COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
cognitive perspective on personality rests _____ on two assumptions
A) overtly
B) directly
C) explicitly
D) implicitly
D) implicitly
according to the cognitive perspective, personality is reflected in
A) emotional expression
B) decision making and biases
C) social conformity
D) environmental influences
B) decision making and biases
Kelly said the best way to understand personality is to think of people as
A) direct experiencers
B) scientists
C) learners
D) passive observers
B) scientists
according to Kelly, people generate _______
to create conceptions about how the world works
A) general ideas
B) personal constructs
C) decisions
D) ideas
B) personal constructs
mental organizations of information
A) fuzzy set
B) exemplar
C) script
D) schemas
D) schemas
Most views assume that schemas include information about specific cases, called
A) fuzzy set
B) scripts
C) prototype
D) exemplars
D) exemplars
. This sense of the category as a whole is captured in an idealized best member of the category, often called its
A) archetype
B) paragon
C) prototype
D) exemplas
C) prototype
what term has been used to convey the sense that a schema is defined in a vague way by a set of criteria that are relevant but not necessary
A) heuristic
B) event
C) fuzzy set
D) category set
C) fuzzy set
a collection of people, movements, objects in use, and so on.
A) attribtution
B) event
C) objects
D) category
B) event
when you identify new events, what do you compare them to
A) exemplar
B) scheme
C) heuristics
D) schemas
D) schemas
Something you assume is true unless you’re told otherwise is called what
A) an error
B) a default
C) schema
D) an episode
B) a default
how is semantic memory organised
A) knowledge
B) movements
C) events
D) meaning
D) meaning
what memory is categories of objects and concepts
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) event
B) semantic
memory for events or episodes, experiences in space and time
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) prospective
A) episodic
if you experience enough episodes of a given type, a schema for that class of episodes starts to form a
A) script
B) fuzzy set
C) memory
D) self schema
A) script
what is a script
A) An organization of knowledge in memory.
B) A prototype of an event category
C) A process of growing in ways that maintain or enhance the self
D) Deciding for yourself what to do
B) a prototype of an event category
conceptual categories (semantic) develop through repeated exposure to
A) regularities in experiences
B) patterns in thoughts
C) anomalies in perceptions
D) consistencies in beliefs
A) regularities in experiences
dividing one number by another, turning a statement into a question, and making a decision between two alternatives all require use of
A) procedural knowledge
B) explicit memory
C) declarative knowledge
D) intuitive reasoning
A) procedural knowledge
Cognitive processes that focus on socially meaningful stimuli
A) scripts
B) schemas
C) social cognition
D) emotional cognition
C) social cognition
a schema formed about yourself
A) ego identity
B) self-perception
C) self concept
D) self schema
D) self schema
The self-schema incorporates what
A) abstract concepts and emotional experiences
B) social norms and cultural expectations
C) self-esteem and personal values
D) trait labels and information about concrete behaviour
D) trait labels and information about concrete behaviour
Different people’s self-schemas differ in
A) self-esteem
B) complexity
C) consistency
D) conformity
B) complexity
The degree to which your self-schema is differentiated and compartmentalized.
A) self-reflection
B) self-coherence
C) self-variability
D) self complexity
D) self complexity
people who have distinct self- schema aspects are high in
A) self schemas
B) self complexity
C) self-consistency
D) self-identity
B) self complexity
what is an implication of having a low self complexity
A) increased resistance to stressors
B) feelings relating to a bad event in one aspect of life tend to spill over into other aspects of the self
C) improved cognitive flexibility
D) heightened self-awareness
B) feelings relating to a bad event in one aspect of life tend to spill over into other aspects of the self
An image of yourself in the future (expected, desired, feared, etc.).
A) possible self
B) projected self
C) potential self
D) anticipated self
A) possible self
entity and mindsets both assume that there is differences in _____ in self schemas
A) variability
B) stability
C) fluidity
D) consistency
B) stability
what does the term entity refer to
A) an individual
B) a process
C) something that increases through experience
D) something you have more of or less of, but which can’t really change
D) something you have more of or less of, but which can’t really change
what occurs when you establish either an entity view or an increment view of how something works
A) it becomes a fixed belief in your mind
B) you tend to maintain it as part of your personality
C) it leads to cognitive dissonance
D) it becomes a temporary mindset
B) you tend to maintain it as part of your personality
according to this view, your personality cannot be changed
A) fixed
B) stagnant
C) incremental
D) entity
D) entity
entity people have a
A) flexible perspective
B) dynamic worldview
C) growth mindset
D) fixed mindset
D) fixed mindset
incremental people will have a
A) flexible perspective
B) dynamic worldview
C) growth mindset
D) fixed mindset
C) growth mindset
When people think something is fixed, they attend to (and remember) cues of
A) novelty
B) consistency
C) variability
D) change
B) consistency
When people think something can change, they attend to (and remember) cues of
A) novelty
B) consistency
C) variability
D) change
D) change
Inferring the cause of an event is called
A) bias
B) attribution
C) appraisal
D) construct
B) attribution
The process of making attributions relies partly on
A) emotional intelligence
B) cognitive dissonance
C) social identity
D) schemas of social situations
D) schemas of social situations
attributions occur
A) deliberately
B) intentionally
C) consciously
D) spontaneously
D) spontaneously
Werner points out that the four causes known as ability, effort, task difficulty and luck or changes fall on a dimension of
A) achievement orientation
B) locus of causality
C) attributional style
D) locus of control
B) locus of causality
when it comes to successes and failures, people attribute them to various causes, how many primary attributions tendencies have been identified
A) 10
B) 8
C) 4
D) 2
C) 4
eople tend to interpret their successes as having internal stable causes, known as
A) luck or chance factors
B) task difficulty
C) effort
D) ability
D) ability
the four attributions tendencies vary in
A) causality
B) stability
C) fluctuation
D) variability
B) stability
the four attributions tendencies vary in whether they are
A) situational or dispositional
B) internal or external
C) direct or indirect
D) immediate or delayed
B) internal or external
when thinking about nodes and how they are related to and linked with other nodes, how are these links viewed
A) by strength
B) by distance
C) by similarities
D) none of the above
A) by strength
When a memory node is activated, the information it contains is in
A) consciousness
B) nodes
C) relatedness
D) memory store
A) consciousness
how are nodes activated
A) when seeing related items
B) intentional search
C) serendipitous encounters
D) without awareness
B) intentional search
when a node is activated, what spreads to other nodes making it easier for related areas to come all the way to consciousness
A) memories
B) partial activation
C) inhibitory signals
D) cognitive load
B) partial activation
The idea that partial activation causes easier access to memories has led to a technique called
A) anchoring
B) priming
C) encoding
D) retrieval cues
B) priming
in a connectionist network, what process creates the greatest organisation and coherence across a network, given the constraints
A) serial constraint satisfaction
B) parallel constraint satisfaction
C) sequential activation
D) selective constraint satisfaction
B) parallel constraint satisfaction
How would connectionists analyze the process of decision making
A) linear processing
B) experience is being constructed from bits of input
C) experiential encoding
D) experience occurs from the activation of nodes
B) experience is being constructed from bits of input
what perspective holds that decisions are made from fitting bits of evidence together despite their constraints on one another
A) holistic perspective
B) semantic memory
C) symbol approach
D) connectionism
D) connectionism
in dual processing models, the conscious processor is used for what
A) effortful reasoning
B) heuristic strategies
C) automatic activities
D) holistic perspective
A) effortful reasoning
in dual processing models, the intuitive processor is used for what
A) effortful reasoning
B) heuristic strategies
C) deliberate decision-making
D) analytical processing
B) heuristic strategies
Epstein’s cognitive–experiential self-theory assumes what
A) a singular cognitive framework
B) we experience reality through two systems
C) a linear processing model
D) a unified experiential perspective
B) we experience reality through two systems
