~~~ self regulation QUIZ

Question 1

Neurons that are active both when an action is being watched and when the action is
being performed are called:

a. mimicry neurons.

b. mirror neurons.

c. reflective neurons.

d. dual-process neurons.

Answer 1

b. mirror neurons.

Question 2

What other people think about what you want to do and how much their opinion matters merge to form:

a. your self-impression.

b. an attitude.

c. a behavioral norm.

d. a subjective norm.

Answer 2

d. a subjective norm.

Question 2

According to Ajzen and Fishbein, forming a strong intention to do a particular behavior
occurs when:

a. both attitude and subjective norm are very positive.

b. both attitude and subjective norm are very negative.

c. attitude is positive and subjective norm is negative
.
d. attitude is negative and subjective norm is positive.

Answer 2

a. both attitude and subjective norm are very positive.

Question 3

Research indicates that setting more difficult goals for oneself:

a. results in higher performance.

b. is likely to result in earlier withdrawal of effort.

c. leads to lower performance than the goal of “doing your best.”

d. all of the above

Answer 3

a. results in higher performance.

Question 4

A(n) _________ intention is the intent to attain some particular outcome as an end;
a(n) _________ intention deals with how that end will be attained.

a. ends, action

b. thought, action

c. goal, implementation

d. thought, implementation

Answer 4

c. goal, implementation

Question 4

If a person is assigned a totally unrealistic goal, he/she:

a. is unlikely to adopt that goal.

b. will try hard to achieve the goal, but probably fail.

c. will substitute a more realistic goal.

d. will become very anxious.

Answer 4

a. is unlikely to adopt that goal.

Question 5

Forming an intention to act involves a(n):

a. decisive mindset.

b. automatic mindset.

c. implemental mindset.

d. deliberative mindset.

Answer 5

d. deliberative mindset.

Question 6

A feedback loop requires all of the following EXCEPT a:

a. reference value.

b. comparator.

c. goal regulator.

d. perception of current behavior.

Answer 6

c. goal regulator.

Question 7

Bandura argued that _________ is crucial to self-regulation:

a. objective rewards

b. social rewards

c. self-rewards

d. the presence of other

Answer 7

c. self-rewards

Question 8

According to Tolman:

a. reward and punishment are not essential to learning.

b. the information provided by reward and punishment is an important aspect of learning.

c. reward and punishment draw attention to relevant aspects of a learning situation.

d. all of the above

Answer 8

d. all of the above

Question 9

The feedback loop idea has the implication that:

a. self-regulation is a discontinuous process.

b. self-regulation does not rely on inputs to the system.

c. behavior is purposeful.

d. all of the above

Answer 9

c. behavior is purposeful.

Question 9

Which of the following describes the relation between self-directed attention and regulation around the reference value?

a. Self-directed attention does not influence regulation around the reference.

b. Self-directed attention engages the comparator.

c. Depending on the circumstances, self-directed attention can either promote regulation or disregulation.

d. Self-directed attention promotes disregulation.

Answer 9

b. Self-directed attention engages the comparator.

Question 10

Self-directed attention is thought to engage:

a. the negative feedback loop.

b. the reference value.

c. social comparison.

d. the comparator.

Answer 10

d. the comparator.

Question 11

The idea that people have both high and low level goals is captured by the:

a. feedback hierarchy.

b. feedback loop.

c. cascading loop.

d. none of the above

Answer 11

a. feedback hierarchy.

Question 12

Powers suggests that higher-order or superordinate systems:

a. provide reference values to feedback systems immediately below them on the hierarchy.

b. physically act as behavioral output.

c. control the movement of muscle groups.

d. regulate input of perceptual information.

Answer 12

a. provide reference values to feedback systems immediately below them on the hierarchy.

Question 13

In Powers’ system, principles tend to correspond to:

a. genes.

b. neurons.

c. traits.

d. personality types.

Answer 13

c. traits.

Question 14

Powers proposed that _________ resemble scripts, whereas _________
concepts are broad guidelines for behavior.

a. principles, program
b. programs, system
c. programs, principle
d. principles, system

Answer 14

c. programs, principle

Question 15

When people perform everyday activities such as doing laundry or going to the store,
they are operating at the level of:

a. overall sense of self.

b. principles.

c. system concept.

d. programs.

Answer 15

d. programs.

Question 16

When people are asked to describe themselves, they tend to describe:

a. the things they do.

b. the roles they occupy.

c. what they are.

d. what they would like to be.

Answer 16

a. the things they do.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Vallacher and Wegner’s work
on action-identification?

a. People are more likely to say they are “eating dinner” than “putting food in their
mouths and chewing.”

b. People regulate their activities in as high-level a way as they can.

c. When people encounter difficulties they tend to retreat to a lower-level identity to act.

d. none of the above

Answer 17

d. none of the above

Question 18

Simon has suggested that _________ constitute a call for possible goal
reprioritization.

a. emotions

b. automatic thoughts

c. assessment processes

d. reference values

Answer 18

a. emotions

Question 19

Interruptions in the self-regulation of behavior:

a. are always brief.

b. are an indication of psychological disorder.

c. lead people to assess how likely they are to reach their goals.

d. are the result of negative emotions.

Answer 19

c. lead people to assess how likely they are to reach their goals.

Question 20

After major heart surgery:

a. optimists were more likely than pessimists to require hospitalization.

b. pessimists were more likely than optimists to require hospitalization.

c. optimists and pessimists were equally likely to require hospitalization.

d. pessimists were more likely to require hospitalization if the procedure was mild;
optimists were more likely to require hospitalization if the procedure was severe.

Answer 20

b. pessimists were more likely than optimists to require hospitalization.

Question 21

The expectancy concept represents a link between the:

a. psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives.

b. personal construct and cognitive perspectives.

c. biological and cognitive perspectives.

d. social learning and cognitive perspectives.

Answer 21

d. social learning and cognitive perspectives.

Question 22

When expectancies are _________ individuals tend to disengage from further efforts.

a. uncertain

b. unfavorable

c. discrepant

d. conflicted

Answer 22

b. unfavorable

Question 23

After experiencing an interruption of action, Frank begins to consider how likely he is
to reach his goal of finishing his term paper. If Frank has a positive expectancy, then
we can expect him to:

a. work on the paper with renewed effort.

b. temporarily reduce his efforts towards the paper.

c. temporarily stop working on the paper.

d. permanently stop working on the paper.

Answer 23

a. work on the paper with renewed effort.

Question 24

The belief that one has the personal capability to do the required action is:

a. self-efficacy.

b. self-assurance.

c. potency.

d. personal control.

Answer 24

a. self-efficacy.

Question 25

Feedback loops play a role in _________ motivations.

a. approach but not avoidance

b. avoidance but not approach

c. approach and avoidance

d. neither approach nor avoidance

Answer 25

c. approach and avoidance

Question 26

Priming studies have shown that activating stereotypes of the elderly made it:

a. more likely that people would say negative things about the elderly in a
subsequent interview.

b. less likely that people would report strong fondness for their own grandparents.

c. more likely that people would walk more slowly upon leaving the experiment.

d. all of the above

Answer 26

c. more likely that people would walk more slowly upon leaving the experiment.

Question 27

Research on automaticity has revealed that:

a. activation can spread from memory to goals and behavior.

b. goals can be activated without conscious awareness.

c. people unintentionally mimic the postures and gestures of interaction partners.

d. all of the above

Answer 27

d. all of the above

Question 27

Deindividuation makes people more likely to:

a. be aggressive.

b. respond to dispositional cues rather than immediate cues.

c. engage in responsible acts.

d. all of the above

Answer 27

a. be aggressive.

Question 27

Identifying an action in _________ terms makes it easier to disregard immediate outcomes.

a. low-level

b. high-level

c. impulsive

d. restrained

Answer 27

b. high-level

Question 28

The self-regulation view on personality is:

a. one of the oldest perspectives in psychology.

b. more applied than theoretical.

c. offers no suggestions on personality assessment.

d. none of the above

Answer 28

d. none of the above

Question 29

From the cognitive self-regulation perspective, assessment should emphasize:’

a. the use of a “first to mind” instructional set.

b. measuring the content of personality via traits.

c. measuring individual differences in self-regulatory functions.

d. none of the above

Answer 29

c. measuring individual differences in self-regulatory functions.

Question 30

Private self-consciousness refers to:

a. the tendency to become embarrassed in social situations.

b. the tendency to keep to oneself.

c. one’s “possible selves.”

d. the tendency to be self-reflective.

Answer 30

d. the tendency to be self-reflective.

Question 31

Trapnell and Campbell distinguished which two motives underlying self-consciousness?

a. curiosity and desire to probe positive feeling states

b. curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states

c. curiosity and competence

d. competence and knowledge

Answer 31

b. curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states

Question 32

Problems in self-management often arise because:

a. there is conflict between goals.

b. there are some goals from which complete disengagement is not feasible.

c. people sometimes lack the concrete knowledge needed to attain more abstract goals.

d. all of the above

Answer 32

d. all of the above

Question 33

Depressed people are more likely to:

a. self-focus after a failure.

b. self-focus after a success.

c. realign their hierarchical goal structures after failure.

d. realign their hierarchical goal structures after success.

Answer 33

a. self-focus after a failure.

Question 34

According to Kanfer and colleagues, therapy is:

a. partly an effort to break down “automatic” human behavior.

b. a dynamic feedback system.

c. a series of stages.

d. all of the above

Answer 34

d. all of the above

Question 35

Which of the following statements regarding Kanfer’s view of therapy is true?

a. Therapy should aim to replace dysfunctional automatic responses with desired ones.

b. Therapy should involve free-association.

c. Therapy is not a stage-like process like psychoanalysis.

d. none of the above

Answer 35

a. Therapy should aim to replace dysfunctional automatic responses with desired ones.

Question 36

in a means-end analysis, one:

a. tries to focus on the different outcomes that could occur.

b. tries to think of actions that will reduce the difference between one’s present state
and one’s desired state.

c. attempts to combine more restricted subgoals into large-scale goals.

d. decides whether the end justifies the means.

Answer 36

b. tries to think of actions that will reduce the difference between one’s present state
and one’s desired state.

Question 37

The cognitive self-regulation perspective has been criticized because:

a. robots have limitations people do not have.

b. it fails to account for homeostasis.

c. it only solves the homunculus problem.

d. all of the above

Answer 37

a. robots have limitations people do not have.

Question 38

The self-regulation perspective has been criticized for:

a. failing to solve the homunculus problem.

b. its reliance on homeostatic mechanisms.

c. not saying much about personality.

d. all of the above

Answer 38

d. all of the above

Question 39

according to the theory of planned behaviour, how does thinking lead to intentions, goals, and from them to behavior

A) subjective norm > intention > attitude > behaviour

B) attitude & subjective norm >intention > behaviour

C) intention > attitude > behaviour

D) intention > subjective norm > behaviour

Answer 39

B) attitude & subjective norm >intention > behaviour