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Personality Psychology > PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE > Flashcards

PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distinction between psychoanalysis and psychodynamics, as mentioned in the passage?

A. Psychoanalysis is a general perspective, while psychodynamics refers specifically to the work of Sigmund Freud.

B. Psychoanalysis refers to the work of Sigmund Freud, while psychodynamics is the general perspective that includes other key figures.

C. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamics are synonymous terms referring to the work of Sigmund Freud.

D. none of the above

A

B. Psychoanalysis refers to the work of Sigmund Freud, while psychodynamics is the general perspective that includes other key figures.

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2
Q

Freud’s topographical model assumes what three regions of mind

A) The cognitive, the emotional, and the behavioral

B) the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious

C) the id, the ego and the superego

D) The sensorimotor, the preoperational, and the concrete operational

A

B) the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious

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3
Q

Freud’s structural model assumes what three facets of personality.

A) The cognitive, the emotional, and the behavioral

B) the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious

C) the id, the ego and the superego

D) The sensorimotor, the preoperational, and the concrete operational

A

C) the id, the ego and the superego

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4
Q

what part of Freuds structural model exists only in the unconscious

A) the superego

B) the id

C) the ego

D) secondary-processes

A

B) the id

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5
Q

what part of Freuds structural model exists only in all three facets of Freuds topographical model

A) the superego

B) the id

C) the ego

D) secondary-processes

A

C) the ego

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6
Q

what facet of Freud’s structural model uses primary-process thinking

A) the superego

B) the id

C) the ego

D) secondary-processes

A

B) the id

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7
Q

what facet of Freud’s structural model uses secondary-process thinking

A) the superego

B) the id

C) the ego

D) the unconscious

A

C) the ego

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8
Q

the superego has two parts: ______represents standards of moral perfection, and ________ is a representation of behaviours that are considered bad.

A) conscience; ego ideal

B) ego ideal ; conscience

C) Pleasure principle; reality principle

D) life instincts; death instincts

A

B) ego ideal ; conscience

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9
Q

Id impulses form two categories: ________ aim for self-preservation and sexual pleasure; ________ are self-destructive and may turn outward as aggression

A) conscience; ego ideal

B) ego ideal ; conscience

C) Pleasure principle; reality principle

D) life instincts; death instincts

A

D) life instincts; death instincts

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10
Q

what is the term used for the emotional release resulting from the release of an impulse.

A) Repression

B) Catharsis

C) Sublimation

D) Projection

A

B) Catharsis

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11
Q

what does Neurotic anxiety refer to

A) fear of a threat in the world

B) fear of violating the superego’s moral code

C) the fear that id impulses will get out of control and get you in trouble

D) emotional release resulting from the release of an impulse.

A

C) the fear that id impulses will get out of control and get you in trouble

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12
Q

what does moral anxiety refer to

A) fear of a threat in the world

B) fear of violating the superego’s moral code

C) the fear that id impulses will get out of control and get you in trouble

D) emotional release resulting from the release of an impulse.

A

B) fear of violating the superego’s moral code

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13
Q

how does the ego deal with anxiety

A) Defense mechanisms.

B) Catharsis

C) Reality testing

D) Suppression

A

A) Defense mechanisms.

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14
Q

what defence forces id impulses and other threatening material out of consciousness

A) Projection

B) Rationalisation

C) Repression

D) Denial

A

C) Repression

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15
Q

the defence mechanisms intellectualisation refers to

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

B) separating your thoughts from your feelings and allowing the thoughts but not the feelings to be in awareness

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

D) developing an acceptable but incorrect explanation for your action

A

B) separating your thoughts from your feelings and allowing the thoughts but not the feelings to be in awareness

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16
Q

the defence mechanisms projection refers to

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

B) separating your thoughts from your feelings and allowing the thoughts but not the feelings to be in awareness

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

D) attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

A

D) attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

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17
Q

the defence mechanisms rationalisation refers to

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

B) developing an acceptable but incorrect explanation for your action

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

D) attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

A

B) developing an acceptable but incorrect explanation for your action

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18
Q

the defence mechanisms displacement refers to

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

B) developing an acceptable but incorrect explanation for your action

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

D) attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

A

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

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19
Q

the defence mechanisms sublimation refers to

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

B) developing an acceptable but incorrect explanation for your action

C) shifting an impulse from one target to another, usually a safer one

D) attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

A

A) transforming an unacceptable impulse to an acceptable one

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20
Q

what is one theme underlying Freuds view gave rise to the term psychodynamic?

A) The emphasis on conscious thoughts and behaviors

B) The idea that personality is a set of processes that are always in motion

C) The focus on observable and measurable behaviors

D) The importance of unconscious desires and conflicts

A

B) The idea that personality is a set of processes that are always in motion

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21
Q

what is an important aspect of psychoanalytic thought

A) Immediate gratification of impulses
B) Continual defense
C) Sole focus on observable behaviors
D) Exclusively conscious mental processes

A

B) Continual defense

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22
Q

The psychoanalytic perspective on personality is extremely

A) Concrete and literal

B) Scientific and deterministic

C) Pragmatic and behavioral

D) Metaphorical

A

D) Metaphorical

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23
Q

Freuds concepts of life and death instincts resemble the dual processes of

A) Cognitive and emotional regulation

B) Metabolic functioning

C) Conscious and unconscious mental processes

D) Growth and decay in nature

A

B) Metabolic functioning

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24
Q

Freud’s model of three regions, or areas, of the mind (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)

A) Structural model

B) Tripartite model

C) Topographical model

D) Dynamic model

A

C) Topographical model

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25
Q

the term used refer to the part of the mind that holds what you’re now aware of

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

C) conscious

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26
Q

The part of the mind representing ordinary memory

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

A) preconscious

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27
Q

part of the mind that’s not directly accessible to awareness.

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

B) unconscious

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28
Q

the source of desires and as a repository for urges, feelings, and ideas that are tied to anxiety, conflict, or pain

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

B) unconscious

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29
Q

what region of the mind is posited as the most important in influencing behaviour

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

B) unconscious

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30
Q

Where did Freud believe the core operations of personality take place.

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

B) unconscious

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31
Q

Material (thought, feelings, desires) pass easily

A) from conscious to preconscious and back

B) from conscious to subconscious and back

C) from preconscious to unconscious and back

D) from conscious to unconscious and back

A

A) from conscious to preconscious and back

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32
Q

what material can’t be brought voluntarily to awareness because of forces that keep it hidden

A) preconscious

B) unconscious

C) conscious

D) subconscious

A

B) unconscious

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33
Q

what aspect of personality is all the inherited, instinctive, primitive aspects of personality

A) ego ideal

B) superego

C) secondary processes

D) the id

A

D) the id

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34
Q

what aspect of personality functions entirely in the unconscious

A) ego ideal

B) superego

C) secondary processes

D) the id

A

D) the id

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35
Q

Freud believed that all psychic energy comes through what

A) secondary processes

B) the id

C) reality testing

D) ego strength

A

B) the id

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36
Q

According to the pleasure principle

A) the source of intellectual processes and problem solving is secondary process thought

B) you to weigh the risks of an action before acting

C) all needs should be satisfied immediately

D) there are rules for good behavior or standards of excellence

A

C) all needs should be satisfied immediately

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37
Q

The id satisfies needs via what

A) delay of gratification

B) reality testing

C) secondary processes

D) primary processes

A

D) primary processes

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38
Q

The id process that creates an unconscious image of a desired object.

A) Secondary process

B) Primary process

C) Wish fulfillment

D) Reality testing

A

B) Primary process

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39
Q

The creation of an unconscious image of a desired object.

A) Secondary process

B) Primary process

C) Wish fulfillment

D) Reality testing

A

C) Wish fulfillment

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40
Q

In the case of a hungry infant, the primary process might produce an image of mother’s breast or a bottle. this experience of having such an image is called what

A) Secondary process

B) Primary process

C) Wish fulfillment

D) Reality testing

A

C) Wish fulfillment

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41
Q

evolves from the id and harnesses part of the id’s energy for its own use

A) ego strength

B) ego ideal

C) super ego

D) ego

A

D) ego

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42
Q

what is the role of the ego in relation to the id’s impulses?

A. The ego ignores the id’s impulses.

B. The ego actively encourages the id’s impulses.

C. The ego tries to suppress the id’s impulses.

D. The ego tries to make sure that the id’s impulses are expressed effectively, taking into account the external world.

A

D. The ego tries to make sure that the id’s impulses are expressed effectively, taking into account the external world.

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43
Q

Why is most ego functioning in the conscious and preconscious

A. The ego is primarily concerned with the internal world.

B. The ego is focused on unconscious processes.

C. The ego is primarily concerned with the external world.

D. The ego is indifferent to both the internal and external worlds.

A

A. The ego is primarily concerned with the internal world.

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44
Q

the control by the ego of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world.

A) reality testing

B) delay of gratification

C) self control

D) reality principle

A

D) reality principle

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45
Q

what is the role of the ego

A) Fulfilling unconscious desires

B) Suppressing the id’s impulses

C) Balancing the superego’s moral standards

D) orienting you toward the world, leading you to weigh the risks of an action before acting

A

D) orienting you toward the world, leading you to weigh the risks of an action before acting

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46
Q

what is the goal of the ego

A) Fulfilling unconscious desires

B) delay the discharge of the id’s tension until an appropriate object or context is found

C) Maintain the moral standards of the superego

D) Maximize pleasure and minimize pain

A

B) delay the discharge of the id’s tension until an appropriate object or context is found

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47
Q

The ego process of rationally seeking an object to satisfy a desire.

A) reality testing

B) ego strength

C) secondary process

D) primary process

A

C) secondary process

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48
Q

what is the role of secondary process

A) mediating between the desires of the id and the constraints of the external world.

B) matching the unconscious image of a tension-reducing object to a real object

C) forming an unconscious mental image of an object or event that would satisfy the need

D) being able to put off rewards until a later time

A

B) matching the unconscious image of a tension-reducing object to a real object

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49
Q

delay of gratification is a class of self control in which

A) you’re able to put off rewards until a later time

B) the unconscious image of a tension-reducing object is matched to a real object

C) one creates situations that make it hard to succeed

D) the ego checks to see whether plans will work before they are put into action.

A

A) you’re able to put off rewards until a later time

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50
Q

What is identified as the source of intellectual processes and problem-solving

A. The id using the reality principle and primary process thought

B. The superego.

C. The ego, using the reality principle and secondary process thought.

D. The unconscious mind.

A

C. The ego, using the reality principle and secondary process thought.

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51
Q

the ego’s checking to see whether plans will work before they are put into action.

A) Reality testing

B) Superego assessment

C) Id evaluation

D) Ego scrutiny

A

A) reality testing

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52
Q

how is the ego often described in terms of its role in personality

A) Serving

B) Balancing

C) Repressing

D) Executive

A

D) Executive

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53
Q

what has no moral sense and is entirely pragmatic, focused on getting by

A) ego strength

B) ego

C) ego ideal

D) the id

A

B) ego

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54
Q

where does moral sense reside

A) superego

B) ego

C) ego ideal

D) the id

A

A) superego

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55
Q

Freud held that the superego develops when

A) The person is in the oral stage of development

B) The person resolves a particular conflict during development

C) The person experiences success in the oedipal complex

D) The person reaches adolescence

A

B) The person resolves a particular conflict during development

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56
Q

The values reflected in your superego stem mostly

A) From unconscious desires

B) From societal norms

C) From parents

D) From personal experiences

A

C) From parents

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57
Q

what allows the ego to form plans of action to satisfy needs and test the plans mentally to see whether they will work

A) repression

B) capacity for realistic thought

C) catharsis

D) reality distortion

A

B) capacity for realistic thought

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58
Q

the joining of two latin words meaning “over i” refers to

A) ego ideal

B) introjection

C) superego

D) the self

A

C) superego

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59
Q

what does introjection refer to

A) Projection of unconscious desires onto others

B) Externalizing personal conflicts

C) The process of a child taking in or incorporating the values of the parents

D) The unconscious suppression of traumatic memories

A

C) the process of a child taking in or incorporating the values of the parents

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60
Q

the ego ideal and the conscience are two subsystems involved in what

A) id

B) ideal ego

C) ego

D) superego

A

D) superego

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61
Q

what is the role of the ego ideal

A) associating the imagery of order

B) comprising rules for good behaviour or standards of excellence

C) comprining rules about what behaviours the parents disapprove of and punish

D) preventing any id impulses that would be frowned on by ones parents

A

B) comprising rules for good behaviour or standards of excellence

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62
Q

what does the conscience comprise of

A) rules about the self image that is distorted by idealisation

B) rules that form the point of perfection

C) rules for good behaviour or standards of excellence

D) rules about what behaviours the parents disapprove and punish

A

D) rules about what behaviours the parents disapprove and punish

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63
Q

if one were to behave in ways that their parents disapprove of what would the conscious do

A) punish you with feelings of guilt

B)

C) make you avoid doing those behaviours in the future

D)

A

A) punish you with feelings of guilt

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64
Q

what does the ego ideal reflect?

A) unconscious desires

B) repressed memories

C) things you strive for

D) things to avoid

A

C) things you strive for

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65
Q

what does the conscious reflect?

A) unconscious desires

B) repressed memories

C) things you strive for

D) things to avoid

A

D) things to avoid

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66
Q

what did the distinction between the ego ideal and the conscience arise from

A) Unconscious desires and conflicts

B) Approach and avoidance motivation

C) Parental values and societal norms

D) Suppression and repression

A

B) Approach and avoidance motivation

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67
Q

which of the following is not an interrelated goal of the superego

A) Leading you to weigh the risks of an action before acting

B) Preventing any id impulses that would be frowned upon by one’s parents

C) Forcing the ego to act morally, rather than rationally

D) Guiding the person toward perfection in thought, word, and deed

A

A) Leading you to weigh the risks of an action before acting

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68
Q

how does the superego influence behaviour

A. The superego exerts a destructive influence on the person.

B. The superego exerts a realistic influence on the person.

C. The superego exerts a “civilizing” influence on the person.

D. The superego has no influence on the person.

A

C. The superego exerts a “civilizing” influence on the person.

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69
Q

What challenges does the ego face once the superego has developed

A. The ego only needs to deal with the desires of the id.

B. The ego must deal with the desires of the id, the moral dictates of the superego, and the constraints of reality simultaneously.

C. The ego faces no additional challenges after the development of the superego.

D. The ego must solely focus on the constraints of reality.

A

B. The ego must deal with the desires of the id, the moral dictates of the superego, and the constraints of reality simultaneously.

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70
Q

What does the term “ego strength” refer to in the psychoanalytic view

A. The ego’s inability to cope with conflicts.

B. The ego’s ability to suppress desires of the id.

C. The ego’s ability to avoid conflicts.

D. The ego’s ability to be effective despite conflicts.

A

D. The ego’s ability to be effective despite conflicts.

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71
Q

How does ego strength impact an individual’s ability to manage competing pressures

A. Ego strength has no impact on managing competing pressures.

B. Little ego strength makes it easier to manage competing pressures.

C. With little ego strength, the person is torn among competing pressures.

D. Ego strength makes it harder to manage competing pressures.

A

C. With little ego strength, the person is torn among competing pressures.

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72
Q

what is emphasized regarding the aspects of personality?

A. No aspect of personality is mentioned.

B. The id is the most important aspect of personality.

C. All aspects of personality are equal, and balance among them is essential.

D. The superego is the most important aspect of personality.

A

C. All aspects of personality are equal, and balance among them is essential.

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73
Q

What concept did Freud borrow heavily from the biological and physical sciences

A. Genetic mutations.

B. Energy systems.

C. Atomic structure.

D. Cellular division.

A

B. Energy systems.

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74
Q

According to Freud, how did he view people in terms of energy systems and psychological work?

A. People are simple energy systems with minimal psychological work.

B. People are complex energy systems, and psychological work is not related to energy.

C. People are complex energy systems, and psychological work is generated and released through biological processes.

D. People are not considered energy systems according to Freud’s views.

A

C. People are complex energy systems, and psychological work is generated and released through biological processes

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75
Q

What are the biological processes operating via the id referred to as

A. Energy release.

B. Psychological work.

C. Instinct and drive.

D. Perceptual processes

A

C. Instinct and drive.

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76
Q

How does Bruno Bettelheim view the translations of Freud’s writings

A. Bettelheim is satisfied with the translations.

B. Bettelheim finds the translations to be accurate.

C. Bettelheim is distressed by many aspects of the English translations of Freud.

D. Bettelheim believes the translations faithfully represent Freud’s ideas.

A

C. Bettelheim is distressed by many aspects of the English translations of Freud.

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77
Q

How did Freud try to communicate his ideas

A. Freud used complex and technical language to convey his ideas.

B. Freud avoided using common words to communicate his ideas.

C. Freud used words that his readers had used since childhood, adding new insights to those common words.

D. Freud refrained from using familiar language in his writings.

A

C. Freud used words that his readers had used since childhood, adding new insights to those common words.

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78
Q

why did Freud choose the word “Ich” (I) for one aspect of personality?

A. Because it is a complex and abstract term.

B. Because it is a common word learned by every German-speaking child and forces one to think of oneself.

C. Because it is a word associated with lifelessness and sterility.

D. Because it is a Latin word, and Freud preferred Latin terms.

A

B. Because it is a common word learned by every German-speaking child and forces one to think of oneself.

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79
Q

what emotional overtones are associated with the German word “Es” (it) when applied to oneself?

A. A sense of control over impulses and guilt.

B. A sense of lifelessness and sterility.

C. A sense of personalized infancy when one hadn’t learned to control impulses or feel guilty about them.

D. A sense of abstraction and neutrality.

A

C. A sense of personalized infancy when one hadn’t learned to control impulses or feel guilty about them.

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80
Q

a common word used by Frued was Trieb, which is commonly translated as instinct, why did Bettelham say that the word”drive” is better

A) “Drive” is more precise and captures the concept more accurately.

B) Because Freud used a different word when he wanted to refer to the instincts of animals.

C) “Drive” is easier to translate into other languages.

D) “Drive” is a more modern and relevant term.

A

B) Because Freud used a different word when he wanted to refer to the instincts of animals.

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81
Q

How does Bruno Bettelheim interpret the word “Trieb” used by Freud

A. As an inborn and unalterable animal instinct.

B. As a basic urge, impulse, and inner propulsion.

C. As a term synonymous with “drive.”

D. As a complex psychological concept.

A

B. As a basic urge, impulse, and inner propulsion.

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82
Q

what Greek myth characters did Freud use to convey the connotations of “erotic” qualities?

A. Hercules and Athena.

B. Apollo and Artemis.

C. Eros and Psyche.

D. Zeus and Hera.

A

C. Eros and Psyche.

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83
Q

What connotations did Freud want to convey with the word “erotic,”

A. Disgust and deception.

B. Charm and cunning.

C. Beauty symbolized by Eros and the expression of soul longings symbolized by Psyche.

D. Trickery and misunderstanding.

A

C. Beauty symbolized by Eros and the expression of soul longings symbolized by Psyche.

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84
Q

What message does the myth convey about sexual love and the characters Eros and Psyche

A. Sexual love should be filled with disgust and deception.

B. Psyche was right to believe that Eros was disgusting.

C. For sexual love to be true erotic pleasure, it must be filled with beauty symbolized by Eros and express the longings of the soul symbolized by Psyche.

D. Trickery and misunderstanding are essential elements of true erotic pleasure.

A

C. For sexual love to be true erotic pleasure, it must be filled with beauty symbolized by Eros and express the longings of the soul symbolized by Psyche.

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85
Q

According to Bettelheim, how has the word “psyche” been misrepresented in translation?

A. The word “psyche” is often mistranslated as “mind.”

B. The word “psyche” is often mistranslated as “body.”

C. The German word for “psyche” is “Seele,” which means “mind.”

D. The German word for “psyche” is “Seele,” which means “soul.”

A

D. The German word for “psyche” is “Seele,” which means “soul.”

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86
Q

According to Bettelheim, how was Freud’s focus misread by translating the German word “psyche” to “mind”?

A. Freud’s focus was on the mental rather than the metaphysical.

B. Freud’s focus was on the physical rather than the metaphysical.

C. Freud’s focus was on the metaphysical rather than the mental.

D. Freud’s focus was on the metaphysical rather than the physical.

A

D. Freud’s focus was on the metaphysical rather than the physical.

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87
Q

What did Bruno Bettelheim argue regarding the understanding of Freud’s ideas

A. Freud’s ideas are easily understood at both emotional and intellectual levels.

B. Much of the sense of Freud’s ideas has been missed, particularly the emotional responses that Freud aimed to evoke.

C. Freud’s ideas were primarily focused on intellectual responses.

D. The emotional level of Freud’s ideas has been accurately retained.

A

B. Much of the sense of Freud’s ideas has been missed, particularly the emotional responses that Freud aimed to evoke.

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88
Q

why did Freud choose not to correct the distortions of his ideas?

A. Freud was not aware of the distortions.

B. Freud wanted to keep his ideas as complex as possible.

C. Freud was annoyed at the U.S. medical establishment’s intent on making psychoanalysis part of medicine, which he opposed.

D. Freud was in favor of the U.S. medical establishment’s integration of psychoanalysis into medicine.

A

C. Freud was annoyed at the U.S. medical establishment’s intent on making psychoanalysis part of medicine, which he opposed.

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89
Q

What are the two related elements of a drive

A. Emotional need and physical representation.

B. Biological need and its psychological representation.

C. Psychological need and physical satisfaction.

D. Thirst and desire.

A

B. Biological need and its psychological representation.

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90
Q

a lack of sufficient water in the body’s cells is a need that creates a psychological state of thirst, a desire for water, what elements combine to form this drive

A. Emotional need and physical representation.

B. Biological need and its psychological representation.

C. Psychological need and physical satisfaction.

D. Thirst and desire.

A

B. Biological need and its psychological representation.

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91
Q

what is the consequence if a drive isn’t expressed?

A. The drive disappears.

B. The drive’s pressure continues to build.

C. The drive is suppressed permanently.

D. The drive becomes less intense.

A

B. The drive’s pressure continues to build.

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92
Q

What is the term used to describe the view of motives where the pressure of an unexpressed drive continues to build?

A. Hydraulic model.

B. Suppression model.

C. Repression model.

D. Drive accumulation model.

A

A. Hydraulic model.

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93
Q

the terms life or sexual instincts and death instincts are classes of what according to Freud

A) Ego functions

B) Drives

C) Neurotransmitters

D) Defense mechanisms

A

B) Drives

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94
Q

What is the term used to collectively refer to the energy of life instincts, including those related to survival, reproduction, and pleasure?

A. Eros.

B. Libido.

C. Thanatos.

D. Superego.

A

B. Libido.

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95
Q

What is the primary focus of the set of drives collectively called Eros?

A. Survival.

B. Reproduction.

C. Pleasure.

D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

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96
Q

What is the term used to refer to the set of drives knoen as death instincts, according to Freud?

A. Eros.

B. Thanatos.

C. Libido.

D. Superego.

A

B. Thanatos.

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97
Q

Why aren’t the effects of death instincts always visible

A. Death instincts are stronger than life instincts.

B. The expression of death instincts is usually held back by the life instincts.

C. Death instincts are unconscious and cannot be observed.

D. Life instincts prevent the existence of death instincts.

A

B. The expression of death instincts is usually held back by the life instincts.

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98
Q

What is the term used in biology for the active gene-directed suicide process associated with death instincts?

A. Eros.

B. Libido.

C. Apoptosis.

D. Thanatos.

A

C. Apoptosis.

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99
Q

what aspect of the death instinct has received attention from psychologists?

A) pleasure

B) fantasy

C) consciousness

D) aggression

A

D) aggression

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100
Q

what is Freuds view on aggression

A) it is solely a learned behaviour

B) it is a result of external factors

C) it stems from the thwarting of the death instinct

D) it is a basic drive

A

C) it stems from the thwarting of the death instinct

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101
Q

what term is used to refer to the release of emotional tension that occurs when a drive isnt released

A) Repression

B) Catharsis

C) Sublimation

D) Projection

A

B) catharsis

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102
Q

According to the principle of catharsis, what are the two predictions related to engaging in aggression?

A. Aggression increases tension and leads to more aggression.

B. Engaging in aggression reduces tension and decreases the likelihood of future aggression.

C. Aggression has no impact on tension or future aggressive behavior.

D. Engaging in aggression increases tension but decreases the likelihood of future aggression.

A

B. Engaging in aggression reduces tension and decreases the likelihood of future aggression.

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103
Q

According to Megargee’s argument, what happens to people with strong inhibitions against aggressing over time?

A. They frequently blow off steam when provoked.

B. Their feelings build until their restraints can no longer hold, and the released aggression may be quite brutal.

C. They become more passive and controlled over time.

D. They are less likely to experience brutal aggression.

A

B. Their feelings build until their restraints can no longer hold, and the released aggression may be quite brutal

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104
Q

What term does Megargee use to refer to people with strong inhibitions against aggressing, who release aggression in a brutal manner after their feelings build up over time?

A. Undercontrolled aggressors.

B. Passive aggressors.

C. Overcontrolled aggressors.

D. Provocative aggressors.

A

C. Overcontrolled aggressors.

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105
Q

what does some evidence suggest as the reason why the catharsis hypothesis produces the effect of aggression dissipating arousal

A) actual retaliation

B) symbolic retaliation

C) fantasy retaliation

D) aggressive retaliation

A

A) actual retaliation

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106
Q

how did Freud view anxiety

A) As an irrational emotion without any useful function

B) As a positive indicator of the superego

C) As a natural consequence of external stressors

D) As a warning signal to the ego that something bad is about to happen

A

D) As a warning signal to the ego that something bad is about to happen

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107
Q

which of the following is NOT one of the types of anxiety distinguished by Freud

A) reality anxiety

B) moral anxiety

C) existential anxiety

D) neurotic anxiety

A

C) existential anxiety

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108
Q

what type of anxiety do you experience if you realised you were bitten by a dog or crashed your car

A) reality anxiety

B) moral anxiety

C) existential anxiety

D) neurotic anxiety

A

A) reality anxiety

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109
Q

what type of anxiety arises from a danger in the world

A) reality anxiety

B) moral anxiety

C) existential anxiety

D) neurotic anxiety

A

A) reality anxiety

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110
Q

how do we deal with reality anxiety?

A) By seeking professional therapy to uncover repressed conflicts

B) By fixing, avoiding, or escaping from the situation that creates the feeling

C) By engaging in mindfulness practices and relaxation techniques

D) By suppressing the emotions associated with the anxiety

A

B) by fixing, avoiding, or escaping from the situation that creates the feeling

111
Q

where does fear in neurotic anxiety stem from

A) preconscious

B) subconscious

C) conscious

D) unconscious

A

D) unconscious

112
Q

what does neurotic anxiety refer to

A) conscious fear that arises from a danger in the world

B) unconscious fear that id impulses will get out of control and make you do something that will get you punished

C) unconscious fear that people have when they have violated their moral code

D) a repressed fear of the unknown

A

B) unconscious fear that id impulses will get out of control and make you do something that will get you punished

113
Q

the fear relating to neurotic anxiety is a fear relating to what

A) fear of expressing the id impulses in themselves

B) fear of the punishment that will result from expressing the id’s impulses

C) fear of external dangers in the environment

D) fear of expressing the superego’s moral standards

A

B) fear of the punishment that will result from expressing the id’s impulses

114
Q

where does the danger associated with neurotic anxiety ultimately originate?

A. In societal disapproval.

B. In impulsive actions.

C. Inside, in the urges of the id.

D. In external threats.

A

C. Inside, in the urges of the id

115
Q

Why is neurotic anxiety considered harder to deal with than reality anxiety

A. Because it is based on societal disapproval.

B. Because it is rooted in external threats.

C. Because it has a kind of basis in reality.

D. Because its danger is ultimately rooted inside, in the urges of the id.

A

D. Because its danger is ultimately rooted inside, in the urges of the id.

116
Q

How is moral anxiety defined

A. The fear of societal disapproval.

B. The fear of impulsive actions.

C. The fear of violating one’s moral code.

D. The fear of punishment.

A

C. The fear of violating one’s moral code.

117
Q

The fear of behaving in conflict with the superego’s moral code.

A) morality

B) moral ethics

C) repressed anxiety

D) moral anxiety

A

D) moral anxiety

118
Q

how is moral anxiety felt?

A) accomplishment and pride

B) panic and worry

C) guilt and shame

D) frustration and anger

A

C) guilt and shame

119
Q

What is the key difference between moral anxiety and reality anxiety

A. Moral anxiety is external, while reality anxiety is internal.

B. Moral anxiety is based on societal disapproval, while reality anxiety is rooted in impulsive actions.

C. Moral anxiety is rooted in the conscience, while reality anxiety is rooted in reality

D. Moral anxiety is about external threats, while reality anxiety is about internal urges.

A

C. Moral anxiety is rooted in the conscience, while reality anxiety is rooted in reality

120
Q

ideally, what would prevent neurotic anxiety

A) avoid or deal quickly with external dangers

B) release id impulses at appropriate times and places

C) never let yourself do anything (or even want to do anything) that your superego prohibited

D) Seek professional therapy.

A

B) release id impulses at appropriate times and places

121
Q

ideally, what would prevent moral anxiety

A) avoid or deal quickly with external dangers

B) release id impulses at appropriate times and places

C) never let yourself do anything (or even want to do anything) that your superego prohibited

D) Seek professional therapy.

A

C) never let yourself do anything (or even want to do anything) that your superego prohibited

122
Q

what occurs when anxiety arises

A) The ego experiences a sense of calm and tranquility.

B) The ego becomes more flexible and open to new experiences.

C) The ego responds in two ways.

D) The ego remains passive and indifferent.

A

D) the ego responds in two ways

123
Q

what are the two ways in which the ego responds to anxiety

A) Enhances self-esteem and seeks social support

B) Increases problem-oriented coping efforts and engages defense mechanisms

C) Suppresses emotional expression and avoids challenging situations

D) Experiences panic attacks and withdrawal from reality

A

B) Increases problem-oriented coping efforts and engages defense mechanisms

124
Q

what ego response works well for reality anxiety

A) Suppressing emotional expression

B) Problem-oriented coping

C) Defense mechanisms

D) Avoidance of challenging situations

A

B) Problem-oriented coping

125
Q

What does “problem-oriented coping efforts” focus on

A. Managing emotional reactions.

B. Avoiding the source of the threat.

C. Seeking social support.

D. Dealing consciously with the source of the threat.

A

D. Dealing consciously with the source of the threat.

126
Q

What are the two shared characteristics of defense mechanisms

A. They all operate consciously and transform reality.

B. They all operate unconsciously and transform reality.

C. They all operate consciously and distort reality.

D. They all operate unconsciously and distort or transform reality.

A

D. They all operate unconsciously and distort or transform reality.

127
Q

what is identified as the central mechanism of defense?

A. Regression.

B. Projection.

C. Repression.

D. Sublimation.

A

C. Repression.

128
Q

What is the primary function of repression

A. To express unacceptable impulses consciously.

B. To transform unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable forms.

C. To keep unacceptable impulses out of consciousness.

D. To seek social support for dealing with impulses.

A

C. To keep unacceptable impulses out of consciousness.

129
Q

What term did Anna Freud use to refer to the conscious act of forcing something out of awareness?

A. Displacement.

B. Sublimation.

C. Suppression.

D. Regression.

A

C. Suppression.

130
Q

research focusing on suppression show that it causes what

A. Decreased awareness.

B. A rebound effect.

C. Increased consciousness.

D. Enhanced memory.

A

B. A rebound effect.

131
Q

what can repression block from awareness?

A. Only id impulses.

B. Only information that’s painful.

C. Both id impulses and information that’s painful or upsetting.

D. Neither id impulses nor information that’s painful.

A

C. Both id impulses and information that’s painful or upsetting.

132
Q

What is denial

A. Acceptance of a threatening reality.

B. A conscious effort to confront a threatening reality.

C. Refusal to believe an event took place or a condition exists.

D. Acceptance of an event without understanding it.

A

C. Refusal to believe an event took place or a condition exists.

133
Q

when does denial occur

A) When people confront reality with confidence

B) When people are overwhelmed by a threatening reality

C) During periods of extreme joy and pleasure

D) As a routine response to everyday stressors

A

B) When people are overwhelmed by a threatening reality

134
Q

a child abused by a parent who goes on as if nothing were wrong would be using what defence mechanism

A) rationalisation

B) projection

C) denial

D) repression

A

C) denial

135
Q

how do denial and repression differ

A) problems created

B) type of anxiety

C) type of pain

D) source of threat

A

D) source of threat

136
Q

How do repression and denial differ

A. Repression deals with external threats, while denial deals with internal threats.

B. Both deal with internal threats, but repression originates in the mind’s dynamics, while denial deals with external sources.

C. Both deal with external threats, but repression originates in the mind’s dynamics, while denial deals with internal sources.

D. Repression and denial are synonymous; they both deal with internal threats.

A

B. Both deal with internal threats, but repression originates in the mind’s dynamics, while denial deals with external sources.

137
Q

what occurs when repression and denial continues for a long time

A) You develop increased self-awareness and insight.

B) You learn to operate more efficiently.

C) Other defenses develop.

D) You become more prone to anxiety.

A

C) Other defenses develop.

138
Q

What does projection provide

A. A way to completely eliminate a disliked aspect of oneself.

B. A way to see disliked aspects of oneself in an undistorted form.

C. A way to hide knowledge of a disliked aspect of oneself while still seeing that quality expressed in a highly distorted form.

D. A way to express disliked aspects of oneself openly.

A

C. A way to hide knowledge of a disliked aspect of oneself while still seeing that quality expressed in a highly distorted form.

139
Q

How does projection operate in expressing a repressed feeling

A. It openly expresses the repressed feeling.

B. It eliminates the repressed feeling.

C. It distorts the repressed feeling and directs it towards others.

D. It intensifies the repressed feeling.

A

C. It distorts the repressed feeling and directs it towards others.

140
Q

What are the two purposes of projection?

A. To intensify repressed desires and suppress energy.

B. To distort desires and confuse the ego and superego.

C. To eliminate desires and reduce tension.

D. To express true desires and release energy, and to emerge in a way that the ego and superego don’t recognize.

A

D. To express true desires and release energy, and to emerge in a way that the ego and superego don’t recognize.

141
Q

how can repressed material be brought out of the unconscious

A) through direct confrontation and exposure

B) by being transformed to make it less recognisable

C) through the reinforcement of unconscious defences

D) by suppressing it further

A

B) by being transformed to make it less recognisable

142
Q

What role does the transformation of repressed material play in the context of defenses?

A. It intensifies anxiety.

B. It eliminates repressed material.

C. It weakens and distorts the expression of the repressed urge.

D. It strengthens the initial urge.

A

C. It weakens and distorts the expression of the repressed urge.

143
Q

what responses are common with relation to failure

A) sublimation

B) rationalisation

C) denial

D) displacement

A

B) rationalisation

144
Q

how is anxiety reduced using rationalisation

A) Through direct confrontation and exposure

B) Finding an excuse for some behavior you really did for unacceptable reasons

C) Through reinforcement of unconscious defenses

D) By suppressing it further

A

B) Finding an excuse for some behavior you really did for unacceptable reasons

145
Q

The process of thinking about something clinically and without emotion.

A) Intellectualization

B) Rationalization

C) Coping

D) Dissociation

A

A) Intellectualization

146
Q

if someone endlessly researches the details of a significant illness to avoid the anxiety, fear, and sadness of receiving a diagnosis they would be using

A) Intellectualization

B) Rationalization

C) Coping

D) Dissociation

A

A) Intellectualization

147
Q

what two defense mechanisms are considered adaptive

A) Denial and Repression

B) Displacement and Sublimation

C) Rationalisation and Intellectualisation

D) Projection and Suppression

A

B) Displacement and Sublimation

148
Q

a student who’s angry with her professor and takes it out on her very understanding boyfriend would be using

A) denial

B) sublimation

C) displacement

D) projection

A

C) displacement

149
Q

When someone unconsciously attributes their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to another person

A) denial

B) sublimation

C) displacement

D) projection

A

D) projection

150
Q

A wife is attracted to a male co-worker but can’t admit her feelings, so when her husband talks about a female co-worker, she becomes jealous and accuses him of being attracted to the other woman, She would be using

A) denial

B) sublimation

C) displacement

D) projection

A

D) projection

151
Q

when does displacement typically occur

A) When you want to hide your knowledge of a disliked aspect of yourself while still seeing that quality expressed

B) When the target is threatening

C) When there is a direct confrontation with the source of frustration

D) When you want to compartmentalise

A

B) When the target is threatening

152
Q

how does sublimation let impulses be expressed

A) By suppressing them entirely

B) By transforming them to an acceptable form

C) By expressing them in their original, raw state

D) By channeling them into socially unacceptable behaviors

A

B) By transforming them to an acceptable form

153
Q

if one was to express their sexual impulses as artistic creations they would be

A) Projecting

B) Sublimating

C) Intellectualising

D) Repressing

A

B) Sublimating

154
Q

what mechanism did Freud belief reflects maturity

A) morality

B) repression

C) intellectualisation

D) sublimation

A

D) sublimation

155
Q

In sublimation, what creates the threat?

A) the target

B) the impulse

C) Both the target and the impulse

D) Neither the target nor the impulse

A

B) the impulse

156
Q

What is a characteristic of sublimation?

A) It emerges only after anxiety is aroused.

B) It prevents problems from occurring.

C) It is a form of repression.

D) It is unconscious.

A

B) It prevents problems from occurring.

157
Q

Freud viewed personality development as movement through a series of stages, which each stage being associated with

A) fixation

B) an erogenous zone

C) anxiety

D) none of the above

A

B) an erogenous zone

158
Q

what does the an erogenous zone refer to

A) A non-erotic part of the body

B) A psychological concept unrelated to sexuality

C) An area of the body that’s the focus of sexual energy

D) A term describing emotional intimacy

A

C) an area of the body that’s the focus of sexual energy

159
Q

if a conflict is not resolved and too much energy gets permanently invested in one of the psychosocial stages, what occurs

A) Stage progression

B) Fixation

C) Psychosocial integration

D) Developmental resolution

A

B) Fixation

160
Q

What is fixation?

a. A state of psychological regression
b. A persistent attachment to a developmental stage
c. A sudden shift in emotional needs
d. A disruption in cognitive functioning

A

b. A persistent attachment to a developmental stage

161
Q

why might a person be reluctant to leave a developmental stage?

a. Due to cognitive impairment
b. Because of unresolved needs or frustrations
c. As a result of emotional detachment
d. To seek novelty and variety

A

b. Because of unresolved needs or frustrations

162
Q

what conflict occurs in the oral stage

A)

B)

C) the process of weaning from others

D)

A

C) the process of weaning, literal and figurative

163
Q

what substage concerns the excessive concern with oral activities such as drinking and eating but takes time to take these things in

A) oral experience phase

B) oral infatuation phase

C) oral sadistic phase

D) oral incorporative phase

A

D) oral incorporative phase

164
Q

during the oral incorporative phase, if an infant experienced a benign world, what sort of traits emerge

A) dependency

B) optimism and trust

C) pessimism and mistrust

D) independency

A

B) optimism and trust

165
Q

during the oral incorporative phase, if an infant experiences a world that was not supportive, what traits would emerge

A) dependency

B) optimism and trust

C) pessimism and mistrust

D) independency

A

C) pessimism and mistrust

166
Q

during the oral incorporative phase, if an infant experienced a world that was too helpful, what traits would emerge

A) dependency

B) optimism and trust

C) pessimism and mistrust

D) independency

A

A) dependency

167
Q

what does the oral sadistic phase begin with

A) biting

B) teething

C) weaning

D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

168
Q

This phase is thought to determine who will be verbally aggressive later on and who will use sarcasm

A) oral experience phase

B) oral infatuation phase

C) oral sadistic phase

D) oral incorporative phase

A

C) oral sadistic phase

169
Q

what has research found in relation to oral imagery and its relationships

A) interpersonal interest and social skills

B) stinginess, obstinacy, and orderliness

C) a strong correlation with introversion

D) a lack of significant associations with personality traits

A

A) interpersonal interest and social skills

170
Q

who is most likely to volunteer readily for interpersonal tasks

A) those high in anal imagery

B) those low in anal imagery

C) those high in oral imagery

D) those low in oral imagery

A

C) those high in oral imagery

171
Q

who is most likely to rely on other people’s judgments during ambiguous tasks

A) those high in anal imagery

B) those low in anal imagery

C) those high in oral imagery

D) those low in oral imagery

A

C) those high in oral imagery

172
Q

what people seem highly motivated to gain closeness and support from others and are sensitive to others’ reactions

A) those who display genital imagery

B) those who display anal imagery

C) those who display oral imagery

D) none of the above

A

C) those who display oral imagery

173
Q

when is the first time that parents impose external constraints on the satisfaction of internal urges

A) protection

B) punishment

C) social skills training

D) toilet training

A

D) toilet training

174
Q

what personality characteristics are said to arise from fixations during the anal period in which parents urge the child to eliminate at a desired time and place

A) messy, cruel, destructive, and overtly hostile

B) adult productivity and creativity

C) interpersonal interest and social skills

D) gain closeness and support from others

A

B) adult productivity and creativity

175
Q

what personality characteristics are said to arise from fixations during the anal period in which parents emphasise punishment, ridicusl and shame for failure

A) messy, cruel, destructive, and overtly hostile

B) adult productivity and creativity

C) interpersonal interest and social skills

D) gain closeness and support from others

A

A) messy, cruel, destructive, and overtly hostile

176
Q

why does the emphasis is on punishment, ridicule, and shame for failure during the anal stage yield two patterns

A) It fosters a sense of independence and autonomy in the child

B) It leads to a balanced development of the child’s personality

C) It encourages creative expression and exploration

D) The child’s reactions are dependent on the pattern the child adopts

A

D) The child’s reactions are dependent on the pattern the child adopts

177
Q

If the child adopts an active pattern of rebellion, eliminating forcefully when the parents least want it during the anal stage, what occurs

A) a set of anal retentive traits develops

B) a set of anal expulsive traits develops

C) a set of anal rebellious traits develops

D) a set of anal hostile traits develops

A

B) a set of anal expulsive traits develops

178
Q

tendencies to be messy, cruel, destructive, and overtly hostile reflect what set of anal traits

A) anal hostile

B) anal rebellious

C) anal expulsive

D) anal retentive

A

C) anal expulsive

179
Q

If the child tries to get even by withholding feces and urine when the emphasis is on punishment, ridicule, and shame for failure from parents, the child develops

A) a set of anal retentive traits

B) a set of anal expulsive traits

C) a set of anal rebellious traits

D) a set of anal hostile traits

A

A) a set of anal retentive traits

180
Q

what personality is a rigid, obsessive style

A) anal retentive

B) anal expulsive

C) anal rebellious

D) anal hostile

A

A) anal retentive

181
Q

he characteristics that form this pattern are sometimes called the anal triad: stinginess, obstinacy, and orderliness.

A) anal retentive

B) anal expulsive

C) anal rebellious

D) anal hostile

A

A) anal retentive

182
Q

the awakening sexual desires are completely autoerotic a during the phallic state, which refers to

A) sexual pleasure comes totally from self-stimulation.

B) the focus on external objects for sexual satisfaction.

C) the suppression of sexual desires.

D) the absence of sexual fantasies.

A

A) sexual pleasure comes totally from self-stimulation.

183
Q

Boys’ desire to possess their mothers and replace their fathers is called the

A) Castration anxiety

B) Oedipus complex

C) Electra complex

D) identification

A

B) Oedipus complex

184
Q

what is the significance of castration anxiety

A) causes the girl to identify with their mother

B) causes the boy to identify with his father

C) causes the boy to feel competitiveness with his father

D)

A

B) causes the boy to identify with his father

185
Q

what does castration anxiety ultimately do

A)

B) causes the boy to repress his desire for his mother

C) causes the boy to feel competitiveness with his father

D)

A

B) the boy to repress his desire for his mother

186
Q

in the context of castration anxiety causing a boy to identify with his father, identification refers to

A) Tendency to develop feelings of similarity to and connectedness with someone else

B) The process of resolving the Oedipus complex

C) The child’s resistance to accepting parental authority

D) The fear of losing a body part due to punishment or ridicule

A

A) tendency to develop feelings of similarity to and connectedness with someone else.

187
Q

when does a boys identification to ones father pave the way for the development of the superego

A) when the boy introjects his father’s values

B) when the boy is in the latency period

C) when the boy is in the anal stage

D) when he gains symbolic access to his mother through his father

A

A) when the boy introjects his father’s values

188
Q

fixations during the phallic stage result in what personality

A) productivity and creativity

B) Overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive

C) Meticulous, orderly, rigid and frugal

D) ) A heightened sense of morality and ethical behavior

A

B) overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive

189
Q

Freud believed that how children negotiate the conflicts and difficulties of the phallic stage determines their attitudes toward

A) The resolution of the oral stage

B) interpersonal competitiveness, and personal adequacy.

C) intrapersonal drive and motivations

D) The development of language skills

A

B) interpersonal competitiveness, and personal adequacy.

190
Q

the lessening of sexual and aggressive drives that occur during the latency period results from

A) an increase in unconscious desires

B) the suppression of the id

C) the emergence of ego and superego

D) a decrease in external stimuli

A

C) the emergence of ego and superego

191
Q

at what stage does sexual gratification relates to the desire to share mutual gratification with others

A) anal stage

B) latency period

C) genital stage

D) phallic stage

A

C) genital stage

192
Q

at what stage is sexual gratification narcissistic

A) anal stage

B) latency period

C) genital stage

D) phallic stage

A

D) phallic stage

193
Q

how is one way unconscious impulses revealed

A) Suppressed emotions

B) Mistakes

C) Symbolic dreams

B) Repressed memories

A

B) mistakes

194
Q

what events did Freud refer to as the psychopathology of everyday life

A) Suppressed emotions

B) Mistakes

C) Symbolic dreams

B) Repressed memories

A

B) Mistakes

195
Q

where do events such as forgetting things, get our words jumbled, and have accidents stem from

A) urges in the unconscious

B) urges in the subconscious

C) urges in the conscious

D) urges in the preconscious

A

A) urges in the unconscious

196
Q

in what form do urges in the unconscious emerge

A) Subtle hints in everyday conversations

B) dreams and fantasies

C) in a distorted form as mistakes

D) Unconscious slips of the tongue

A

C) in a distorted form as mistakes

197
Q

what does Freuds term parapraxes mean

A) Paradoxical expressions of emotions

B) memory lapses, slips of speech, and accidents

C) Structural conflicts within the psyche

D) Unconscious symbols in dreams

A

B) memory lapses, slips of speech, and accidents

198
Q

temporary dysfunctions of the memory apparatus that arise due to unconscious intentions interfering with conscious ones and which manifest as slips of the tongue or pen or bungled actions

A) unconscious interferences

B) subconscious mishaps

C) structural conflicts

D) parapraxes

A

D) parapraxes

199
Q

memory lapses, slips of speech, and accidents provide insight into what

A) Repressed memories

B) a person’s true desires

C) Hidden fears and anxieties

D) Subconscious conflicts

A

B) a person’s true desires

200
Q

what term is used to refer to an error in speech that seems to suggest an unconscious feeling or desire.

A) subconscious mishaps

B) unconscious interferences

C) Freudian slips

D) subconscious mishaps

A

A) Freudian slip

201
Q

which of the following is NOT a way in unconscious impulses are revealed

A) recalling

B) dreams

C) forgetting

D) mistakes

A

A) recalling

202
Q

In the psychoanalytic view, what is “forgetting”

A) an attempt to keep something from consciousness

B) loss or change in information that was was previously stored in short-term or long-term memory

C) not being completely conscious of events that occur

D) none of the above

A

A) an attempt to keep something from consciousness

203
Q

If forgetting is a successful attempt to keep thoughts from awareness, slips of the tongue are

A) successful attempts to do so

B) unsuccessful attempts to do so

C) unintentional expressions of repressed thoughts

D) deliberate acts of self-expression

A

B) unsuccessful attempts to do so

204
Q

in terms of forgetting what word would correspond accurately from a psychoanalytic view

A) repression

B) suppression

C) defense

D) motive

A

D) motive

205
Q

slips of the tongue are unsuccessful attempts to

A) express repressed desires

B) keep thoughts from awareness

C) reveal subconscious intentions

D) protect the unconscious mind

A

B) keep thoughts from awareness

206
Q

slips of the tongue is a persons unsuccessful attempt to

A) articulate repressed memories even when they are not sure they are true memories

B) conceal subconscious desires and motives

C) express all or part of the unconscious thought or wish, despite the effort to keep it hidden

D) mask unconscious intentions, even when keeping then hidden

A

C) express all or part of the unconscious thought or wish, despite the effort to keep it hidden

207
Q

As with forgetting, the hidden meaning behind slips of the tongue can be

A) ambiguous

B) obvious

C) unintelligible

D) slow

A

B) obvious

208
Q

Motley (1985) found that slips of the tongue is related to

A) repressed memories

B) anxiety

C) cognitive processes

D) unconscious desires

A

B) anxiety

209
Q

Freud believed the unconscious reveals itself in dreams, which he called

A) subconscious manifestations

B) latent expressions of desires

C) ““the royal road to the unconscious.”

D) “the language of the unconscious.”

A

C) ““the royal road to the unconscious.”

210
Q

this content of dreams concerns the images we see as dreams

A) latent content

B) manifest content

C) dream symbolism

D) subconscious representations

A

B) manifest content

211
Q

manifest content is

A) the hidden meaning behind dreams

B) the symbolic representation of desires

C) the conscious interpretation of dreams

D) what most of us think of as “the dream.”

A

D) what most of us think of as “the dream.”

212
Q

the unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content

A) latent content

B) unconscious content

C) dream symbolism

D) subconscious representations

A

A) latent content

213
Q

what does latent content tell us

A) the surface-level meaning of a dream

B) why a dream takes the form it does.

C) the emotional impact of a dream

D) the hidden desires behind a dream

A

B) why a dream takes the form it does.

214
Q

a thunderstorm, a passing siren, or the barking of a dog is what source of latent dream content

A) sensory stimulation

B) current concerns

C) Symbolization

D) unconscious impulses

A

A) sensory stimulation

215
Q

a source of latent dream content concerning thoughts, ideas, and feelings connected to waking life

A) sensory stimulation

B) current concerns

C) Symbolization

D) unconscious impulses

A

B) current concerns

216
Q

if you had been thinking about an upcoming exam, an interesting person you just met, or a financial problem you have and these are incorporated into and even provide central themes for dreams what sort of dream content are you experiencing

A) manifest content- current concerns

B) latent content - current concerns

C) latent content - unconscious impulses

D) manifest content- unconscious impulses

A

B) latent content - current concerns

217
Q

unconscious impulses in relation to dreams are

A) Latent content which are suppressing emotions

B) latent content about repressed memories

C) Latent content which are blocked from expression while you’re awake

D) latent content about subconscious yearnings

A

C) Latent content which are blocked from expression while you’re awake

218
Q

because unconscious impulses are often related to core conflicts, the impulse expressed in the dream is often

A) symbolic

B) primitive

C) repressed

D) unresolved

A

B) primitive

219
Q

what aspect did Freud believe reveals the most about a person’s personality.

A) manifest content- current concerns

B) latent content - current concerns

C) latent content - unconscious impulses

D) manifest content- unconscious impulses

A

C) latent content - unconscious impulses

220
Q

formal ways of assessing unconscious processes are collectively called

A) psychoanalytic assessments

B) projective techniques

C) subconscious evaluations

D) implicit measures

A

B) projective techniques

221
Q

projective techniques confront people with

A) overt challenges

B) ambiguous stimuli

C) straightforward tasks

D) clear instructions

A

B) ambiguous stimuli

222
Q

what is the presumption behind using ambiguous stimuli presented in projective techniques

A) Facilitates direct expression of conscious thoughts, feelings, desires and needs

B) Encourages logical and rational responses

C) Enhances memory recall

D) Allows responses to reflect unconscious feelings, attitudes, desires, and needs

A

D) Allows responses to reflect unconscious feelings, attitudes, desires, and needs

223
Q

The best-known projective technique is

A) Rorschach inkblot test

B) Picture response tests

C) Word association tests

D) Thematic Apperception Test

A

A) Rorschach inkblot test

224
Q

what did Rorschach use to test to test development of the Rorschach inkblot test

A) Empirical keying

B) Criterion keying approach

C) Factor analysis

D) Subjective interpretation

A

B) criterion keying approach

225
Q

what occurs during the the first stage of the Rorschach inkblot test

A) The examiner explains the purpose of the test

B) the inkblots are presented in a predetermined order and the person indicates what he or she sees in them

C) The person is asked to analyze the inkblots

D) The inkblots are presented randomly to assess spontaneous responses

A

B) the inkblots are presented in a predetermined order and the person indicates what he or she sees in them

226
Q

what occurs during the second stage of the Rorschach inkblot test

A) The person is asked to generate stories based on the inkblots

B) the inkblots are presented in a predetermined order and the person indicates what he or she sees in them

C) The person views the cards again and the examiner reminds the person what he or she said earlier and asks what it was about the card that made the person say that

D) The examiner provides additional information about the inkblots

A

C) The person views the cards again and the examiner reminds the person what he or she said earlier and asks what it was about the card that made the person say that

227
Q

what is the most popular way of scoring the Rorschach ink blot test

A)

B)

C)

D) John Exner’s scoring system,

A
227
Q

In John Exner’s scoring system, what is the initial step in analyzing responses on the Rorschach test?

a. Examining responses in terms of location
b. Comparing responses against those of people with known personalities
c. Analyzing responses in terms of determinants
d. Assessing responses based on content

A

b. Comparing responses against those of people with known personalities

228
Q

In John Exner’s scoring system, how are responses on the Rorschach test examined as a progression from one card to the next?

a. By assessing the emotional tone
b. By considering the respondent’s cognitive style
c. By analyzing thematic content
d. By observing the evolution of responses across cards

A

d. By observing the evolution of responses across cards

229
Q

What does the term “determinants” refer to in the context of John Exner’s scoring system for the Rorschach test?

a. The underlying psychological factors influencing responses
b. The form, colour, sharing or perceived movement
c. The respondent’s emotional reactions to the stimuli
d. The thematic content of the responses

A

b. The form, colour, sharing or perceived movement

230
Q

According to John Exner’s system, what is the final step in analyzing responses on the Rorschach test?

a. Assessing the respondent’s personality traits
b. Analyzing responses in terms of location, determinants and content
c. Examining responses as a progression from one card to the next
d. Analyzing responses in terms of content

A

b. Analyzing responses in terms of location, determinants and content

231
Q

How are the features of location, determinants, and content thought to reveal information about the person’s unconscious in John Exner’s system?

a. They provide insight into the respondent’s conscious thoughts
b. They reveal the respondent’s emotional state during the test
c. They reflect underlying psychological processes and aspects of the unconscious
d. They assess the respondent’s cognitive abilities

A

c. They reflect underlying psychological processes and aspects of the unconscious

232
Q

What does the term “location” refer to in the context of John Exner’s scoring system for the Rorschach test?

A) where the response focuses

B) the response’s subject

C) form, color, shading, or perceived movement

D) thematic content

A

A) where the response focuses

233
Q

how should psychologist treat the Rorschach inkblot test

A) as a test

B) as a tool

C) as a diagnostic instrument

D) as a subjective assessment method

A

B) as a tool

234
Q

which of the following is NOT considered a source of problems from the psychoanalysis approach

A) overinvestment of energy in a fixation

B) repression of basic drives and urges

C) buried trauma

D) exaggerated defense mechanisms

A

D) exaggerated defense mechanisms

235
Q

what prevents flexible adult functioning by depleting energy the ego needs

A) overinvestment of energy in a fixation

B) repression of basic drives and urges

C) buried trauma

D) exaggerated defense mechanisms

A

A) overinvestment of energy in a fixation

236
Q

If an overly punitive superego or a harsh environment causes too many urges to be buried, what happens to a person’s basic nature

A) It remains unchanged

B) It becomes more pronounced

C) It is repressed further

D) its distorted

A

D) its distorted

237
Q

the repression required to keep the needs hidden is a constant drain on energy available to the

A) self

B) superego

C) ego

D) id

A

C) ego

238
Q

what theory of Freuds was later abandoned by freud

A) seduction theory

B) theory of instincts

C) theory of resistance

D) theory of conscious mind

A

A) seduction theory

239
Q

what happened when Freud decided that seductions hadn’t actually taken place in childhood

A) He revised his theory and introduced the concept of fantasy

B) theory of the Oedipal conflict

C) He abandoned the psychoanalytic approach

D) He developed a new theory on dream interpretation

A

B) theory of the Oedipal conflict

240
Q

the three points of origin for problems all share what mechanism

A) The conscious awareness of the issue

B) The original fixation, urge, or trauma is repressed

C) Unresolved conflicts with others

D) Subconscious denial of the issue

A

B) the original fixation, urge, or trauma is repressed

241
Q

in Freud’s newer version of free association, unconscious material emerges in

A) symbolic form

B) metaphorical representations

C) disguised narratives

D) disguised language

A

A) symbolic form

242
Q

in a study assessing traumatic experiences that people had not spoken about much with others, it was found that when they disclosed the trauma, the initial feeling was linked to _______ however in the long term was linked to ________

A) health benefits; more distress

B) less distressing; more distressing

C) more distress; health benefits

D) less distress; health benefits

A

C) more distress; health benefits

243
Q

Pennebaker hypothesis what reason as linking why disclosure of painful memories has health benefits

A) people who think back and reflect on what happen actually feel relief when relieving the event

B) people who come to create their experiences into narratives benefit more than people who do not

C) people who have a coherent story benefit more than people who do not

D) all of the above

A

B) people who come to create their experiences into narratives benefit more than people who do not

244
Q

Pennebaker argued that the body expresses itself

A) linguistically and biologically at the same time

B) solely through biological processes

C) predominantly through non-verbal cues

D) without any connection to emotional experiences

A

A) linguistically and biologically at the same time

245
Q

an unconscious or conscious fight against becoming aware of repressed conflicts and impulses

A) Defense mechanisms

B) Subconscious denial

C) repression

D) resistance

A

D) resistance

246
Q

how is resistance interpreted

A) as a sign that something important is nearby, that the person is close to revealing something sensitive

B) as a deliberate attempt to mislead the therapist

C) as an indication of psychological health

D) as an unconscious expression of contentment

A

A) as a sign that something important is nearby, that the person is close to revealing something sensitive

247
Q

what provides an indication or illustration of how emotionally wrenching psychoanalytic therapy can be

A) Defense mechanisms

B) Subconscious denial

C) repression

D) resistance

A

D) resistance

248
Q

How is transference considered in the psychoanalytic therapeutic process?

a. A hindrance to progress
b. A distraction from the therapeutic goals
c. A necessary and important element
d. An optional technique

A

c. A necessary and important element

249
Q

How is transference described in the context of psychoanalytic therapy?

a. A set of displacements
b. A direct confrontation
c. A cognitive restructuring technique
d. A behavioral intervention

A

a. A set of displacements

250
Q

what does transference involve in psychoanalytic therapy?

a. A direct expression of emotions
b. A displacement of emotions onto the therapist
c. Chemical changes in the brain
d. Alterations in genetic factors

A

b. A displacement of emotions onto the therapist

251
Q

feelings toward other people in the patient’s life that are onto the therapist

A) projection

B) transference

C) countertransference

D) subconscious mirroring

A

B) transference

252
Q

how is transference interpreted when it occurs

A) the significance of the feelings that are being displaced

B) the authenticity of the patient’s emotions

C) the therapist’s personal feelings

D) the patient’s conscious intentions

A

A) the significance of the feelings that are being displaced

253
Q

what is the goal of psychoanalytic psychology

A) repressed trauma relief

B) behavioural modification

C) insight

D) intellectual understanding

A

C) insight

254
Q

what does insight imply in terms of psychoanalytic psychology

A) gaining an understanding of the underlying psychological processes.

B) re-experiencing of the emotional reality of repressed conflicts, memories, or urges, previously unconscious parts of one’s personality

C) achieving a deeper understanding of one’s emotional experiences.

D) uncovering the hidden meanings behind behaviors and symptoms

A

B) re-experiencing of the emotional reality of repressed conflicts, memories, or urges, previously unconscious parts of one’s personality

255
Q

what does insight imply in the context of psychotherapy?

a. Intellectual understanding
b. Emotional release
c. Reexperience emotional reality
d. Cognitive reorganization

A

c. Reexperience emotional reality

256
Q

How is insight distinguished from intellectual understanding

a. Insight involves emotional re-experiencing, while intellectual understanding is solely cognitive.
b. Insight is a form of emotional catharsis, while intellectual understanding is an intellectual process.
c. Insight is a freeing of pent-up energy, while intellectual understanding lacks the power to change the person.
d. Insight is related to memories, while intellectual understanding is focused on repressed urges.

A

b. Insight is a form of emotional catharsis, while intellectual understanding is an intellectual process.

257
Q

for a cognitive reorganisation to be useful, what must occur

A) it must come in the context of an emotional catharsis

B) it must be accompanied by behavioral changes

C) it must involve unconscious processing

D) it must align with conscious awareness

A

A) it must come in the context of an emotional catharsis

258
Q

according to the psyhodynamnic viewpoint cognitive reorganisation is only useful if it comes

A) without any emotional engagement

B) in the context of an emotional catharsis

C) solely from logical reasoning

D) independently of affective experiences

A

B) in the context of an emotional catharsis

259
Q

if Fixation is the origin of problems in personality, what would the goal of psychoanalysis be

A) Gain emotional insight into the needs and their acceptability

B) Relive experience for catharsis of feelings

C) Relive prior conflict to work through

D) Resolve conflicts through interpersonal communication

A

C) Relive prior conflict to work through

260
Q

if Repressed Trauma is the origin of problems in personality, what would the goal of psychoanalysis be

A) Gain emotional insight into the needs and their acceptability

B) Relive experience for catharsis of feelings

C) Relive prior conflict to work through

D) Resolve conflicts through interpersonal communication

A

B) Relive experience for catharsis of feelings

261
Q

if Repressed Basic needs is the origin of problems in personality, what would the goal of psychoanalysis be

A) Gain emotional insight into the needs and their acceptability

B) Relive experience for catharsis of feelings

C) Relive prior conflict to work through

D) Resolve conflicts through interpersonal communication

A

A) Gain emotional insight into the needs and their acceptability

262
Q

what is NOT a limitation of psychoanalytic therapy

A) expensive

B) it painful

C) takes years

D) insight does not work

A

D) insight does not work

263
Q

what is one criticism of psychoanalytic theory

A)

B)

C) hard to test

D)

A

C) hard to test

264
Q

what is a criticism about the mechanisms of defense

A) they are universally applicable to all individuals

B) they are too rigid and do not adapt to individual differences

C) they provide limitless flexibility

D) they solely focus on conscious processes

A

C) the provide provide limitless flexibility

265
Q

what is the downside of flexibility in relation to theory

A) increases the clarity of theoretical concepts

B) makes prediction and disconfirmation of theory difficult

C) enhances the adaptability of the theory

D) improves the generalizability of the theory

A

B) makes prediction and disconfirmation of theory difficult

266
Q

Freud’s heavy reliance on case studies creates what sort of limitations

A) reliability

B) validity

C) generalizability

D) applicability

A

A) reliability

267
Q

how is Freuds ideas biased

A) He developed his ideas from observing a very small set of cases

B) His theories are universally applicable to all individuals.

C) Freud considered a broad and diverse range of cases.

D) He formulated his ideas without considering any case studies.

A

A) He developed his ideas from observing a very small set of cases

268
Q

What models are experiencing a resurgence of interest

a. Psychosocial models
b. Cognitive models
c. Topographic and structural models
d. Behavioral models

A

c. Topographic and structural models

269
Q

With respect to the topography of the mind, what do many people from different perspectives argue

A) All aspects of memory are easily accessible through voluntary efforts.

B) Important aspects of memory are inaccessible through voluntary efforts.

C) Memory is solely a conscious process.

D) Consciousness has no impact on memory.

A

B) Important aspects of memory are inaccessible through voluntary efforts.

270
Q

With respect to the structural model what is being re-emphasized

A) The mind has five modes of functioning

B) The mind has unlimited components.

C) the mind has three modes of functioning

D) the mind has three components

A

C) the mind has three modes of functioning

271
Q

notions such as unconscious motivation, psychosexual development, and the intrapsychic tug-of-war of conflicting pressures from the id, ego, and superego have what sort of appeal

A) Cognitive

B) Emotional

C) Psychoanalytic

D) Intellectual

A

B) Emotional

272
Q

what word can be used to describe the ideas from psychoanalytic perspective

A) seductive

B) complex

C) controversial

D) provocative

A

A) seductive

Personality Psychology (34 decks)

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