytic theories
B) cognitive view
C) motives view
D) self regulation view
D) self regulation view
term reflects the idea that everyone has the potential for growth and development
A) behavioural perspective
B) cognitive perspective
C) existential perspective
D) humanistic perspective
D) humanistic perspective
begins with the intuitive idea that people have fairly stable qualities that are displayed across many settings and are deeply embedded in the person
A) needs and motives perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) cognitive perspective
B) trait perspective
starts from the idea that people are complex psychological systems, in the same sense that homeostatic processes reflect complex physiological systems and weather reflects complex atmospheric system
A) self regulation perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) biological perspective
A) self regulation perspective
according to this view people have the choice to retreat into nothingness or have the courage to be
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) humanistic
B) existential
This view stresses that each person must take responsibility for his or her choices.
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) humanistic
B) existential
emphasizes that people have no existence apart from the world and that the world has no meaning apart from the people in it
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) humanistic
B) existential
believe that we are all responsible for making the most of every moment of our existence and fulfilling that existence to the best of our ability
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) humanistic
B) existential
focus on the problem of life’s emptiness and are concerned that people have lost faith in values
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) humanistic
B) existential
Consistent with this view, people are less defensive when they’re accepted for who they are than when they’re accepted in an evaluative, conditional way
A) self-actualization
B) existential
C) phenomenological
D) psychodynamic
A) self-actualization
when using the term idiographic to refer to an approach to research, it focuses on
A) the belief that traits exist in the same way in every person
B) an individual person’s uniqueness
C) a particular person across situations
D) consistency between people
C) a particular person across situations
the definition of idiographic in relation to the trait approach focuses on
A) the belief that traits exist in the same way in every person
B) an individual person’s uniqueness
C) a particular person across situations
D) consistency between people
B) an individual person’s uniqueness
suggests that we make conscious decisions to help reach our goals
A) self regulation perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) biological perspective
A) self regulation perspective
one view within this perspective is that people use a kind of implicit mental algebra to create an action probability
A) self regulation perspective
B) trait perspective
C) psychosocial perspective
D) biological perspective
A) self regulation perspective
