~~~ self actualisation & determination QUIZ

Question 1

Humanistic psychology is based on the assumption that:

a. everyone has the potential for growth and development.
b. reality is the same for all of humanity.
c. people are victims of circumstance.
d. all of the above

Answer 1

a. everyone has the potential for growth and development.

Question 2

Humanistic psychology has the following goal:

a. to help people confront their unconscious desires
b. to help people recognize their inherent goodness
c. to help people “unlearn” unhealthy behaviors that have been conditioned in them
d. none of the above

Answer 2

b. to help people recognize their inherent goodness

Question 3

A major figure in humanistic psychology is:
a. B.F. Skinner.
b. Carl Rogers.
c. William Rogers.
d. Henry Murray.

Answer 3

b. Carl Rogers.

Question 4

_________ was Rogers’s term for the tendency of each person to develop
capabilities that maintain or enhance the self.
a. Self-actualization
b. Self-realization
c. Self-conceptualization
d. Self-fulfillment

Answer 4

a. Self-actualization

Question 5

Self-actualization promotes _________ within the person.
a. separateness
b. positive regard
c. congruence
d. conditions of worth

Answer 5

c. congruence

Question 6

The organismic valuing process refers to the:

a. evaluation of experiences in terms of how threatening they are.

b. interpretation of experiences as potentially important or valuable.

c. evaluation of experiences in terms of how actualizing they are.

d. interpretation of experiences as endangering one’s existing constructs.

Answer 6

c. evaluation of experiences in terms of how actualizing they are.

Question 7

Someone engaged in self-actualization is said to be:
a. socially integrated.
b. a fully-feeling person.
c. a fully-functioning person.
d. a rational actor.

Answer 7

c. a fully-functioning person

Question 8

In Rogers’ view, people have a strong need to experience _________, which is the
respect, love, and friendship of others.
a. positive reinforcement
b. conditional acceptance
c. positive regard
d. expectancies of worth

Answer 8

c. positive regard

Question 9

Affection with no strings attached is referred to as:

a. unconditional positive regard.
b. primary affection.
c. actualized regard.
d. true love.

Answer 9

a. unconditional positive regard.

Question 10

Brian tells Amy that he will only continue to love her if she stops working too many
hours. He is providing her with:
a. conditional acceptance.
b. conditional positive regard.
c. conditional statements of reinforcement.
d. unconditional negative regard.

Answer 10

b. conditional positive regard.

Question 11

According to Rogers, after years of having conditions of worth applied to us by others,
we:
a. start to apply them to those around us.
b. learn to ignore them and start applying our own standards.
c. pretend (but fail) to ignore them.
d. start to apply them to ourselves.

Answer 11

d. start to apply them to ourselves.

Question 12

Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:
a. making people depressed.
b. making people anxious.
c. altering behavior to fit in with the desires of others.
d. facilitating a person’s goal of self-actualization.

Answer 12

c. altering behavior to fit in with the desires of others.

Question 13

_________ is more important than _________, according to Rogers.

a. Self-actualization, matters of life and death
b. Fulfilling conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard
c. Unconditional positive regard, self-actualization
d. Self-actualization, fulfilling conditions of worth

Answer 13

d. Self-actualization, fulfilling conditions of worth

Question 14

Crocker and colleagues have argued that people have _________ of self-worth.
a. failures
b. trials
c. contingencies
d. artifacts

Answer 14

c. contingencies

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic needs proposed by Deci & Ryan?
a. actualization
b. autonomy
c. competence
d. relatedness

Answer 15

a. actualization

Question 16

People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically
interesting. Such activities are said to be:
a. self-determined.
b. self-rationalized.
c. self-actualized.
d. explicitly motivated.

Answer 16

a. self-determined.

Question 17

Research regarding the effects of monetary reward on intrinsic motivation has revealed
that:
a. monetary reward increases motivation.
b. monetary reward decreases motivation.
c. monetary reward can increase or decrease motivation.
d. the effect of monetary reward depends on the passage of time.

Answer 17

c. monetary reward can increase or decrease motivation.

Question 18

Reward has both a(n) _________ and a(n) _________ aspect.

a. normative, functional
b. restraining, cathartic
c. individual, societal
d. controlling, informational

Answer 18

d. controlling, informational

Question 19

According to Deci and Ryan, accomplishments are satisfying:

a. no matter why they occur.
b. only if you do them without anyone’s help.
c. only if you feel a sense of self-determination in your effort.
d. all of the above

Answer 19

c. only if you feel a sense of self-determination in your effort.

Question 20

Introjected regulation happens when a:
a. person’s behavior is self-determined.
b. person treats a value as a “want.”
c. person treats a value as a “should.”
d. none of the above

Answer 20

c. person treats a value as a “should.”

Question 21

Identified regulation happens when a person’s behavior is:

a. informational.
b. self-determined.
c. controlling.
d. none of the above

Answer 21

b. self-determined.

Question 22

Medical students who thought their professors were supportive of their own
autonomy:
a. became more autonomous in their own learning.
b. felt more competent in the skills they were learning.
c. were more supportive of others’ autonomy.
d. all of the above

Answer 22

d. all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the needs for autonomy and relatedness?
a. Whereas people need both, the two needs are often incompatible.
b. The need for relatedness is stronger than the need for autonomy.
c. Satisfaction of both needs relate independently to well-being.
d. all of the above

Answer 23

c. Satisfaction of both needs relate independently to well-being.

Question 24

If I am told I must do something that I thought I was free to do or not, and then turn
around and do the opposite, I am engaging in:
a. competence.
b. reactance.
c. freedom reassertion.
d. shaping.

Answer 24

b. reactance.

Question 25

Wegner’s research has led him to suggest that:
a. all humans have free will.
b. free will develops around age 2.
c. free will develops around age 5.
d. free will is an illusion.

Answer 25

d. free will is an illusion.

Question 26

According to Rogers, the self:

a. exists at birth.
b. is relatively fixed.
c. doesn’t really exist.
d. never reaches an end state.

Answer 26

d. never reaches an end state.

Question 27

Rogers distinguishes between the _________ self and the _________ self:

a. actual, perceived
b. actual, ideal
c. real, imagined
d. standard, ideal

Answer 27

b. actual, ideal

Question 28

Swann’s research has revealed that if people are going to get feedback about a quality they perceive as bad in themselves, they:

a. ignore the feedback completely.
b. would rather get feedback that says they are positive on this quality.
c. would rather get feedback that says they are negative on this quality.
d. would rather get feedback from a trusted friend than a stranger.

Answer 28

c. would rather get feedback that says they are negative on this quality.

Question 29

Rogers asserts that anxiety will be produced when there is a(n):

a. lack of correspondence between the ideal self and the actual self.
b. lack of correspondence between the real self and the perceived self.
c. imminent threat to one’s personal constructs.
d. secondary appraisal of inability to cope.

Answer 29

a. lack of correspondence between the ideal self and the actual self.

Question 30

According to Rogers, people defend themselves against the perception of
disorganization by:

a. using denial.
b. rationalizing.
c. distorting experience.
d. all of the above

Answer 30

d. all of the above

Question 31

Concerns about maintaining self-esteem depend upon two considerations, one of which
is that an esteem-relevant event:

a. occurs for reasons outside one’s control
b. must be neither good nor bad
c. must be either good or bad
d. must be attributable to an external cause

Answer 31

c. must be either good or bad

Question 32

People tend to blame failures on things beyond their control:

a. when the event is important, but not when it’s unimportant.
b. whether the event is important or not.
c. when others witnessed the failure directly.
d. when others have not witnessed the failure directly.

Answer 32

b. whether the event is important or not.

Question 33

Jill really wants to do well on her psychology exam the next day but fears that she will
not. So, the night before she goes out drinking with friends instead of studying. She may be engaging in:

a. self-reactance.
b. self-handicapping.
c. self-depreciation.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.

Answer 33

b. self-handicapping.

Question 34

Self-handicapping:

a. is not as common as might be expected.
b. must be done consciously to be successful.
c. is only possible for matters that are moderately important.
d. must be used outside of the person’s awareness to be successful.

Answer 34

d. must be used outside of the person’s awareness to be successful

Question 35

Which of the following is true of stereotype threat?

a. It can interfere with performance.
b. It involves the threat of being viewed through a stereotype rather than as
an individual.
c. It can lead a person to stop caring about the domain in which threat is occurring.
d. all of the above

Answer 35

d. all of the above

Question 36

_________ spent most of his career trying to understand what enabled people to
become fully-functioning persons.

a. Maslow
b. Freud
c. Skinner
d. Deci

Answer 36

a. Maslow

Question 37

The needs forming the base of Maslow’s hierarchy are:
a. physiological.
b. instinctual.
c. self-actualization.
d. safety.

Answer 37

a. physiological.

Question 38

At the _________ level of Maslow’s hierarchy, the needs begin to have more “social”
qualities.

a. self-actualization
b. esteem
c. safety
d. love and belonging

Answer 38

d. love and belonging

Question 39

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most
basic, is:

a. physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualization

b. physiological - esteem - safety - love - self-actualization

c. physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization

d. physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualization

Answer 39

c. physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization

Question 40

According to Maslow, higher-order needs differ from lower-order needs in that higher-
order needs:

a. involve qualities that are more social in nature.
b. are more distinctly human and less animalistic.
c. represent growth-based motives.
d. all of the above

Answer 40

d. all of the above

Question 41

If a need develops at a lower level of Maslow’s pyramid while you are trying to satisfy a
higher-level need:

a. your attention is split between the higher- and lower-level needs.

b. your attention is pulled downward, away from the higher-level need.

c. your attention remains with the higher-level need.

d. most of your attention remains at the higher level; the rest is divided among each of the lower-level needs.

Answer 41

b. your attention is pulled downward, away from the higher-level need.

Question 42

Maslow distinguished between:

a. promotion-based and prevention-based motives.
b. approach and avoidance motives.
c. growth-based and deficiency-based motives.
d. physical and spiritual motives.

Answer 42

c. growth-based and deficiency-based motives.

Question 43

Maslow believed that self-actualizers:

a. are all so different that they share few similarities.
b. are almost always artistic (e.g., painters, musicians, or writers).
c. identify strongly with a subset of humanity.
d. share several characteristics.

Answer 43

d. share several characteristics.

Question 44

Self-actualizers tend to:

a. appreciate results rather than the process of doing things.
b. form deep ties with many people.
c. at times appear temperamental and ruthless.
d. all of the above

Answer 44

c. at times appear temperamental and ruthless.

Question 45

Peak experiences:

a. are moments of intense self-actualizing.
b. can be negative experiences.
c. occur only among people who have been congruent for some time.
d. all of the above

Answer 45

a. are moments of intense self-actualizing.

Question 46

Peak experiences are similar to Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of:
a. the out-of-body experience.
b. rush.
c. flow.
d. the zone.

Answer 46

c. flow.

Question 47

The concept dasein implies:

a. that people have no existence apart from the world.
b. that the world has meaning apart from the people in it.
c. the person’s experience of the self as interdependent and connected.
d. all of the above

Answer 47

a. that people have no existence apart from the world.

Question 48

According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a
sense of:

a. reactance.
b. angst.
c. existential guilt.
d. wish fulfillment.

Answer 48

b. angst.

Question 49

Existential guilt arises:

a. over failure to fulfill all of your possibilities in life.

b. because one can never really be close to others.

c. when people aren’t aware of the importance of self-determination.

d. when people spend too much time thinking and not enough time doing.

Answer 49

a. over failure to fulfill all of your possibilities in life.

Question 50

Terror management starts with the proposition that:

a. awareness of one’s own death leads to angst.
b. it is failure to control fears that leads to problematic behavior.
c. people respond to terror by avoiding anything with meaning or value.
d. none of the above

Answer 50

a. awareness of one’s own death leads to angst.

Question 51

Research on terror management theory has revealed that mortality salience
makes people:

a. behave more altruistically, but only in service of their own worldview.
b. think of themselves as distinct from animals.
c. create romance around sex to make it seem less animalistic.
d. all of the above

Answer 51

d. all of the above

Question 52

One drawback to interviews is that:
a. they are only good for comprehensive assessments.
b. they are not flexible enough.
c. the interviewer’s verbal behavior can make large differences in what people say.
d. clients are indiscriminately self-disclosing.

Answer 52

c. the interviewer’s verbal behavior can make large differences in what people say.

Question 53

The Q-sort:

a. involves categorizing a number of separate, unrelated responses.
b. involves sorting statements according to how you think you are.
c. only includes self-evaluative statements.
d. measures the degree to which people are self-actualizing.

Answer 53

b. involves sorting statements according to how you think you are

Question 54

The instrument developed by Shostrom to assess qualities of self-actualization is
called the:

a. Survey of Peak Experiences or SPE.

b. Personal Orientation Inventory or POI.

c. Self-Congruity Scale or SCS.

d. none of the above

Answer 54

b. Personal Orientation Inventory or POI.

Question 55

_________ is the key to the Rogerian therapy process.
a. Conditional positive regard
b. Unconditional positive regard
c. Conditional self-regard
d. Organismic valuing

Answer 55

b. Unconditional positive regard

Question 56

In the context of client-centered therapy, clarification of feelings refers to the:

a. therapist asking questions to learn about the client.
b. therapist showing clients unconditional positive regard.
c. client correcting the therapist when the therapist misunderstands his or her feelings.
d. therapist repeating the client’s emotional comments in different words.

Answer 56

d. therapist repeating the client’s emotional comments in different words.

Question 57

Restatement of content is similar to clarification of feelings EXCEPT that restatement
of content:
a. is more focused.
b. is slightly more directive.
c. is more intellectual.
d. generally takes less time.

Answer 57

c. is more intellectual.

Question 58

Humanistic psychologists feel that people with the following kinds of lives can benefit
from processes that occur in therapy:
a. problematic
b. average
c. very good
d. all of the above

Answer 58

d. all of the above

Question 59

what did Rogers see as important to being a fully functioning person

A) Empathy

B) Conformity

C) Motivation

D) Adherence

Answer 59

A) Empathy

Question 60

according to Swann, why would some people have difficulties managing the two kinds of congruence they face

A) Because they lack self-awareness and insight into their own beliefs

B) There’s a built-in conflict between self-verification and self-protection

C) Due to external pressures and societal expectations

D) Because they prioritize self-enhancement over self-consistency

Answer 60

B) theres a built in conflict between self verification and self protection

Question 61

what is self verification

A) trying not to be aware of incongruity between one’s desired self and actual self

B) people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs

C) the process of constantly changing one’s self-concept based on external feedback

D) the attempt to conform to social norms to gain acceptance

Answer 61

B) people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs

Question 62

what is self protection

A) trying not to be aware of incongruity between one’s desired self and actual self

B) people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs

C) the process of constantly changing one’s self-concept based on external feedback

D) the attempt to conform to social norms to gain acceptance

Answer 62

A) trying not to be aware of incongruity between one’s desired self and actual self