~~ Genetics, evolution and biological perspective QUIZ Flashcards
an initial biological approach was Eysenck , who argued that ________ are more cortically aroused than ________
A) introverts; extroverts
B) extrovers; introverts
C) introverts; neurotics
D) neurotics; introverts
A) introverts; extroverts
in relation to newer knowledge, the Behavioural approach system (BAS) is assumed to be involved in
A) serotonin and/or GABA activity
B) conditioning involving negative outcomes, but not positive outcomes
C) regulating movement toward a desired state
D) regulating movement away from undesired states
C) regulating movement toward a desired state
in relation to newer knowledge, the Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is assumed to be involved in
A) conditioning involving positive outcomes, but not negative outcomes
B) dopamine activity
C) regulating movement toward a desired state
D) regulating movement away from undesired states
D) regulating movement away from undesired states
in relation to the Behavioural approach system (BAS), which is the following is NOT true
A) High BAS-sensitive people respond to positive mood manipulations
B) People with different levels of BAS sensitivity demonstrate differences in behavioural and emotional responses to incentives
C) May be related to serotonin and/or GABA activity
D) Relates to conditioning involving positive outcomes, but not negative outcomes
C) May be related to serotonin and/or GABA activity
in relation to the Behavioural inhibition system (BIS), which is the following is NOT true
A) Relates to conditioning involving negative outcomes, but not positive outcomes
B) People with different levels of BIS sensitivity demonstrate differences in behavioural and emotional responses to punishment
C) Responsible for positive emotions
D) High BIS-sensitive people respond to anxiety manipulations
C) Responsible for positive emotions
with regard to problems in behaviour, high levels of _______ promotes disorders involving anxiety
A) stress sensitivity
B) threat sensitivity
C) approach response
D) avoidance response
B) threat sensitivity
according to the biological perspective, what kind of response may contribute to depression?
A) high threat response
B) low approach response
C) low threat response
D) both A and B
D) both A and B
according to the biological perspective, if one has a high approach, low avoidance behaviour, what is this most likely to yield symtoms of?
A) anxiety
B) depression
C) antisocial personality
D) acute stress
C) antisocial personality
impulsive sensation seeking and testosterone are adverse behavioural outcomes related to
A) high approach, low avoidance
B) low approach, low avoidance
C) high approach, high avoidance
D) low approach, high avoidance
A) high approach, low avoidance
this orientation to personality suggests that therapy based in part on medication is a means to bring about behavioural change
A) behavioural
B) biological
C) evolution
D) genetic
B) biological
what behavioural outcome is related to Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension?
A) criminal offences
B) antisocial
C) dominance
D) sensation seeking tendencies
D) sensation seeking tendencies
what behavioural outcome is related to Tellegen’s constraint dimension?
A) criminal offences
B) antisocial
C) dominance
D) sensation seeking
D) sensation seeking tendencies
if sensation seeking is related to Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension, in terms of behavioural approach avoidance system, what would one most likely see?
A) high approach
B) high avoidance
C) low threat response
D) high threat sensitivity
A) high approach
both Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension and Tellegen’s constraint dimension relate to the temperament of
A) effortful control
B) activity level
C) sociability
D) emotionality
A) effortful control
The biological process approach to personality suggests it may be possible to assess personality through _________
A) biological functions
B) parental outcomes
C) infant behaviour
D) none of the above
A) biological functions
what hormone fluctuates with the context, increasing with challenges and victories and decreasing with failures
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) testosterone
D) testosterone
Factor analysis with personality items has found ________ linked with impulsivity, sensation seeking, and dominance
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) testosterone
D) testosterone
what hormone appears to relate to female responses to stress, termed a tend-and-befriend response
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) testosterone
C) oxytocin
responses from this hormone may be involved in the attachment system, and it may relate to social bonding more generall
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) testosterone
C) oxytocin
an approach that argues that personality is genetically determined and that human behaviour tendencies arise from evolutionary processes
A) biological
B) genetic
C) behavioural
D) psychodynamic
B) genetic
studying the ways to find out whether personality differences are inherited
A) experimental research
B) cross cultural research
C) behavioural genetics
D) brain imaging
C) behavioural genetics
broad inherited traits that appear early in life
A) temperament
B) disposition
C) temper
D) character
A) temperament
evidence on temperament supports genetic influences on the following EXCEPT
A) activity level
B) regulation
C) sociability
D) emotionality
B) regulation
which of the following have not been suggested from more recent views on temperament?
A) delay of gratification
B) avoidance
C) effortful control
D) approach
A) delay of gratification
which of the following is not one of the three fundamental temperaments?
A) activity level
B) regulation
C) sociability
D) emotionality
B) regulation
The idea that dispositions are genetically influenced can be extended a step further, to the suggestion that many aspects of human social behaviour are products of evolution. This idea is behind an area of work termed
A) anthropology
B) sociology
C) sociobiology
D) neurobiology
C) sociobiology
sociobiology is also known as
A) developmental psychology
B) evolutionary psychology
C) biopsychology
D) none of the above
B) evolutionary psychology
the difference between biopsychology and evolutionary psychology is
A) immediate vs ultimate
B) change vs development
C) time vs place
D) cognition vs behaviour
A) immediate vs ultimate
_____ propose ways to account for various aspects of human behaviour, even behaviour that on the face of it seems not to provide an evolutionary advantage
A) anthropology
B) sociology
C) sociobiology
D) neurobiology
C) sociobiology
The evolutionary view also has implications concerning
A) personality types
B) mate selection
C) adaptability
D) temperaments
B) mate selection
what is a limitation of the genetic approach to personality?
A) places to much account on assessment
B) says little about assessment
C) suggests what dispositions are important to assess
D) provides the basis of studies of temperament
B) says little about assessment
If Melanie had tickets to an upcoming concert and gets excited just thinking about the concert (although it isn’t until next week). Every time she does, she’s ready to jump in the car, Melanie would be
A) Moderate in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
B) Very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
C) Very low in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
D) No incentive reactivity
B) Very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
If Barbara had tickets to an upcoming concert and is calm when thinking about the concert and knows shell enjoy it but is not responsive to thoughts of potential rewards, Barbara would be
A) Moderate in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
B) Very high in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
C) Low in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
D) No incentive reactivity
C) Low in incentive reactivity, BAS sensitivity
Randy just took a psychology test and suspect he did badly. He is almost at a panic about it, how would Randy be described?
A) Having no emotional reaction to the sense of threat
B) Reacting emotionally to the sense of threat
C) Experiencing heightened cognitive processing during the threat
D) Being indifferent to the test results
B) reacting emotionally to the sense of threat
who focuses on the question of how behavior patterns might get built
A) molecular geneticists
B) heritability estimates
C) genomics
D) sociobiologists
D) sociobiologists
introverts are characterized by a
a. preference for lower levels of stimulation.
b. base level of lower cortical arousal.
c. lower degree of alertness.
d. all of these answers are correct
a. preference for lower levels of stimulation.
According to Eysenck’s theory of cortical arousal:
a. Introverts should prefer lower levels of stimulation.
b. Extraverts seek stimulation to increase arousal.
c. Introverts have higher baseline levels of alertness.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
In studies of drug effects on introverts, they
a. were less responsive to stimulants and depressants than were extraverts.
b. needed more of a depressant drug to reach a level “unalertness” than did extraverts.
c. needed more of a stimulant to reach a given level of arousal than did extraverts.
d. none of these answers is correct
b. needed more of a depressant drug to reach a level “unalertness” than did extraverts.
Eysenck argued that the intensified emotional arousal associated with neuroticism
a. makes extraverts less extraverted.
b. makes introverts less introverted.
c. makes extraverts more extraverted and introverts more introverted.
d. does not interact with extraversion or introversion.
c. makes extraverts more extraverted and introverts more introverted.
The BAS is assumed to be involved when a person is
a. pursuing an incentive.
b. avoiding a punishment.
c. experiencing negative emotion.
d. experiencing neutral emotion.
a. pursuing an incentive.
the behavioral approach system, or BAS,
a. is involved with approach tendencies.
b. moves the person toward desired incentives.
c. is responsible for creating positive emotions.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
Incentives and positive feelings lead to
a. more right prefrontal cortex activity.
b. less right prefrontal cortex activity.
c. more left prefrontal cortex activity.
d. less left prefrontal cortex activity.
c. more left prefrontal cortex activity.
The neurotransmitter _________ is thought to be critically involved in the system that engages in the approach system.
a. epinephrine
b. norepinephrine
c. GABA
d. dopamine
d. dopamine
Dopamine has not been associated with
a. higher positive emotionality.
b. greater social dominance.
c. ability to shift goals flexibly.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
Higher dopamine levels are associated with
a. greater ability to focus on one goal.
b. ability to hold larger amounts of information in working memory.
c. lesser social dominance.
d. all of these answers are correct
b. ability to hold larger amounts of information in working memory.
The behavioral inhibition system
a. is responsible for positive emotions.
b. reacts to punishment and threat.
c. organizes behavior in response to reward cues.
d. is not linked to a particular part of the brain.
b. reacts to punishment and threat.
The behavioral inhibition system is
a. responsible for feelings of anxiety.
b. responsible for positive affect.
c. associated with “approach” responses.
d. intimately linked with the neurotransmitter dopamine.
a. responsible for feelings of anxiety.
People with reactive inhibition systems are highly sensitive to _________ cues.
a. affective
b. intangible
c. positive
d. threat
d. threat
_________ seems to be involved in threat sensitivity or anxiety.
a. Serotonin
b. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
c. Norepinephrine
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
The avoidance system links most easily to which of the following traits?
a. Extraversion
b. Openness to experience
c. Agreeableness
d. Neuroticism
d. Neuroticism
Theorists tend to disagree about which qualities are subsumed by the trait extraversion. However, most theorists agree it includes sociability and
a. positive emotionality.
b. impulsivity.
c. lack of agency.
d. none of these answers are correct
a. positive emotionality.
Extraversion appears related to the
a. behavioral inhibition system.
b. avoidance system.
c. withdrawal system.
d. none of these answers are correct
d. none of these answers are correct
Eysenck ultimately included impulsiveness in _________, because it consistently related better to it than did
a. extraversion; psychoticism.
b. psychoticism; extraversion.
c. negative emotionality; sensation seeking.
d. sensation seeking; negative emotionality.
b. psychoticism; extraversion.
According to Zuckerman, people who continually search for new, complex, and exciting experiences are
a. extraverts.
b. introverts.
c. sensation seekers.
d. sociopaths.
c. sensation seekers.
Compared with people lower in sensation seeking, sensation seekers are more likely to
a. be sexually responsive.
b. use a variety of drugs.
c. be dissatisfied in relationships.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
According to Zuckerman, people high in sensation seeking tend to have a difficult time
a. completing projects they start
b. regulating their emotions.
c. inhibiting behavior in the service of social adaptation.
d. all of these answers are correct
c. inhibiting behavior in the service of social adaptation.
Monoamine oxidase has been linked to
a. sensation-seeking.
b. dominance.
c. drunk driving.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
In one study, experimentally lowering serotonin levels led to
a. decreased hostility in everybody.
b. increased hostility in everybody.
c. decreased hostility for those already high in aggressiveness and no change for those low in aggressiveness.
d. increased hostility for those already high in aggressiveness and no change for those low in aggressiveness.
c. decreased hostility for those already high in aggressiveness and no change for those low in aggressiveness.
Over a two-week period, higher serotonin levels were associated with
a. higher levels of both positive and negative feelings.
b. lower levels of both positive and negative feelings.
c. higher levels of positive feelings and lower levels of negative feelings.
d. lower levels of positive feelings and higher levels of negative feelings.
b. lower levels of both positive and negative feelings.
The basic template for the development of the human body is
a. female.
b. male.
c. both male and female.
d. androgynous.
a. female.
Evidence suggests that the two sides of the cerebral cortex are
a. equivalently connected in women and men.
b. more richly connected in women than men at birth, but equivalently connected in women and men in adulthood.
c. more richly connected in men than women.
d. more richly connected in women than men.
d. more richly connected in women than men.
Compared to same-sex siblings not similarly exposed, children exposed to a synthetic male hormone before birth
a. chose physical aggression more often in interpersonal conflict situations.
b. chose verbal aggression more often in interpersonal conflict situations.
c. were more likely to be clinically depressed.
d. were unable to develop plans in low-level problem-solving situations.
a. chose physical aggression more often in interpersonal conflict situations.
Research on hormones and behavior suggests that early exposure to masculinizing hormones can affect the
a. development of verbal skills later in life.
b. type of toys that children chose to play with years later.
c. development of interpersonal skills during adolescence.
d. none of these answers are correct
b. type of toys that children chose to play with years later.
Compared to those low in testosterone, prison inmates with higher levels were
a. better able to control their behavior and thus obey prison rules.
b. less likely to have committed violent crimes.
c. more dominant in prison.
d. more likely to come from broken homes.
c. more dominant in prison
Among a sample of men who had committed murder, those with higher testosterone levels were more
a. remorseful.
b. likely to have killed strangers.
c. likely to have committed the murder without planning ahead.
d. none of these answers are correct
d. none of these answers are correct
Studies on testosterone focus more often on
a. antisocial behavior.
b. adult sexual behavior.
c. sexual development.
d. prison inmates.
a. antisocial behavior.
Military veterans higher in testosterone were more likely to have
a. gone AWOL while in the military.
b. assaulted other adults.
c. abused alcohol and other drugs.
d. all of these answers are correct
d. all of these answers are correct
Which of the following statements is true about attorneys?
a. Male but not female trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys.
b. Female but not male trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys.
c. Both male and female trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys.
d. Both male and female nontrial attorneys are higher in testosterone than trial attorneys.
c. Both male and female trial attorneys are higher in testosterone than nontrial attorneys.
Booth and Dabbs found that men with higher testosterone were
a. more likely to have married.
b. less likely to have divorced.
c. more likely to have engaged in extramarital sex and domestic abuse.
d. all of these answers are correct
c. more likely to have engaged in extramarital sex and domestic abuse.
Testosterone levels drop following
a. successful competition.
b. a failure or humiliation experience.
c. sexual intercourse.
d. all of these answers are correct
b. a failure or humiliation experience.
Following sexual intercourse, testosterone levels
a. rise for both men and women.
b. fall for both men and women.
c. rise for men but fall for women.
d. rise for women but fall for men.
a. rise for both men and women.
From an evolutionary perspective, the adaptive nature of dominance and aggressiveness in males
a. is staying about the same.
b. is increasing.
c. is decreasing.
d. cannot be known.
c. is decreasing.
Taylor argues that men and women differ in their responses to stress because of a difference in
a. the way in which men and women are socialized.
b. evolutionary pressures
c. social norms for men and women.
d. testosterone levels.
b. evolutionary pressures
As opposed to the fight-or-flight response identified in men, Taylor has argued that women respond to stress by
a. calming offspring and bonding with others.
b. trying to avoid the situation causing the stress.
c. becoming sexually aroused.
d. all of these answers are correct
a. calming offspring and bonding with others.
Changes in the electrical activity that occur in the brain can be obtained using
a. positron emission tomography (PET).
b. an electroencephalogram (EEG).
c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
d. all of these answers are correct
b. an electroencephalogram (EEG).
In computer-aided assessment techniques like PET and MRI, different colors are used to represent
a. different levels of brain activity.
b. different types of brain waves.
c. the presence of different neurotransmitters.
d. different brain regions.
a. different levels of brain activity.
The easiest psychological problem to link to problems with the approach/avoidance system is
a. anxiety.
b. depression.
c. phobias.
d. antisocial personality.
a. anxiety.
The term _________ is used to describe therapies that involve the administration of drugs.
a. toxicology
b. pharmacology
c. pharmacotherapy
d. none of these answers are correct
c. pharmacotherapy
What medication appears to be a viable therapeutic technique for bipolar disorder?
a. Lithium
b. Dexamethasone
c. Dopamine
d. No medication works.
a. Lithium
Treatment of schizophrenia is based on the hypothesis that schizophrenic symptoms arise because of
a. too much epinephrine.
b. too much dopamine.
c. too little dopamine.
d. too little epinephrine.
b. too much dopamine.
Prozac is just one example of a class of antidepressants called
a. neuropeptides.
b. MAO inhibitors.
c. beta-blockers.
d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
A study of the influence of Prozac on people WITHOUT disorders revealed that
a. the side effects were much more severe than for people with disorders.
b. the side effects were nonexistent for this group.
c. positive feelings did not increase for this group.
d. these people displayed fewer positive social behaviors.
c. positive feelings did not increase for this group.
if melanie had a ticket to an upcoming concert and she gets so excited when thinking about it that she is ready to jump in the car, Melanie is
A) low in incentive reactivity
B) high in incentive reactivity
C) high in avoidance reactivity
D) low in avoidance reactivity
B) high in incentive reactivity
Barbara has tickets to a concert for next week and when she thinks about the concert she doesn’t get overly excited, but knows she will enjoy the concert, Barbara is
A) low in incentive reactivity
B) high in incentive reactivity
C) high in avoidance reactivity
D) low in avoidance reactivity
A) low in incentive reactivity
activity in this system may cause people to inhibit movement
A) behavioural sensitivity system
B) behavioural cue system
C) behavioural approach system
D) behavioral avoidance system
D) behavioual avoidance system
this system is responsive to cues of punishment and danger
A) behavioural sensitivity system
B) behavioural cue system
C) behavioural approach system
D) behavioral inhibition system
D) behavioral inhibition system
what neurotransmitters are responsible for the behavioural avoidance system
A) Acetylcholine and glutamate
B) GABA and norepinephrine
C) dopamine and serotonin
D) none of the above
B) GABA and norepinephrine
the behavioural avoidance system reflects what trait
A) anxiety proneness (neuroticism)
B) impulsive sensation seeking
C) problem behaviours (psychoticism)
D) all the above
A) anxiety proneness (neuroticism)
what is true regarding incentive sensitivity and threat sensitivity
A) People differ from each other on both incentive sensitivity and threat sensitivity.
B) They are relatively separate.
C) Incentive sensitivity and threat sensitivity are always positively correlated.
D) They are both primarily determined by genetic factors.
A) People differ from each other on both incentive sensitivity and threat sensitivity.
from the behavioural view, someone who is very sociable and also very shy would
A) Would avoid social interactions despite wanting to be sociable.
B) Be drawn to social incentives but also fearful of social interactions.
C) Only display one consistent behavior in social situations.
D) Exhibit extreme sociability without any shyness.
B) Be drawn to social incentives but also fearful of social interactions.
