COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
cognitive perspective on personality rests _____ on two assumptions
A) overtly
B) directly
C) explicitly
D) implicitly
D) implicitly
according to the cognitive perspective, personality is reflected in
A) emotional expression
B) decision making and biases
C) social conformity
D) environmental influences
B) decision making and biases
Kelly said the best way to understand personality is to think of people as
A) direct experiencers
B) scientists
C) learners
D) passive observers
B) scientists
according to Kelly, people generate _______
to create conceptions about how the world works
A) general ideas
B) personal constructs
C) decisions
D) ideas
B) personal constructs
mental organizations of information
A) fuzzy set
B) exemplar
C) script
D) schemas
D) schemas
Most views assume that schemas include information about specific cases, called
A) fuzzy set
B) scripts
C) prototype
D) exemplars
D) exemplars
. This sense of the category as a whole is captured in an idealized best member of the category, often called its
A) archetype
B) paragon
C) prototype
D) exemplas
C) prototype
what term has been used to convey the sense that a schema is defined in a vague way by a set of criteria that are relevant but not necessary
A) heuristic
B) event
C) fuzzy set
D) category set
C) fuzzy set
a collection of people, movements, objects in use, and so on.
A) attribtution
B) event
C) objects
D) category
B) event
when you identify new events, what do you compare them to
A) exemplar
B) scheme
C) heuristics
D) schemas
D) schemas
Something you assume is true unless you’re told otherwise is called what
A) an error
B) a default
C) schema
D) an episode
B) a default
how is semantic memory organised
A) knowledge
B) movements
C) events
D) meaning
D) meaning
what memory is categories of objects and concepts
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) event
B) semantic
memory for events or episodes, experiences in space and time
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) prospective
A) episodic
if you experience enough episodes of a given type, a schema for that class of episodes starts to form a
A) script
B) fuzzy set
C) memory
D) self schema
A) script
what is a script
A) An organization of knowledge in memory.
B) A prototype of an event category
C) A process of growing in ways that maintain or enhance the self
D) Deciding for yourself what to do
B) a prototype of an event category
conceptual categories (semantic) develop through repeated exposure to
A) regularities in experiences
B) patterns in thoughts
C) anomalies in perceptions
D) consistencies in beliefs
A) regularities in experiences
dividing one number by another, turning a statement into a question, and making a decision between two alternatives all require use of
A) procedural knowledge
B) explicit memory
C) declarative knowledge
D) intuitive reasoning
A) procedural knowledge
Cognitive processes that focus on socially meaningful stimuli
A) scripts
B) schemas
C) social cognition
D) emotional cognition
C) social cognition
a schema formed about yourself
A) ego identity
B) self-perception
C) self concept
D) self schema
D) self schema
The self-schema incorporates what
A) abstract concepts and emotional experiences
B) social norms and cultural expectations
C) self-esteem and personal values
D) trait labels and information about concrete behaviour
D) trait labels and information about concrete behaviour
Different people’s self-schemas differ in
A) self-esteem
B) complexity
C) consistency
D) conformity
B) complexity
The degree to which your self-schema is differentiated and compartmentalized.
A) self-reflection
B) self-coherence
C) self-variability
D) self complexity
D) self complexity
people who have distinct self- schema aspects are high in
A) self schemas
B) self complexity
C) self-consistency
D) self-identity
B) self complexity
what is an implication of having a low self complexity
A) increased resistance to stressors
B) feelings relating to a bad event in one aspect of life tend to spill over into other aspects of the self
C) improved cognitive flexibility
D) heightened self-awareness
B) feelings relating to a bad event in one aspect of life tend to spill over into other aspects of the self
An image of yourself in the future (expected, desired, feared, etc.).
A) possible self
B) projected self
C) potential self
D) anticipated self
A) possible self
entity and mindsets both assume that there is differences in _____ in self schemas
A) variability
B) stability
C) fluidity
D) consistency
B) stability
what does the term entity refer to
A) an individual
B) a process
C) something that increases through experience
D) something you have more of or less of, but which can’t really change
D) something you have more of or less of, but which can’t really change
what occurs when you establish either an entity view or an increment view of how something works
A) it becomes a fixed belief in your mind
B) you tend to maintain it as part of your personality
C) it leads to cognitive dissonance
D) it becomes a temporary mindset
B) you tend to maintain it as part of your personality
according to this view, your personality cannot be changed
A) fixed
B) stagnant
C) incremental
D) entity
D) entity
entity people have a
A) flexible perspective
B) dynamic worldview
C) growth mindset
D) fixed mindset
D) fixed mindset
incremental people will have a
A) flexible perspective
B) dynamic worldview
C) growth mindset
D) fixed mindset
C) growth mindset
When people think something is fixed, they attend to (and remember) cues of
A) novelty
B) consistency
C) variability
D) change
B) consistency
When people think something can change, they attend to (and remember) cues of
A) novelty
B) consistency
C) variability
D) change
D) change
Inferring the cause of an event is called
A) bias
B) attribution
C) appraisal
D) construct
B) attribution
The process of making attributions relies partly on
A) emotional intelligence
B) cognitive dissonance
C) social identity
D) schemas of social situations
D) schemas of social situations
attributions occur
A) deliberately
B) intentionally
C) consciously
D) spontaneously
D) spontaneously
Werner points out that the four causes known as ability, effort, task difficulty and luck or changes fall on a dimension of
A) achievement orientation
B) locus of causality
C) attributional style
D) locus of control
B) locus of causality
when it comes to successes and failures, people attribute them to various causes, how many primary attributions tendencies have been identified
A) 10
B) 8
C) 4
D) 2
C) 4
eople tend to interpret their successes as having internal stable causes, known as
A) luck or chance factors
B) task difficulty
C) effort
D) ability
D) ability
the four attributions tendencies vary in
A) causality
B) stability
C) fluctuation
D) variability
B) stability
the four attributions tendencies vary in whether they are
A) situational or dispositional
B) internal or external
C) direct or indirect
D) immediate or delayed
B) internal or external
when thinking about nodes and how they are related to and linked with other nodes, how are these links viewed
A) by strength
B) by distance
C) by similarities
D) none of the above
A) by strength
When a memory node is activated, the information it contains is in
A) consciousness
B) nodes
C) relatedness
D) memory store
A) consciousness
how are nodes activated
A) when seeing related items
B) intentional search
C) serendipitous encounters
D) without awareness
B) intentional search
when a node is activated, what spreads to other nodes making it easier for related areas to come all the way to consciousness
A) memories
B) partial activation
C) inhibitory signals
D) cognitive load
B) partial activation
The idea that partial activation causes easier access to memories has led to a technique called
A) anchoring
B) priming
C) encoding
D) retrieval cues
B) priming
in a connectionist network, what process creates the greatest organisation and coherence across a network, given the constraints
A) serial constraint satisfaction
B) parallel constraint satisfaction
C) sequential activation
D) selective constraint satisfaction
B) parallel constraint satisfaction
How would connectionists analyze the process of decision making
A) linear processing
B) experience is being constructed from bits of input
C) experiential encoding
D) experience occurs from the activation of nodes
B) experience is being constructed from bits of input
what perspective holds that decisions are made from fitting bits of evidence together despite their constraints on one another
A) holistic perspective
B) semantic memory
C) symbol approach
D) connectionism
D) connectionism
in dual processing models, the conscious processor is used for what
A) effortful reasoning
B) heuristic strategies
C) automatic activities
D) holistic perspective
A) effortful reasoning
in dual processing models, the intuitive processor is used for what
A) effortful reasoning
B) heuristic strategies
C) deliberate decision-making
D) analytical processing
B) heuristic strategies
Epstein’s cognitive–experiential self-theory assumes what
A) a singular cognitive framework
B) we experience reality through two systems
C) a linear processing model
D) a unified experiential perspective
B) we experience reality through two systems
what are the two systems in Epstein’s cognitive–experiential self-theory
A) conscious and unconscious
B) rational and experiential
C) logical and emotional
D) deliberate and automatic
B) rational and experiential
what system in Epstein’s cognitive–experiential self-theory operates consciously, uses logical rules and is fairly slow
A) intuitive processor
B) conscious processor
C) rational system
D) experiential system
C) rational system
what system in Epstein’s cognitive–experiential self-theory operates intuitively
A) intuitive processor
B) conscious processor
C) rational system
D) experiential system
D) experiential system
. The experiential system from Epsteins cognitive experiential self theory relies on what
A) logical rules
B) shortcuts and readily available information
C) effortful reasoning
D) intuitive processing
B) shortcuts and readily available information
from the view of the cognitive-experiental self theory, the more emotionally charged a situation is
A) the more thinking is dominated by the rational system
B) the more thinking is dominated by the experiential system
C) the more thinking is dominated by the intuitive processor
D) the more thinking is dominated by the conscious processor
B) the more thinking is dominated by the experiential system
In Epstein’s view, the what resulted from eons of evolution
A) intuitive processor
B) conscious processor
C) rational system
D) experiential system
D) experiential system
Metcalfe and Mischels view of hot and cold system applies to
A) emotional regulation
B) delay of gratification
C) cognitive flexibility
D) social learning
B) delay of gratification
what does the “hot” system refer to
A) rational and deliberate
B) strategic, flexible, slower, and unemotional
C) emotional, impulsive, and reflexive
D) calculated and analytical
C) emotional, impulsive, and reflexive
which of the following does NOT operate in a connectionist manner
A) experiential system
B) rational system
C) intuitive system
D) “hot” system
B) rational system
what does the “cool” system refer to
A) irrational and impulsive
B) strategic, flexible, slower, and unemotional
C) emotional, impulsive, and reflexive
D) analytical and calculated
B) strategic, flexible, slower, and unemotional
from a cognitive viewpoint, delay of gratification is influenced by
A) reward structure of the situation
B) mental strategies people use
C) behavior of salient models
D) when the time is right to have your desires fulfilled
B) mental strategies people use
the existence of automatic mental associations we aren’t really aware of
A) cognitive dissonance
B) unconscious cognition
C) explicit knowledge
D) implicit knowledge
D) implicit knowledge
a person’s disposition to evaluate themselves in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner
A) explicit self-esteem
B) reflective self-perception
C) self-affirmation
D) implicit self-esteem
D) implicit self esteem
what kind of knowledge comes from verbal, conceptual learning
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) tacit
B) explicit
what kind of knowledge comes from simple association learning
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) tacit
A) implicit
what kind of knowledge starts forming earlier in life
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) tacit
A) implicit
according to Mischel, an adequate theory of personality must take into account what
A) behavioral observations
B) 5 classes of cognitive person variables
C) emotional expressions
D) situational factors
B) 5 classes of cognitive person variables
according to Mischel, personality must take into account 5 classes of cognitive variables in the person of which are influenced by
A) genetic factors
B) environmental influences
C) learning
D) situational factors
C) learning
give the criteria set out by Mischel in terms of what theories need to take account for in relation to personality, what name did he use to refer to person variables
A) cognitive–social learning person variables
B) individual characteristics
C) trait-personality variables
D) psychological constructs
A) cognitive–social learning person variables
this class of person variables relates to a persons ability to empathise, make people laugh, and social skills
A) self regulatory system
B) encoding strategies and personal constructs
C) subjective values
D) competencies
D) competencies
this class of person variables relates to a person’s schemas, and a person’s worldview
A) self regulatory system
B) encoding strategies and personal constructs
C) subjective values
D) competencies
B) personal constructs
this class of person variables relates to people construing events and people differently
A) self regulatory system
B) encoding strategies and personal constructs
C) subjective values
D) competencies
B) encoding strategies and personal constructs
hearing a siren is often followed by seeing an emergency vehicle and Seeing dark clouds and hearing thunder are often followed by rain would be related to what cognitive person variables
A) outcome expectancy
B) behavior-outcome expectancy
C) subjective values
D) anticipatory expectancies
D) anticipatory expectancies
the belief that particular acts typically lead to particular outcomes
A) outcome expectancy
B) action consequence belief
C) behavior-outcome expectancy
D) causality expectation
C) behavior-outcome expectancy
Typing the right code into an ATM usually leads to receiving money is an example of what subcomponent of cognitive person variable
A) outcome expectancy
B) behavior-outcome expectancy
C) action consequence belief
D) causality expectation
B) behavior-outcome expectancy
knowing what outcomes a person wants to produce is referred to what cognitive person variable
A) outcome expectancy
B) behavior-outcome expectancy
C) subjective values
D) anticipatory expectancies
C) subjective values
this cognitive person variable is one that relate to various things that need to be done to see the plans are realised in action
A) self regulatory systems
B) behavior-outcome expectancy
C) subjective values
D) anticipatory expectancies
A) self regulatory systems
what theory links cognitive to affective and reflects the recognition that emotions play a key role in cognitive experience
A) cognitive–affective theory
B) cognitive–affective processing system
C) affective-cognitive processing model
D) emotional-cognitive integration theory
B) cognitive–affective processing system
From the cognitive viewpoint, personality assessment emphasizes assessing people’s
A) physical appearance
B) mental structures
C) behavioral patterns
D) social interactions
B) mental structures
what cognitive assessment would be used to assess cognition during problem solving
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording
D) cognitive reflection test
A) think aloud
what cognitive assessment procedure allows researchers to sample across a wide range of events in a person’s day
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
B) experience sampling
what cognitive assessment procedure allows researchers to find out what cognitions and emotions go along with which kinds of events
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
B) experience sampling
what cognitive assessment procedure result in a picture of what various events feel like to the person who is taking part in them.
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
B) experience sampling
what cognitive assessment procedure focuses on particular classes of events
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
C) event recording / self monitoring
what cognitive assessment procedure has the person record instances of specific event types
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
C) event recording / self monitoring
what cognitive assessment procedure has the person record the behavior, emotion, or thought pattern and documenting information about what was going on at that moment
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
C) event recording / self monitoring
what cognitive assessment procedure lets the person see regularities in the contexts that surround particular thoughts and emotions
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
C) event recording / self monitoring
what cognitive assessment procedure provides a better understanding of what schemas a person is automatically using.
A) think aloud
B) experience sampling
C) event recording / self monitoring
D) cognitive reflection test
C) event recording / self monitoring
one aspect of the cognitive view on assessment is the idea that personality should be assessed for
A) specific cognitive abilities
B) specific classes of contexts
C) behavioral tendencies
D) emotional experiences
B) specific classes of contexts
One implication of the cognitive view is that some problems reflect
A) emotional issues
B) situational challenges
C) social influences
D) deficits in basic cognitive or memory function
D) deficits in basic cognitive or memory function
A broad implication of the cognitive view is that many problems stem from
A)
B) schemas that interfere with executive functioning
C)
D)
B) schemas that interfere with executive functioning
in Becks view, depression and other problems follow from
A) emotional dysregulation
B) ideas about the world that are inaccurate or distorted
C) external environmental factors
D) interpersonal conflicts
B) ideas about the world that are inaccurate or distorted
In Beck’s view, the inaccurate schemas are used quickly and spontaneously, producing a stream of
A) emotional dysregulation
B) automatic thoughts
C) external environmental factors
D) interpersonal conflicts
B) automatic thoughts
People who are prone to depression or anxiety seem to under rely on
A) emotional coping strategies
B) social support
C) reality of the situation
D) information in memory
C) reality of the situation
People who are prone to depression or anxiety seem to over rely on
A) positive self-talk
B) external validation
C) reality of the situation
D) information in memory
D) information in memory
what term does Beck use to refer to negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future.
A) cognitive triad
B) cognitive schemas
C) automatic thoughts
D) attributional style
A) cognitive triad
jumping to negative conclusions when there isn’t evidence for them
A) mind reading
B) arbitrary inference
C) catastrophizing
D) fortune telling
B) arbitrary inference
anticipating that every problem will have a terrible outcome and interpreting bad outcomes as permanent
A) mind reading
B) arbitrary inference
C) catastrophizing
D) fortune telling
C) catastrophizing
according to Beevers a person with negative associations in the _______ is likely to be subject to negative feelings often
A) conscious self
B) implicit self
C) explicit self
D) self-schema
B) implicit self
what does a person whose vulnerable to depression need to make in order to counter negative associations in the implicit self
A) positive affirmations
B) effortful corrective process
C) avoidance strategies
D) emotional suppression
B) effortful corrective process
In Beck’s view, therapy should help people to put _____ aside and build new ones
A) negative emotions
B) faulty schema
C) irrational beliefs
D) maladaptive coping strategies
B) faulty schema
cognitive restructuring or reframing is a technique in which
A) people are given mindfulness medidation techniques and are taught muscle relaxation
B) people create a hierarchy of their fears and are gradually exposed to those fears
C) people are given praise for good behaviours and ignored after bad behaviours
D) people learn to reorganize automatic self-defeating thoughts and substitute other self-talk
D) people learn to reorganise automatic self defeating thoughts and substitute other self talk
he procedures used for changing faulty schemas and their consequences are known broadly as
A) cognitive restructuring
B) schema modification
C) cognitive therapy
D) schema therapy
C) cognitive therapy
what is the general approach to cognitive therapy
A) focusing on emotional expression
B) thought patterns should be viewed as hypotheses to be tested
C) avoiding cognitive restructuring
D) relying solely on medication for treatment
B) thought patterns should be viewed as hypotheses to be tested
what is a criticism of the cognitive perspective to personality
A) it neglects the role of emotions in shaping personality
B) it is overly focused on unconscious processes
C) it lacks practical applications in real-world settings
D) it’s just cognitive psychology applied to the subject matter of personality
D) its just cognitive psychology applied onto the subject matter of personality
what is the broadest answer to criticisms of the cognitive view of personality
A) it oversimplifies the role of emotions
B) it is part of a broad attempt to understand the operating characteristics of the mind
C) it neglects the influence of genetics on personality
D) it lacks empirical support
B) it is part of a broad attempt to understand the operating characteristics of the mind
in terms of mindset, an entity view would be related to a ______ mindset, while an incremental view would be related to a _______ mindset
A) able; unable
B) complex ; possible self
C) changeable; unchangeable
D) fixed; growth
D) fixed; growth
what is a variation concerning the stability of self schemas
A) structure
B) social relevance
C) complexity
D) mindset
D) mindset
when applying to college or graduate school, someone with an _______ theory mindset may believe that their success is predetermined by their intelligence or talents, and that there is no use in putting in additional effort.
A) confident
B) stable
C) incremental
D) entity
D) entity
when thinking about self schemas, people differ in their ________ of whether their self aspects are distinct or not, and people alsodiffer in their ________ which relates to what ones mindset it
A) scripts; exemplar
B) complexity; stability
C) knowledge ; cognition
D) cognitions; scripts
B) complexity; stability
the locus of causality is related to what
A) The source of motivation
B) Whether you attribute a cause of an event to internal or external factors
C) The level of effort put into a task
D) The individual’s personality traits
B) Whether you attribute a cause of an event to internal or external factors
cognitive person variable that are used to construe and generation social skills, behaviour and problem solving
A) expectancy
B) encoding
C) subjective values
D) competencies
D) competencies
According to Michel’s cognitive social learning perspective, encoding strategies
A) allows for the understanding of a persons belief about what they can do in a given situation
B) encompass personal constructs and schemas
C) relate to the belief that a particular act will typically lead to another event
D) allows for the understanding for what outcomes a person wants to produce
B) encompass personal constructs and schemas
Mischel and Shona’s cognitive affective processing model reflects that
A) emotions are irrelevant in cognitive processes
B) emotion plays a key role in much of cognitive experience
C) cognitive processes are solely influenced by external factors
D) cognitive processes are entirely independent of emotional states
B) emotion plays a key role in much of cognitive experience
Mischel and Shona’s cognitive affective processing model conceptualises personality as
A) fixed unchangeable affective traits that influence how impulsive we are
B) personality traits that are solely determined by genetic factors and impervious to environmental influences
C) a result of external factors exclusively, disregarding any cognitive or affective processes
D) a stable, cognitive affective system that processes situational information and uses this information to generate behaviours
D) a stable, cognitive affective system that processes situational information and uses this information to generate behaviours
Patterns of stimulus processing that activate cognitive-affective units leading to behavior are called
A) cognitive rigidity
B) if…then contingencies
C) stimulus avoidance
D) emotional inconsistencies
B) if…then contingencies
Muschel and Shonda said that “if…then” schemas are
A) inherent characteristics
B) predetermined traits
C) conditional qualities
D) universal traits
C) conditional qualities
according to Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive–affective processing system, individuality arises from
A) conformity to societal norms
B) accessibility of schemas and cues that evoke them
C) the suppression of personal preferences
D) the elimination of cognitive processes
B) accessibility of schemas and cues that evoke them
what model proposes that there can be stability in personality dispositions and yet variability the person’s behavior in different situations
A) genetic determinism model
B) cognitive–affective processing system
C) eclectic personality perspective
D) dynamic equilibrium theory
B) cognitive–affective processing system
what does the use of a hedge suggest
A) people think in absolute terms about each other
B) people think in conditional terms about each other
C) people rely solely on stereotypes
D) a need for clarification
B) people think in conditional terms about each other
The unique profile of if … then relations is called a
A) self schema
B) self complexity
C) personality signature
D) behavioural signature
D) behavioural signature
the cognitive–affective processing system explains that we have specific schemas that are more complex than other schemas, why is this?
A) Because these schemas are more resistant to change
B) Because organizations of information surrounding these schemas are information about the nature of situations, other people, and the self
C) Due to an inherent bias in cognitive processing
D) Because complex schemas are more easily formed during childhood
B) because organisations of information surrounding these schemas are information about the nature of situations, other people and the self
what is the distinction between self schema and self concept?
A) Self-schemas refer to the overall perception of oneself, while self-concept involves specific beliefs about oneself.
B) Self-schemas and self-concept are interchangeable terms with no substantive differences.
C) Self-schemas influence how people perceive and react to events. Self-concept refers to the overall perception of oneself, which combines one’s self-schemas.
D) Self-schemas are stable and unchanging, while self-concept is dynamic and constantly evolving.
B) Self-schemas influence how people perceive and react to events. Self-concept refers to the overall perception of oneself, which combines one’s self-schemas
what schema can bias your recall and twist your recollections so they fit better with how you see yourself
A) Personal schema
B) Self-schema
C) Cognitive schema
D) Social schema
B) self schema
what schemas has more emotional bits than other schemas
A) Interpersonal schema
B) Cognitive schema
C) Emotional schema
D) Self-schema
D) self schema
why does event recording/ self monitoring provide a better understanding of what schemas a person is automatically using?
A) because the person has to by rely on memory to recall events accurately.
B) because the person focuses on whats going on in the moment of specific events, they can see regularities in the contexts that surround particular thoughts and emotions
C) because the person uses hypothetical scenarios to encourage future planning of events
D) because the person has the ability to analyze long-term patterns without focusing on specific events.
B) because the person focuses on whats going on in the moment of specific events, they can see regularities in the contexts that surround particular thoughts and emotions
an assessment technique focused on particular classes of events
A) behavioural assessment
B) think aloud
C) experience sampling
D) event recording/ monitoring
D) event recording/ monitoring
In this technique, the person records instances of specific event types
A) behavioural assessment
B) think aloud
C) experience sampling
D) event recording/ monitoring
D) event recording/ monitoring
In this technique, people report at certain times what they’ve been thinking and doing
A) behavioural assessment
B) think aloud
C) experience sampling
D) event recording/ monitoring
C) experience sampling
because experience sampling allows researchers to sample across a wide range of events in a person’s day, they can find out
A) regularities in the contexts that surround particular thoughts and emotions
B) what cognitions and emotions go along with which kinds of events
C) out what thoughts occur at various stages of problem solving
D) none of the above
B) what cognitions and emotions go along with which kinds of events
