~~ Trait Perspective QUIZ Flashcards
according to the trait perspective, categorising people as types is no longer prominent in personality psychology, why is this?
A) types are less stable
B) they are discontinuous categories of personalities, with individuals falling into one category or another
C) most people have many things in common
D) traits may be possessed by only one person
B) they are discontinuous categories of personalities, with individuals falling into one category or another
Traits are ________ rather than ________, with people sitting along a continuum of behaviour
A) qualitative; quantitative
B) quantitative; qualitative
C) stable; unstable
D) unstable; stable
B) quantitative; qualitative
_______ are continuous dimensions of variability, along which any person can be placed
A) factors
B) types
C) loadings
D) traits
D) traits
The idea that traits exist and have the same meaning in everyone is consistent with the _________ approach to personality.
a. nomothetic
b.commonality
c. idiographic
d.implicit
a. nomothetic
Cattell’s approach to understanding personality can best be described as:
a.theoretical.
b.rational.
c.empirical.
d.psychoanalytic.
c.empirical
using factor analysis, Cattell found 171 trait names, which were subsequently broken down into _____ primary factors of personality
A) 85
B) 171
C) 57
D) 16
D) 16
what type of analysis is used by many trait psychologists?
A) content analysis
B) factor analysis
C) supertrait analysis
D) genetic analysis
B) factor analysis
the more variability in ratings a factor accounts for, the
A) less important the factor
B) more stable the factor
C) more important the factor
D) less stable the factor
C) more important the factor
what is NOT true regarding factor analysis?
A) Factor analysis can only be used with self-report data.
B) tell which observations do and do not reflect a factor well, helping to refine scales
C) Labeling the factors extracted from factor analysis is a subjective process.
D) None of the above; all of the statements are true.
A.Factor analysis can only be used with self-report data.
the theoretical approach was demonstrated by who?
A) Eysenck
B) Cattell
C) Wiggins
D) Jung
A) Eysenck
Other labels for this factor are social adaptability, assertiveness or energy. People who are high on this trait generally have values and life goals centred around achievement, status, excitement and children
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) neuroticism
C) extraversion
Other labels for this factor are conformity, friendly compliance and likeability. People who are high on this trait generally have values and life goals centred around benevolence, tradition and harmony.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) neuroticism
B) agreeableness
Other labels for this factor are responsibility and will to achieve. People who are high on this trait generally have values and life goals centred around health, relationships and stability.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) neuroticism
A) conscientiousness
Other labels for this factor are emotional lability and emotional control. People who are high on this trait generally have values and life goals centred around personal safety and mood management
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) neuroticism
D) neuroticism
Other labels for this factor are intellect, culture and imagination. People who are high on this trait generally have values and life goals centred around experimentation, artistic interests and low stress.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) openness
D) oppenness
______ holds that personality and situations interact in several ways to determine behaviour
A) Context-Dependent Expression
B) trait behaviourism
C) Interactionism
D) situationism
C) Interactionism
the idea that behaviour is controlled primarily by situational influences and was proved wrong
A) Context-Dependent Expression
B) trait behaviourism
C) Interactionism
D) situationism
D) situationism
Personality assessment from the viewpoint of trait psychology involves developing a
A) trait profile
B) personality profile
C) trait factors
D) second order factors
B) personality profile
a description of where the person being assessed falls on all the dimensions being measured by the inventory.
A) trait profile
B) personality profile
C) trait factors
D) second order factors
B) personality profile
In this model, certain dispositions may create a susceptibility to some kind of problem, but the problem occurs only under certain conditions, usually involving stress.
A) hierarchical model
B) diathesis-stress model
C) topographical model
D) structural model
B) diathesis-stress
The limitation of the trait model is that is _______ rather than ________.
A) prescriptive; descriptive
B) descriptive; explanatory
C) explanatory; descriptive
D) descriptive; prescriptive
B) descriptive; explanatory
The trait approach to personality makes the point that:
a.people’s dispositions are relatively inconsistent across situations.
b.people’s dispositions are relatively inconsistent across time.
c.one person’s pattern of dispositional qualities is much like the next person’s.
d.none of the above
d.none of the above
The idea that people are different in important ways goes back to at least:
a.400 BC.
b.200 AD.
c.1800 AD.
d.1880 AD
a.400 BC.
In typologies proposed by Hippocrates and Galen, sanguine people were thought to be:
a.optimistic.
b.irritable.
c.depressed.
d.calm.
a.optimistic
Which of the following is not one of the four personality categories proposed by Hippocrates and Galen?
a.(choleric) irritable
b.(sanguine) optimistic
c.(malcontent) unhappy
d.(phlegmatic) calm
c.(malcontent) unhappy
_________ categorized people as either introverts or extraverts.
a.Hippocrates
b.Galen
c.Carl Jung
d.none of the above
c.Carl Jung
How are traits and typologies different from one another?
a.Traits refer to the whole person whereas typologies refer to specific aspects of the person.
b.Traits are seen as varying on a continuum whereas typologies put people in distinct categories.
c.Traits are changeable whereas typologies are fixed.
d.They are not different; traits and typologies are two words for the same phenomenon.
b.Traits are seen as varying on a continuum whereas typologies put people in distinct categories.
Unlike type approaches, trait approaches treat differences between people:
a.as less stable.
b.as quantitative.
c.as qualitative.
d.in terms of aggregations
b.as quantitative.
The idea that traits exist and have the same meaning in everyone is consistent with the _________ approach to personality.
a. nomothetic
b.commonality
c. idiographic
d.implicit
a. nomothetic
The idiographic view emphasizes that:
a.most people have many things in common.
b.when two people both possess a trait, that tends to mean the same thing.
c.a trait may be possessed by only one person.
d.none of the above
c.a trait may be possessed by only one person.
Factor analysis:
a.provides a way to analyze qualitative data.
b.is useful only when dealing with self-reports.
c.represents a technique for identifying underlying dimensions.
d.directs you to collect data of a certain type.
c.represents a technique for identifying underlying dimensions.
The dimensions that emerge from a factor analysis are called:
a.factors.
b.loadings.
c.extractions.
d.analyses.
a.factors.
Which of the following statements about factor analysis is true?
a.It increases the number of traits psychologists can use to describe personality
b.It provides a basis for arguing that most all traits are equally important in describing personality.
c.Its use had dropped off since the advent of computers.
d.It assists in the development of assessment devices.
d.It assists in the development of assessment devices.
Cattell’s approach to understanding personality can best be described as:
a.theoretical.
b.rational.
c.empirical.
d.psychoanalytic.
c.empirical.
Cattell used the _________ criterion for his factor analysis of personality dimensions.
a.rational
b.commonsense
c.ubiquity
d.lexical
d.lexical
Cattell’s empirical work resulted in a personality scale which is called the:
a.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
b.16PF.
c.Source Trait Inventory.
d.MCMI.
b.16PF.
Unlike Cattell’s approach to studying personality, Eysenck’s approach:
a.was rooted in theory
b.disregarded the observation of reality
c.disregarded the use of factor analysis.
d.none of the above
a.was rooted in theory
Second-order factoring is used to determine:
a.if the results from one factor analysis can be repeated.
b.whether the factors that emerge from an initial factor analysis form factors (i.e., correlate in
clusters).
c.if factors determined in an initial factor analysis can be broken down further.
d.all of the above
b.whether the factors that emerge from an initial factor analysis form factors (i.e., correlate in
clusters).
According to Eysenck’s categorization a melancholic (depressed) person would be considered:
a.extraverted and low in neuroticism.
b.extraverted and high in neuroticism.
c.introverted and high in neuroticism.
d.introverted and low in neuroticism.
c.introverted and high in neuroticism.
Which of Eysenck’s concepts has received less attention than the others?
a.extraversion
b.neuroticism
c.introversion
d.psychoticism
d.psychoticism
Factors derived from factor analysis may themselves be interrelated. When such factors are themselves factor analyzed, the resulting factors are called:
a.basic factors.
b.primary factors.
c.second-order factors.
d.cardinal factors.
c.second-order factors
Eysenck believes that his two type dimensions of personality relate to qualities of:
a.the nervous system.
b.interpersonal interaction.
c.early childhood experiences.
d.social learning experiences.
a.the nervous system
A third dimension identified by Eysenck, that reflects a predisposition toward disorders involving detachment from others, hostility, manipulativeness, and impulsiveness is:
a.sociopathy.
b.psychoticism.
c.schizophrenia.
d.Eysenck only identified two dimensions.
b.psychoticism.
Eysenck believed that:
a.extraversion and neuroticism have roots in nervous system functioning.
b.there are four dimensions underlying behavior.
c.there is one dimension underlying behavior.
d.extraversion and introversion are the top two dimensions in the hierarchy forming
personality.
a.extraversion and neuroticism have roots in nervous system functioning.
Wiggins’s perspective emphasized _________ aspects of personality.
a.interpersonal
b.internal
c. behavioral
d.cognitive
a.interpersonal
Wiggins proposed two trait dimensions basic to human values. These dimensions are:
a.passion and power.
b.power and achievement.
c.dominance and love.
d.intelligence and affect
c.dominance and love.
Wiggins proposed a set of eight psychological patterns which he called the:
a.type-trait model.
b.value-meaning model.
c.eight-factor model.
d.interpersonal circle.
d.interpersonal circle.
A person who is high on the dimension of love and high on the dimension of dominance would most likely be considered:
a.unassuming.
b.introverted.
c.extraverted.
d.arrogant.
c.extraverted.
The emerging consensus among researchers is that there are _________ basic personality traits.
a.3
b.5
c.10
d.25
b.5
Which of the following is one reason why there is a fair amount of disagreement as to what the five dimensions of personality are?
a.Different factors emerge depending on the measures included in a study.
b.Different factors emerge in different cultures.
c.Personality measures have low test-retest reliability.
d.all of the above
a.Different factors emerge depending on the measures included in a study.
Which of the following is the basic personality trait characterized by assertiveness, open expression of impulses, and confident assurance?
a.conscientiousness
b.dominance
c.extraversion
d.confidence
c.extraversion
Conscientiousness reflects:
a.purposeful striving toward goals.
b.persistence.
c.planning.
d.all of the above
d.all of the above
Some researchers prefer to use the term _________ for qualities Cattell labeled as culture.
a.sociability
b.intellect
c.eagerness
d.enthusiasm
b.intellect
The largest disagreement about a label for one of the personality factors deals with:
a.extraversion.
b.openness to experience.
c.conscientiousness.
d.neuroticism.
b.openness to experience.
Adolescents high in agreeableness are:
a.more likely to express an interest in joining fraternities/sororities.
b.less likely to be victimized by peers.
c.less likely to receive social support from family members.
d.less likely to value tradition.
b.less likely to be victimized by peers.
Extraversion is related to valuing:
a.achievement.
b.tradition.
c.benevolence.
d.all of the above
a.achievement.
Openness to experience is related to all of the following EXCEPT:
a.greater sexual satisfaction in marriage.
b.artistic expression.
c.fewer prior arrests among prisoners.
d.more favorable inter-racial attitudes.
c.fewer prior arrests among prisoners.
It has been argued that Eysenck’s dimension of psychoticism is a blend of:
a.extraversion and agreeableness.
b.neuroticism and agreeableness.
c.agreeableness and conscientiousness.
d.neuroticism and conscientiousness.
c.agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Zuckerman disagrees with the traditional five-factor view in that he:
a.proposed an alternative five factors.
b.argued that there were more than five factors.
c.argued that there were fewer than five factors.
d.none of the above; he endorses the traditional five factors
a.proposed an alternative five factors.
Compared to lower-level traits, superordinate traits seem to provide:
a.more predictive power.
b.less predictive power.
c.about the same amount of predictive power.
d. a more confusing depiction of the structure of personality.
b.less predictive power.
Mischel argued that traits are:
a.strong predictors of behavior.
b.modest predictors of behavior.
c.unrelated to behavior.
d. only strongly predictive of behavior when biology is accounted for.
b.modest predictors of behavior.
Psychologists were surprised when it was reported that the correlation coefficients between trait self-reports and actual behavior were around:
a.0.0
b.0.1
c.0.3
d.0.6
c.0.3
The idea that situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act is termed:
a.environmentalism.
b.interactionism.
c.Mischelianism.
d.situationism.
d.situationism.
_________ is the idea that traits and situations jointly provide a complete account of behavior.
a.Interactionism
b.Trait-situationism
c.Person-environment duality
d.none of the above
a.Interactionism
The idea that personality can best be explained by considering the combination of settings and people is called:
a.environmentalism.
b.interactionism.
c.trait behaviorism.
d.situationism.
b.interactionism.
When a situation and a trait are examined in the same study there are _________ systematic sources of influence on behavior.
a.four
b.three
c.exactly two
d.none of the above
b.three
A university campus is a _________ situation, whereas an army boot camp is a _________ situation.
a.weak; strong
b.strong; weak
c.poorly defined; clearly defined
d.constrained; unconstrained
a.weak; strong
Situations in which individual differences can be expressed easily are termed:
a. malleable situations.
b. strong situations.
c.weak situations.
d.expressive situations.
c.weak situations.
The analysis of variance model derived from lab research has the problem of neglecting the idea that:
a.people actively choose the situations they want to enter.
b.situations elicit different responses from different people.
c. people behave similarly across different situations.
d.all of the above
a.people actively choose the situations they want to enter.
The fact that people often use verbal “hedges” when describing someone’s personality indicates that they:
a. are less confident in their judgments than are psychologists.
b. don’t really know other people.
c. believe that traits may be reflected in only particular kinds of situations.
d. don’t believe that personality is related to behavior.
c. believe that traits may be reflected in only particular kinds of situations.
According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are best characterized as:
a.freestanding tendencies to act.
b.having very little relation to behavior.
c.patterns of links between situation and action.
d.none of the above
c.patterns of links between situation and action.
A behavioral signature is:
a.an individual’s characteristic way of acting across situations.
b.an individual’s pattern of situation-behavior links.
c.the effect of an individual’s behavior on the people around them.
d.none of the above
b.an individual’s pattern of situation-behavior links.
Traits are most often assessed through:
a.projective assessment.
b.interviewing.
c.self-reports.
d.behavioral observations.
c.self-reports.
Nomothemic trait theorists believe all of the following EXCEPT that:
a.all people have a unique combination of trait levels.
b.given traits do not interact with one another.
c.any particular trait dimension is the same from one person to another.
d.knowing a person’s profile gives a sense of what the person is like and how they will behave in
a variety of situations
b.given traits do not interact with one another.
The attempt to understand psychopathology from a trait perspective is largely an attempt to:
a. understand the underlying dynamics of the individual.
b.determine indicators that are associated with a given class of problems.
c.look at biological vulnerabilities or susceptibilities.
d.none of the above
b.determine indicators that are associated with a given class of problems.
Recent research has indicated that _________ personality disorders are represented within the five-factor model.
a.all
b.most
c.very few
d.no
a.all
From an interactionist perspective, susceptibility to a particular personality problem means that:
a.one has the problem.
b. one has family members with the problem.
c. there is nothing one can do to avoid developing the problem.
d. the problem occurs more easily for one person than for another.
d. the problem occurs more easily for one person than for another.
A vulnerability to a particular psychological problem is known as a:
a.nomothetic.
b.diathesis.
c.behavioral signature.
d.idiograph.
b.diathesis.
The trait approach has been criticized because it:
a.has little to say about intrapersonal functioning.
b.doesn’t offer explanations for why people behave as they do.
c.often relies on circular explanations to explain causality.
d.all of the above
d.all of the above
According to Mischel and Shoda, traits are best characterized as:
a.freestanding tendencies to act.
b.having very little relation to behavior.
c.patterns of links between situation and action.
d.none of the above
c.patterns of links between situation and action.
A behavioral signature is:
a.an individual’s characteristic way of acting across situations.
b.an individual’s pattern of situation-behavior links.
c.the effect of an individual’s behavior on the people around them.
d.none of the above
b.an individual’s pattern of situation-behavior links.
Traits are most often assessed through:
a.projective assessment.
b.interviewing.
c.self-reports.
d.behavioral observations.
c.self-reports.
The attempt to understand psychopathology from a trait perspective is largely an attempt to:
a. understand the underlying dynamics of the individual.
b.determine indicators that are associated with a given class of problems.
c.look at biological vulnerabilities or susceptibilities.
d.none of the above
b.determine indicators that are associated with a given class of problems.
From an interactionist perspective, susceptibility to a particular personality problem means that:
a.one has the problem.
b. one has family members with the problem.
c. there is nothing one can do to avoid developing the problem.
d. the problem occurs more easily for one person than for another.
d. the problem occurs more easily for one person than for another.
A vulnerability to a particular psychological problem is known as a:
a.nomothetic.
b.diathesis.
c.behavioral signature.
d.idiograph.
b.diathesis.
