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Personality Psychology > ~~Studying Personality > Flashcards

~~Studying Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two main sources of information about personality?

A
  • personal experience
  • other people and how they react to the world
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2
Q

a process of getting information about personality and your own experience

A) self reflection

B) memories

C) perpective

D) introspection

A

D) introspection

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3
Q

Personality psychologists sometimes try to understand an entire person at once, rather than just part of the person. Henry Murray (1938), who emphasized the need to study the person as a coherent entity, coined the term _________ to refer to that effort.

A) ideal self

B) personology

C) Interactionism

D) Introjection

A

B) personology

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4
Q

an in-depth study of one person, usually a long period of observation and typically some unstructured interviews.

A) Situationism

B) generality

C) experience sampling

D) case study

A

D) case study

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5
Q

the view of personology led to a technique called

A) Situationism

B) generality

C) experience sampling

D) case study

A

D) case study

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6
Q

A method in which people repeatedly report on their current experiences when prompted.

A) Situationism

B) generality

C) experience sampling

D) case study

A

C) experience sampling

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7
Q

An important advantage of this method is that they don’t require the person to think back very far in time

A) Situationism

B) generality

C) experience sampling

D) case study

A

C) experience sampling

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8
Q

in both experience sampling and case studies it is possible to search within this information for patterns within a given person across many situations and points in time. this is referred to as

A) generality

B) idiographic

C) insight

D) Introjection

A

B) idiographic

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9
Q

The need to examine people who form a range of levels of a given _______ Is a second reason why it’s important to go beyond case studies (the issue of generality was the first one)

A) correlation

B) variable

C) value

D) statistic

A

B) variable

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10
Q

what are the two kinds of relationships that can be established between variable?

A
  • correlation
  • causality
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11
Q

in a correlation the degree of accuracy with which you can predict values on one dimension from values on the other one

A) association

B) direction

C) dimension

D) strength

A

D) strength

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12
Q

An association is said to be ________ significant or practically significant if the effect is both statistically significant (so it’s believable) and large enough to have some practical importance.

A

clinically

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13
Q

The possibility that an unmeasured variable caused variations in both of two correlated variables.

A) third variable problem

B) mediating variable

C) moderating variable

D) variable problem

A

A) third variable problem

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14
Q

Treating everyone the same—making everything exactly the same except for what you manipulate—is called

A) random assignment

B) experimental method

C) correlational research

D) experimental control

A

D) experimental control

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15
Q

any variable that cant be controlled is treated by

A) random sampling

B) random assignment

C) matched groups

D) using a within subjects experiment

A

B) random assignment

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16
Q

the use of _________ rests on the assumptions that if you study enough people in the experiment, any important differences due to personality will balance out between groups

A) random sampling

B) random assignment

C) matched groups

D) a within subjects experiment

A

B) random assignment

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17
Q

A good rule of thumb is that any time groups represent naturally occurring differences or are formed on the basis of some characteristic that you measure, the study is

A) random assignment

B) correlational

C) manipulated

D) experimental

A

B) correlational

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18
Q

all studies of personality differences are, by definition,

A) correlational

B) random

C) manipulated

D) experimental

A

A) correlational

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19
Q

a drawback of _________ on people usually involve events of relatively short duration, in carefully controlled conditions

A) studying personality

B) correlational research

C) multifactor research

D) experimental research

A

D) experimental research

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20
Q

what kind of study would you use for researching how being raised by divorced parents affects people’s personality.

A) studying personality

B) correlational research

C) multifactor research

D) experimental research

A

B) correlational research

21
Q

what kind of studies let you get information about events in which experimental manipulation would be unethical

A) studying personality

B) correlational research

C) multifactor research

D) experimental research

A

B) correlational research

22
Q

In __________ two (or more) variables are varied separately, which means creating all combinations of the various levels of the predictor variables.

A) studying personality

B) correlational research

C) multifactor research

D) experimental research

A

C) multifactor research

23
Q

These designs allow researchers to examine how different types of people respond to situations

A) studying personality

B) correlational research

C) multifactor research

D) experimental research

A

C) multifactor research

24
Q

Because multifactor research combines experimental procedures and individual differences, it’s often referred to as

A) experimental personality research

B) correlational personality research

C) interaction research

D) factorial research

A

A) experimental personality research

25
Q

When you find that a predictor variable is linked to the outcome in a systematic way, completely separate from the other predictor, the finding is called a

A) mediator

B) interaction

C) secondary effect

D) main effect

A

D) main effect

26
Q

A finding in which the effect of one predictor variable differs depending on the level of another predictor variable.

A) mediator

B) interaction

C) secondary effect

D) main effect

A

B) interaction

27
Q

Which view most directly promotes the use of case studies?

a. Introspection

b. Cognitive

c. Personology

d. Correlational

A

c. Personology

28
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the case study method?

a. Case studies are rich in detail.

b. Case studies are often clinical studies.

c. Case studies can be used to generate theories.

d. Case studies are conducted in settings carefully created and controlled by the researcher.

A

d. Case studies are conducted in settings carefully created and controlled by the
researcher.

29
Q

. Experience sampling studies are similar to case studies in that they both

a. typically involve repeated measurements.

b. typically use external observers.

c. typically require people to think back far in time.

d. all of these answers are correct

A

a. typically involve repeated measurements.

30
Q

What prevents the results of a single case study from being applied to many people?

a. Lack of test–retest reliability

b. Lack of generality

c. General scoring error

d. Singular inconsistency

A

b. Lack of generality

31
Q

Most personality research has been done
a. in the United States or western Europe.
b. on college students.
c. on white, middle- to upper-middle-class people.
d. all of these answers are correct

A

d. all of these answers are correct

32
Q

scatterplot with many points in the lower right quadrant of the plot, many points in the upper left quadrant, and very few points in the other quadrants would indicate a(n)

a. positive correlation.

b. negative correlation.

c. inverse correlation.

d. reverse correlation.

A

a. positive correlation.

33
Q

When low values on one dimension are associated with high values on another dimension, the correlation between the two variables is termed

a. inadequate.
b. inverse.
c. qualified.
d. substantive.

A

b. inverse.

34
Q

The strength of a correlation refers to its

a. directionality.

b. degree of accuracy in prediction.

c. positivity as opposed to negativity.

d. level of statistical significance.

A

b. degree of accuracy in prediction.

35
Q

Which of the following is the strongest plausible correlation coefficient?

a. 1.68
b. -.63
c. .42
d. .56

A

b. -.63

36
Q

To test whether research findings can be attributed to chance, researchers use

a. random numbers tables.

b. descriptive statistics.

c. inferential statistics.

d. all of these answers are correct

A

c. inferential statistics.

37
Q

A correlation of _________ means two variables are not related at all.

a. .5

b. .0

c. -.5

d. -1.0

A

b. .0

38
Q

Correlational research cannot tell us

a. how strongly two variables go together.

b. why two variables go together.

c. whether two variables go together.

d. in what direction two variables go together.

A

b. why two variables go together.

39
Q

In addition to statistical significance, psychologists often talk about the _________ significance of research results.

a. scientific

b. humanitarian

c. practical

d. historical

A

c. practical

40
Q

. The independent variable is the one that is
a. free to vary.
b. measured.
c. manipulated.
d. the outcome variable.

A

c. manipulated.

41
Q

Ensuring that all variables are constant in an experiment, except for the independent variable, is called
a. random sampling.
b. experimental control.
c. random assignment.
d. experimental manipulation.

A

b. experimental control.

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reason someone would use random assignment?

a. To assure that each participant has an equal chance of being in either experimental condition

b. To balance out differences between experimental groups

c. To rule out the third variable problem

d. To assure that people within each group are similar to one another

A

d. To assure that people within each group are similar to one another

43
Q

If a researcher randomly assigns subjects to two groups at the beginning of an experiment, we can assume that at that point
a. The groups will have similar numbers of males and females.
b. The two groups will be similar with respect to IQ.
c. The two groups will be approximately equal in size.
d. all of these answers are correct

A

d. all of these answers are correct

44
Q

If you find that two groups differ from each other on the dependent measure at the end of an experiment, you are able to conclude that

a. only one thing could have caused the difference: manipulation of the dependent variable.

b. the groups differed on the dependent measure before the study started.

c. only one thing could have caused the difference: manipulation of the independent
variable.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

c. only one thing could have caused the difference: manipulation of the independent
variable.

45
Q

The factors in any given multifactor study

a. are always personality variables.

b. are always experimental manipulations.

c. can be any combination of personality variables and experimental manipulations.

d. cannot all be experimental variables.

A

c. can be any combination of personality variables and experimental manipulations.

46
Q

Experimental personality research

a. focuses on only one variable at a time.

b. combines experimental manipulations and individual differences.

c. tells us nothing about cause and effect.

d. none of these answers is correct

A

b. combines experimental manipulations and individual differences.

46
Q

In multifactor research, possible results fall into which two categories?

a. Good and bad

b. Interactive and singular

c. Main effects and interactions

d. Correlational and causal

A

c. Main effects and interactions

46
Q

Interaction effects are possible to find only in

a. interaction studies.

b. correlational studies.

c. main effect studies.

d. multifactor studies.

A

d. multifactor studies.

Personality Psychology (34 decks)

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