TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
in typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, how many types were people divided into?
A) 6
B) 2
C) 10
D) 4
D) 4
in typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, choleric people were thought to be
A) depressed
B) optimistic
C) calm
D) irritable
D) irritable
in typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, melancholic people were thought to be
A) depressed
B) optimistic
C) calm
D) irritable
A) depressed
in typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, sanguine people were thought to be
A) depressed
B) optimistic
C) calm
D) irritable
B) optimistic
in typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, phlegmatic people were thought to be
A) depressed
B) optimistic
C) calm
D) irritable
C) calm
Who argued that people are either introverts or extroverts?
A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Jung
D) Socrates
C) Jung
this typology tends to prefer solitary activities and when facing stress, tend to withdraw into themselves
A) melancholic
B) introvert
C) extrovert
D) choleric
B) introvert
this typology prefers to spend time with others and when facing stress, tend to seek out other people
A) melancholic
B) introvert
C) extrovert
D) choleric
C) extrovert
in true typology, types are seen as
A) indistinct and discontinuous categories
B) distinct and discontinuous categories
C) distinct and continuous categories
D) indistinct and continuous categories
B) distinct and discontinuous categories
______ theories assume a discontinuity between or among categories of people and ______ theories assume that there are continuous dimensions of variability
A) trait; type
B) type; trait
C) trait; humanistic
D) humanistic; trait
B) type; trait
in trait theories, differences among people are seen as _________, rather than _________
A) discontinuous; continuous
B) qualitative; quantitative
C) quantitative; qualitative
D) distinct; dimensional
C) quantitative; qualitative
the belief that traits exist in the same way in every person is called ________
A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) implicit
D) commonality
B) nomothetic
This view holds that everyone stands somewhere on each trait that exists. This allows comparisons among people
A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) implicit
D) commonality
B) nomothetic
view which emphasizes each person’s uniqueness
A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) implicit
D) commonality
A) idiographic
the definition of idiographic in relation to the trait approach focuses on
A) the belief that traits exist in the same way in every person
B) an individual person’s uniqueness
C) a particular person across situations
D) consistency between people
B) an individual person’s uniqueness
what is true according to the idiographic view
A) traits are continuous dimensions
B) traits exist in the same way in every person
C) a given trait may exist for only one person in the world
D) traits have easily aroused emotion centres
C) a given trait may exist for only one person in the world
the basic idea of factor analysis is
A) if two qualities correlate when assessed across two people, they may reflect a trait that contribute to both of them
B) If two qualities correlate when assessed across many people, they may reflect a trait that contributes to both of them
C) that it looks at one correlation between two variables
D) that it directs you to collect data of a certain type
B) If two qualities correlate when assessed across many people, they may reflect a trait that contributes to both of them
what is factor loading?
A) A correlation between a single measure and the factor to which it’s being related
B) A correlations among many variables
C) A statistical procedure used to find basic dimensions underlying a set of measures
D) A dimension that underlies a set of interrelated measures, such as items on a self-report inventory.
A) A correlation between a single measure and the factor to which it’s being related
factor analysis starts by collecting measurements on many variables from large numbers of people. once the data have been collected, correlations are computed between every pair of variable. the set of variables is then put through a procedure called
A) correlation coefficient
B) factor extraction
C) prediction analysis
D) loading analysis
B) factor extraction
factor extraction distills the correlations to a smaller set of
A) analysis
B) extractions
C) loadings
D) factors
D) factors
in factor analysis, you reduce your matrix to a smaller number of underlying _______ which are called factors
A) criterion
B) extractions
C) dimensions
D) loadings
C) dimensions
when computing factor loadings, loadings tell you what?
A) the relation between the items and the loading
B) the relation between the extraction and the factors
C) the relation between the factor and the loading
D) the relation between the items and the factors
D) the relation between the items and the factors
in factor analysis, loadings indicates what?
A) The number of items in the analysis
B) How much the item reflects the underlying dimension
C) The reliability of the factor analysis
D) The type of statistical test used
B) how much the item reflects the underlying dimension
_______ is used when researchers have no hypotheses about the nature of the underlying factor structure of their measure
A) experimental analysis
B) confirmatory factor analysis
C) correlational analysis
D) exploratory factor analysis
D) exploratory factor analysis
______ is used to verify the factor structure of a set of observed variable
A) experimental analysis
B) confirmatory factor analysis
C) correlational analysis
D) exploratory factor analysis
B) confirmatory factor analysis
_____ allows the researcher to test the hypothesis that a relationship between observed variables and their underlying latent constructs exists
A) experimental analysis
B) confirmatory factor analysis
C) correlational analysis
D) exploratory factor analysis
B) confirmatory factor analysis
Items that correlate strongly with the factor (usually higher than 0.40 or so) are said to _______ that factor
A) correlate with
B) not load on
C) reflect
D) load on
D) load on
how is a factor defined?
A) which items are named
B) which items load on to that factor
C) which correlations are strong
D) which traits are relevant
B) which items load on to that factor
when labelling a factor, you choose a label to express as well as possible the essence of those items, especially those with the
A) lowest loadings
B) highest loadings
C) more common trait
D) statistical reflection of the trait
B) highest loadings
what is NOT true of what factor analysis does in trait psychology?
A) tells you what measures to collect in the first place
B) reduces the multiple reflections of personality to a smaller set of traits
C) provides a basis for arguing that some traits matter more than others
D) it helps in developing assessment devices
A) tells you what measures to collect in the first place
Catell argued that in deciding what measures to collect, researchers should determine _______ what traits make up personality
A) theoretically
B) empirically
C) rationally
D) psychoanalytically
B) empirically
this empirical approach to factor analysis focuses on the index of the importance of a trait based on the number of words that refer to it
A) lexical theory
B) lexical criterion
C) commonsense
D) confirmatory factor analysis
B) lexical criterion
Cattell’s empirical work resulted in a personality scale which is called the
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
b. 16PF.
c. Source Trait Inventory.
d. MCMI.
b. 16PF.
Unlike Cattell’s approach to studying personality, Eysenck’s approach
a. was rooted in theory.
b. disregarded the observation of reality.
c. disregarded the use of factor analysis.
d. was not based on any theory
a. was rooted in theory.
what are the two supertraits Eysenck posed as the key dimensions of personality
A) extroversion vs introversion; neuroticism
B) extroversion; neuroticism
C) arrogant; calculating
D) introversion ; extroversion
A) extroversion vs introversion; neuroticism
according to Eysenck, each of the four categories results from combining moderately extreme levels of introversion or extraversion with what?
A) either high or low levels of introversion or extraversion
B) either a high or a low level of neuroticism
C) typology of Hippocrates and Galen
D) the 16 Personality Factor inventory
B) either a high or a low level of neuroticism
what was the difference in which Cattell and Eysenck used factor analysis?
A) Eysenck used to to find what dimensions exist ; Cattell used it to refine his scales
B) Cattell used to to find what dimensions exist ; Eysenck used it to refine his scales
C) Cattell used it to find what dimensions exist ; Eysenck used it to find similarities between traits
D) Cattell used it to find supertraits ; Eysenck used it to find second order factors
B) Cattell used to to find what dimensions exist ; Eysenck used it to refine his scales
A factor that emerges from a factor analysis performed on a set of previously found factors
A) second order factor
B) first order factor
C) basic factor
D) cardinal factor
A) second order factor
each supertrait is made up of _________, which in turn reflect habits and derive from specific responses
A) basic traits
B) component traits
C) learned traits
D) factor traits
B) component traits
what dimension of Eysencks view has received less attention than the others?
A) sociopathy
B) psychoticism
C) schizophrenia.
D) Eysenck only identified two dimensions.
B) psychoticism
Eysenck believed his two type dimensions of personality relate to qualities of
A) the nervous system
B) interpersonal interaction
C) early childhood experiences
D) social learning experiences
A) the nervous system
what dimension in Eysencks view involves, in part, a tendency toward psychological detachment from, and lack of concern with, other people. People high in this trait tend to be hostile, manipulative, and impulsive
A) introversion
B) psychoticism
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion
Jerry Wiggins perspective emphasized what aspects of personality
A) cognitive
B) interpersonal
C) behavioural
D) internal
B) interpersonal
Wiggins proposed a set of eight psychological patterns, which he called
A) type trait model
B) value meaning model
C) eight factor model
D) interpersonal circle
D) interpersonal circle
Wiggins proposed that the interpersonal circle arrayed around what two dimensions underlying human relations?
A) passion and power
B) power and achievement
C) dominance and love
D) intelligence and affect
C) dominance and love
what did both Wiggins and Eysenck argue?
A) the more words for a quality of personality, the more it probably matters
B) extraversion is at the top of an unfolding hierarchy of qualities
C) diverse personalities arise from combinations of values on the two core dimensions
D) personality is captured in a set of 16 dimensions
C) diverse personalities arise from combinations of values on the two core dimensions
a person who is high on the dimension of love and high on the dimension of dominance would most likely be considered
A) unassuming
B) introverted
C) extraverted
D) arrogant
C) extraverted
the emerging consensus among researchers is that there are _____ superordinate factors in the structure of personality
A) 3
B) 5
C) 10
D) 25
B) 5
which of the following is a second reason why there is a fair amount of disagreement as to what the five dimensions of personality are?
A) Different factors emerge depending on the measures included in a study.
B) Different factors emerge in different cultures.
C) Personality measures have low test–retest reliability.
D) all of these answers are correct
A) Different factors emerge depending on the measures included in a study.
which of the following is the first reason why there is a fair amount of disagreement as to what the five dimensions of personality are?
A) trait words often portray blends of factors rather than only one factor per word
B) different factors emerge in different cultures
C) trait words are easy to name and therefore don’t have enough ambiguity
D) all of these answers are correct
A) trait words often portray blends of factors rather than only one factor per word
the largest disagreement about a label for one of the 5 Big personality factors relates to
A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness.
D) neuroticism
B) openness to experience
while Cattell used the term culture for this factor in the 5 Factor model, Costa and McCrae favoured what label instead?
A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness.
D) neuroticism
B) openness to experience
_________ relate to having social impact; ________ relate to maintaining positive relations with others
A) agreeableness; Extraversion
B) Extraversion; agreeableness
C) openness; conscientiousness
D) conscientiousness; openness
B) Extraversion; agreeableness
adolescents high in agreeableness are
A) more likely to express an interest in joining fraternities
B) less likely to be victimised by peers
C) more likely to be victimised by peers
D) less likely to value tradition
B) less likely to be victimised by peers
which of the following is NOT true regarding agreeableness?
A) they are especially sensitive to violations of communal goals
B) it predicts endorsement of conflict resolution tactics among children
C) relates to more difficult interactions among married partners
D) has been related to greater responsiveness in parenting
C) relates to more difficult interactions among married partners
Conscientiousness is related to
A) peacekeeping
B) purposeful striving toward goals
C) social experience
D) taking better care of oneself
B and D
it has been suggested that Eysencks third dimension, psychoticism is a blend of
A) agreeableness and neuroticism
B) agreeableness and conscientiousness
C) extraversion and neuroticism
D) agreeableness and extraversion
B) agreeableness and conscientiousness
Tellegens’s 1985 model has a factor called ‘constraint’ which resembles what of Eysenck’s model?
A) neuroticism
B) psychoticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
B) psychoticism
whose model predicts low constraint to criminal and antisocial behaviour?
A) Eysenck
B) Tellegen
C) Zumerman
D) Wiggins
B) Tellegen
what is the most important difference between Zuckermans model and the fice-factor model?
A) hostility is located in neuroticism
B) hostility is located outside neuroticism
C) constraint does not resemble psychoticism
D) constraint resembles psychoticism
B) hostility is located outside neuroticism
Ashton and his colleagues believe the five-factor model is incomplete. in a test of seven languages, they found what sixth supertrait?
A) aggression–hostility
B) neuroticism–anxiety
C) honesty–humility
D) socialization
C) honesty–humility
the HEXACO framework developed by Ashton and his colleagues shows what compared to the five-factor framework
A) the honesty-humility trait is not distinct on its own
B) the honesty-humility trait predicts similar outcomes related to the five-factor outcome
C) the honesty-humility trait adds predictive validity above and beyond the five-factor framework
D) the honesty-humility trait tends to be absorbed by neuoticism in some measures
C) the honesty-humility trait adds predictive validity above and beyond the five-factor framework
Digman put the five traits in the five factor model into a higher order analysis and called (low) neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness what?
A) likeability
B) socialisation
C) personal growth
D) outward experiences
B) socialisation
Digman put the five traits in the five factor model into a higher order analysis and found a factor defined by (low) neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, what did he name this factor?
A) likeability
B) socialisation
C) personal growth
D) outward experiences
B) socialisation
DeYoung found the same two higher order factors as Digman and called them what?
A) stability; plasticity
B) socialisation; personal growth
C) honesty–humility
D) neuroticism anxiety; aggression-hostility
A) stability; plasticity
what is Costa and McCrae measure of six narrow traits for each domain of the five-factor model?
A) hexaco framework
B) NEO-PI-R
C) NEO-FFI
D) FFM
B) NEO-PI-R
the largest absolute change in a persons standing on a trait dimension oer time occurs in
A) middle adulthood
B) late adulthood
C) young adulthood
D) adolescence
C) young adulthood
in terms of Roberts et al. 2006 extraversion subcomponents, what subcomponent goes up in adolescence and early adulthood and then stabilises?
A) social vitality
B) social dominance
C) social stability
D) social desirability
B) social dominance
in terms of Roberts et al. 2006 extraversion subcomponents, what subcomponent goes up in adolescence, falls until about age 25, and then falls again starting at about age 55
A) social vitality
B) social dominance
C) social stability
D) social desirability
A) social vitality
n terms of Roberts et al. 2006 extraversion subcomponents, what component relates to sociability and positive emotion?
A) social vitality
B) social dominance
C) social stability
D) social desirability
A) social vitality
in terms of Roberts et al. 2006 extraversion subcomponents, what component relates to assurance and agency?
A) social vitality
B) social dominance
C) social stability
D) social desirability
B) social dominance
situationism is the idea that
A) personality can be best explained by considering the combination of settings and people
B) situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act
C) people have specific personality traits that don’t vary over time or in different situations
D) behaviour is determined by internal factors
B) the idea that situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act
interactionism is the idea that
A) th personality can be best explained by considering the combination of settings and people
B) the idea that situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act
C) people have specific personality traits that don’t vary over time or in different situations
D) behaviour is determined by internal factors
A) the idea that personality can be best explained by considering the combination of settings and people
in interactionism a _____ situation is one where easy expression of personality, while _____ situations are those in which situations forces behavior into channels, preventing the expression of personality
A) weak; strong
B) strong; weak
C) easy; hard
D) hard; easy
A) weak; strong
a word that limits a traits applicability, and implies that you think the trait-based behaviour occurs only in some situations
A) sometimes
B) signature
C) hedge
D) contradictory
C) hedge
what is an example of using a verbal “hedge”
A) politicians are dishonest
B) aggressive when teased
C) she is shy when with her partner
D) they prosecuted the perpetrator
B) aggressive when teased
Mischel and Shonda 1995 view traits as
A) freestanding tendencies to act
B) having very little relation to behaviour
C) patterns of links between situations and actions
D) none of the above
C) patterns of links between situations and actions
in terms of consistency in context dependent expressions of personality, what of the following key points are true
A) in situations that seem famility to the person, the behaviour is consistent
B) the pattern of linkage between situation and behaviour does not differ from one person to another
C) there is not a lot of consistency, due to variability
D) the pattern of situation-behaviour links the person has established over time and experience is not a source of individuality
A) in situations that seem famility to the person, the behaviour is consistent
a persons behaviour-signature is
A) an individual’s characteristic way of active across situations
B) a pattern of links a person has established over time and experience
C) a pattern of behaviour that a person expresses that explains why there is no consistency in that behaviour
D) two people tend toward the same kind of behaviour in the same situations
B) a pattern of links a person has established over time and experience
the fact that even if two people tend toward the same kind of behaviour, the ________ that elicit it may differ from one person to another
A) traits
B) situations
C) patterns
D) personality
B) situations
the idiographic approach to traits believe what?
A) Each person’s unique pattern of links from situation to action creates a trait that’s just a little different from that of any other person
B) each individual has a unique psychological structure that constitutes personality
C) behaviour is inconsistent across situations
D) both A and B
D) both A and B
From the perspective of the linkage model
A) two extroverts will act the same across situations
B) a person who is mostly an introvert is always an introvert, despite traits representing patterns of situation-action links
C) a person who is mostly an introvert may occasionally act like an extravert
D) positive emotions tied to extraversion does not have any variance
C) a person who is mostly an introvert may occasionally act like an extravert
what model proposes that there are classes of situations (perhaps infrequent) that link certain actions to a person
A) situational model
B) linkage model
C) interactionist model
D) naive model
B) linkage model
according to Fleesons work, most people do things that reflect the ________ of a trait dimension, and that a person most often does things that reflect a ________ of that dimension
A) narrower portion; entire range
B) entire range; narrower portion
C) entire range; degree of behaviour
D) degree of behaviour; entire range
B) entire range; narrower portion
the conclusion of traits being context-dependent is consistent with what view?
A) situationist
B) behaviourist
C) interactionist
D) Freuds
C) interactionist
the trait approach assesses traits through
A) projective assessment
B) interviews
C) self report
D) behavioural observations
C) self report
nomothetic trait psychology assumes what?
A) given traits do not interact with one another
B) everyone can be placed somewhere along each trait dimension
C) individuals have their own psychological blueprint
D) none of the above
B) everyone can be placed somewhere along each trait dimension
idiographic trait theorists believe all of the following EXCEPT that:
A) all people have a unique combination of trait levels.
B) given traits interact with one another.
C) any particular trait dimension is the same from one person to another.
D) knowing a person’s profile gives a sense of what the person is like and how they will behave in a variety of situations.
C) any particular trait dimension is the same from one person to another.
the attempt to understand psychopathology from the trait based viewpoint was an attempt to
A) understand it
B) diagnose it
C) categorise it
D) find problems
C) categorise it
a matter of determining the trait indicators in people’s behavior that relate to a given class of problem from a trait based viewpoint
A) understanding
B) categorising
C) diagnosing
D) influence
B) categorising
tendency toward emotional distress
A) anxiety
B) neuroticism
C) fear
D) introversion
B) neuroticism
the influence of the five-factor model of personality has led to interest in the traits related to
A) mood disorders
B) personality disorders
C) anxiety disorders
D) disruptive behaviours
B) personality disorders
stable, enduring patterns of behaviour that deviate from normal cultural expectations that interfere with the persons life or the lives of others
A) mood disorders
B) personality disorders
C) anxiety disorders
D) disruptive behaviours
B) personality disorders
evidence suggesting a poor link between traits and actions led to
A) situationism
B) behaviourism
C) interactionism
D) none of the above
C) interactionism
according to interactionism view applied to problems, a person’s susceptibility to a problem matters in situations involving
A) a lot of stress
B) a lot of people
C) an interaction
D) stability
A) a lot of stress
the interactionist approach to problems is called a
A) therapeutic behaviour change
B) diathesis stress model
C) problem solving
D) exploration
B) diathesis stress model
the trait approach has been critisised because
A) has little to say about intrapersonal functioning
B) does not offer explanations for why people behave as they do
C) often relies on circular explanations to explain causality
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
what is the major criticism of the trait concept?
A) has little to say about intrapersonal functioning
B) does not offer explanations for why people behave as they do
C) often relies on circular explanations to explain causality
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
imagine a woman who acts in a dominant manner—not just occasionally but often, and not just in one situation or with one set of people but in many situations, with whoever else is around. You may feel justified in concluding from this that she has a high level of the trait of dominance
what does this represent?
A) a tautology
B) begging the question
C) circular reasoning
D) deductive reasoning
C) circular reasoning
what trait has an oppositional or antagonistic quality verging toward hostility?
A) neuroticism
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
peabody and goldberg suggest that when openness is measured from both sides that is reflects what trait?
A) conscientiousness
B) culture
C) will to achieve
D) intellect
D) intellect
Ashton and his colleagues suggest that this trait tends to be absorbed by agreeableness in some measures but is a distinct quality that stands out on its own
A) aggression–hostility
B) neuroticism–anxiety
C) honesty–humility
D) socialization
C) honesty–humility
Digman viewed extraversion and openness as reflecting what he characterised as
A) stability and plasticity
B) socialisation
C) stability and plasticity
D) personal growth
D) personal growth
according to DeYoung, extraversion and openness reflects the trait called
A) stability and plasticity
B) socialisation
C) stability and plasticity
D) personal growth
C) stability and plasticity
the purpose of the higher order analysis done by both DIgman and DeYoung, was that they argued
A) personality traits are irrelevant for understanding behavior
B) the five-factor model can be condensed
C) the importance of personality traits varies across different cultures
D) personality traits are entirely determined by genetic factors
B) the five-factor model can be condensed
