Week of March 24 Vet Prep Questions Flashcards
A 10-year-old female spayed DSH presents for dropping food and drooling from the left side. She has no history of trauma but recently has had thick ocular discharge which the owner has had to clean regularly. You perform a neurologic exam and find the following (see image). The rest of the exam is within normal limits. What do you inform the owner?
A. The cause is most likely idiopathic and carries a good prognosis
B. Treatment involves corticosteroid administration but prognosis for recovery is still guarded
C. The other side may start to show the same signs within a few weeks to months
D. The recommended treatment is a ventral bulla osteotomy
Answer: C
This patient has the classic finding associated with unilateral facial nerve paresis. Unfortunately, it is most commonly idiopathic; however in cats it can sometimes be caused by things such as nasopharyngeal polyps, neoplasia and trauma.
Prognosis for recovery is guarded and the clinical signs are typically permanent. The unaffected facial nerve can become affected as well.
Treatment for idiopathic disease is supportive including eye lubrication and management of corneal ulcers. Drooling usually resolves over several weeks. Steroids have been used in humans with Bell’s palsy but it has not been shown to be effective in animals.
Otitis media-interna and chronic ear disease can make animals at higher risk for nerve paralysis and a CT of the bulla is recommended rather than radiographs. Bulla osteotomy may be recommended for animals with middle ear disease or those prone to chronic otitis media-interna. In dogs, facial paralysis has been seen with hypothyroidism.
What is the most likely complication associated with the post-anesthetic recovery of the dog in the photograph receiving Clotrimazole?
A. Laryngeal inflammation
B. Bacterial rhinitis
C. Aspiration pneumonia
D. Seizure
The correct answer is laryngeal inflammation. As depicted in the picture, there is a sino-nasal fungal infection (likely Aspergillosis) present.
The patient is undergoing a procedure to instill clotrimazole into the frontal sinus and nasal cavity following debridement of the fungal plaques and irrigation with saline. The swabs shown in the picture were placed in the external nares to ensure the clotrimazole stayed in place for 10-15 minutes.
Laryngeal inflammation following intubation is the most common complication seen with this procedure. Seizure is a possible sequela if the cribriform plate is compromised. If this were the case, the complication would likely be fatal. With severe swelling, the administration of corticosteroids and re-intubation is indicated. Sometimes these dogs may need to be intubated for days.
Which of the following diseases is primarily transmitted via a soft tick?
A. Staphylococcus hyicus
B. Classical Swine Fever (CSF)
C. African Swine Fever (ASF)
D. Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2)
E. Swine pox
Explanation
The correct answer is African Swine Fever (ASF). AS can be transmitted via direct contact or through one of many species of soft ticks (Ornithodorus spp).
Swine pox can be transmitted by lice.
A 5-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu presents on emergency after being left in a car for 30 minutes on a July day in Arizona. Her body temperature is 105.6 F when admitted. After several hours in the ER, she has stabilized, is normothermic, and the owners elect to take her home due to financial constraints. They were directed to follow up with their regular veterinarian the next morning, but elected not to because she seemed to be back to normal. When they return from work, they find the dog has passed away. What is the likely cause of death?
A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
B. Hypoglycemia
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Cerebral edema
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is the most likely cause of death. The owner would likely have missed the petechiae, ecchymoses and tachypnea/dyspnea that would have developed during the 8-10 hours they were at work. DIC progresses very quickly and can be fatal even if under 24-hour medical care.
A pulmonary embolism is NOT the most likely sequelae of heatstroke.
While cerebral edema can be an INITIAL sign of heat stroke, the owners and ER staff would have seen anisocoria, depressed mentation, facial paralysis, or ataxia.
Although hypoglycemia may be an initial sign of heatstroke, blood glucose would have been regulated before ER discharge.
SARDS is a condition seen usually in _________–aged obese female spayed dogs. They develop ______- blindness and initially have no optic or fundoscopic lesions. In 1-2 months, they will develop _____- vascular attenuation and ________- hyperreflectivity.
SARDS is a condition seen usually in middle-aged obese female spayed dogs. They develop acute blindness and initially have no optic or fundoscopic lesions. In 1-2 months, they will develop retinal vascular attenuation and tapetal hyperreflectivity.
A stray cat has been dropped off by a good samaritan after having witnessed the cat jump from a 3-story abandoned warehouse. On physical examination the cat has an avulsed lower lip and is very lame on the front left forelimb. Thankfully the cat had a microchip and the owners are eventually located. However, they refuse to spend any money on additional diagnostics. What is the best treatment option for the injuries likely sustained to the left forelimb.
A. Carpal arthrodesis
B. Cage rest for the scapular luxation sustained
C. Reduction of traumatic elbow luxation
D. Dynamic compression plating of the distal radial fracture
It is instinctive for cats to always try to land on their feet and as a result they are predisposed to sustaining hyperextension injuries to the carpal joints when landing from a distance. Disruption of the carpal ligaments carries a guarded prognosis with conservative therapy and stabilization via pancarpal arthrodesis is strongly recommended.
Distal fractures of the radius are a common condition seen in small breed dogs as a result of having decreased blood flow to the distal aspect of the radius. Scapular luxation is rare and surgical repair is recommended. Traumatic luxation is NOT commonly seen secondary to landing from a high distance.
The minimum lethal THC dose in dogs is ____ g/kg; however, the ingestion dose is rarely known. If recent ingestion is known, early __________________ (e.g., induction of emesis, administration of activated charcoal) should be performed if the patient is stable. Treatment is mostly based on supportive care for clinical signs (eg., ?, ?). Intravenous __________ emulsion therapy has been reported in severe cases, as THC is a highly _______-soluble compound. Recovery is dose-dependent and may take ____ to ___ hours. Fatalities are rare but have been reported.
The minimum lethal THC dose in dogs is >3 g/kg; however, the ingestion dose is rarely known. If recent ingestion is known, early decontamination (e.g., induction of emesis, administration of activated charcoal) should be performed if the patient is stable. Treatment is mostly based on supportive care for clinical signs (eg., intravenous fluid support, thermoregulation). Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy has been reported in severe cases, as THC is a highly lipid-soluble compound. Recovery is dose-dependent and may take 24 to 72 hours. Fatalities are rare but have been reported.
A race horse that has been overworked for the past week presents for a stiff gait, lethargy, anorexia, and oliguria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. NSAID toxicity
B. Ischemic renal failure
C. Pigment nephropaty
D. Pyelonephritis
The correct answer is pigment nephropathy. Pigment nephropathy occurs as a result of myositis (tying up), which this presentation is consistent with.
Nephrosis and subsequent renal failure is caused by large amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney. This usually occurs in horses that have been subjected to extreme conditions such that the animal breaks down a substantial amount of muscle. The same condition can occur with intravascular hemolysis. In this case, the hemoglobin pigment is the culprit. However, this scenario seems to be less common in the horse.
A 16-year old, male-neutered cat comes in for further evaluation of intermittent vomiting and anorexia. The cat has a history of renal insufficiency and hyperthyroidism. Both of these are currently being managed well according to the owner. On physical exam the patient is found to be slightly lethargic and perhaps a little dehydrated. After performing blood work there is still no clear indication as to why the patient is not feeling well. The BUN was 42 mg/dl (19-34 mg/dl) and creatinine 2.0 mg/dl (0.9-2.2 mg/dl). The rest of the chemistry panel was unremarkable. The CBC showed a hematocrit of 25% (30-45%) which has been longstanding.
An abdominal ultrasound was performed and a mass associated with the pancreas was identified. The 2cm mass was at the mid-body of the right limb of the pancreas. Chest radiographs were subsequently performed and found to be within normal limits. The owners elected to take the cat for removal of this mass. Which post-operative concern is least likely?
A. Renal values should be monitored closely for signs of acute on chronic renal failure
B. Patient should be monitored closely for increased vomiting and abdominal pain
C. Hypoglycemia post-surgery, which needs close blood glucose monitoring
D. Bilirubin levels should be monitored closely for signs of extrabiliary obstruction
When performing mass resections of the pancreas the ideal situation is a mass associated with the tail of the pancreas. Otherwise they can be very difficult to excise in their entirety and you run the risk of disrupting the flow of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreas is responsible for secreting insulin which is what stimulates glucose to be removed from the blood stream and taken into the cell.
A patient with a mass in the pancreas that is causing hypoglycemia has an insulinoma (seen in dogs). Removal of an insulinoma can occasionally lead to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus requiring insulin administration in dogs, but there is no indication of an insulinoma based on the normal blood glucose level on the chemistry panel indicated in the question.
Manipulation of the pancreas can result in pancreatitis and if the inflammation is severe enough an extrahepatic biliary obstruction could occur and result in elevated bilirubin levels. Extrahepatic billiary obstructions secondary to pancreatitis can require surgical intervention.
Clinical signs of pancreatitis will likely manifest themselves in the form of persistent abdominal pain and vomiting.
Since this patient has renal insufficiency it is important to monitor renal values closely. Remember that it takes about 75% of the kidneys to be damaged before the values go up so any elevation in renal values may be cause for alarm. This is particularly important if the patient was hypotensive during surgery and renal perfusion was potentially compromised.
Mast cell tumors in horses are _________ and __________ is usually curative. They can occur anywhere on the horse, but are often found in the ________ or ________ of the head or legs. The tumors may also invade underlying musculature, but are often walled off by aggregates of fibrous stroma.
Mast cell tumors in horses are benign and excision is usually curative. They can occur anywhere on the horse, but are often found in the dermis or subcutis of the head or legs. The tumors may also invade underlying musculature, but are often walled off by aggregates of fibrous stroma.
A 4-year old female spayed mixed breed dog presents for further evaluation. She has a 24 hour history of increased respiratory rate and decreased appetite. Owners note that she is an indoor/outdoor dog. Based on these radiographs, what is the best treatment?
A. Intravenous furosemide
B. Thoracocentesis
C. Left caudal lung mass removal
D. Pericardiocentesis
Answer: B
An air bronchogram is an area of _________ lung ___________ around an ___ filled bronchus. This is usually referred to as an __________ pattern. This can occur with _______________ diseases, severe edema, lung lobe __________, hemorrhage, or some neoplasms.
An air bronchogram is an area of uniform lung consolidation around an air filled bronchus. This is usually referred to as an alveolar pattern. This can occur with inflammatory diseases, severe edema, lung lobe torsions, hemorrhage, or some neoplasms.
What is the common lung worm of cattle?
A. Muellerius capillaris
B. Pneumonyssus
C. Dietyoeadlts viviparous
D. Trichophyton verrucosum
E. Dictyocaulus filaria
Answer: C
What type of virus is the causative agent of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
A. Flavivirus
B. Rhabdovirus
C. Paramyxovirus
D. Herpes virus
Explanation
The correct answer is Paramyxovirus. Rhabdoviruses are responsible for vesicular stomatitis and rabies. Flavivirus causes bovine viral diarrhea. Herpes virus is responsible for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
A female cockatiel is presented to your clinic for lethargy and poor condition. A thorough history reveals that she has produced an egg every three days for the past 3-4 weeks. Which of the following drugs is used to help stop chronic egg laying in this bird?
A. Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol)
B. PGF2-alpha (Lutalyse)
C. Progesterone
D. Leuprolide acetate (Lupron)
Leuprolide acetate is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) analog and will shut down the production of reproductive hormones in birds, thus, will often stop ovulation in the laying hen. Female birds are capable of producing eggs (infertile) without the presence of a male, just as chickens do.
Raw fish diets contain ___________ which can lead to vitamin ____ (___________) deficiency. Weight _______ with a good appetite and ________- signs are symptoms you should look for. Treatment involves supplementation with ___ or __ complex.
Raw fish diets contain thiaminase which can lead to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Weight loss with a good appetite and neurologic signs are symptoms you should look for. Treatment involves supplementation with B1 or B complex.
You are attempting to regulate a 10-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair with diabetes mellitus. The cat was started on insulin by another veterinarian approximately one year ago, but glucose curves were performed inconsistently and the cat never showed significant clinical improvement. The cat currently weighs 13 lbs. (down from 13.8 lbs. two weeks ago) and receives 14 units of PZI insulin twice daily. The cat’s most recent CBC and serum biochemistry, performed two weeks ago, revealed no abnormalities except for hyperglycemia. Today’s glucose curve shows a nadir of 190 mg/dL, occurring 6 hours after insulin administration, and a peak of 380 mg/dL. What is your next step?
A. Perform a urine culture and assess serum T4
B. Increase insulin dose to 14 units twice daily
C. Decrease insulin dose to 12 units twice daily
D. Change from PZI insulin to NPH insulin
This cat has persistent hyperglycemia despite receiving an insulin dose of 1 unit per pound of body weight. Therefore, the cat is showing signs of insulin resistance. Causes of insulin resistance in cats include infection, hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s disease, and acromegaly. Initial testing typically includes T4 and urine culture, due to the ease of testing for these conditions and their relatively common nature, but adrenal function testing and growth hormone testing should also be considered if urine culture and T4 levels are normal.
Ivermectin is highly toxic in turtles and tortoises, and not necessarily other reptiles, and causes _______, _________, and _______ at low doses due to an ability to cross the ?
Ivermectin is highly toxic in turtles and tortoises, and not necessarily other reptiles, and causes paresis, paralysis, and death at low doses due to an ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
One of your most favorite clients, Mrs. Worthington, is the last appointment of the day. She has brought her 7-year-old female spayed Burmese cat named Matilda in for an eye examination. The cat’s right eye has evidence of blepharospasm, epiphora, serous discharge, and an opaque, brown/black spot mid-cornea overlying layers of ulcerated corneal tissue. Matilda’s nictitating membrane is partially elevated. Direct and indirect PLR’s are normal. On ophthalmic exam, you note an aqueous flare in the anterior chamber. A fluorescein stain test reveals a 4 mm area of stain uptake with a 2 mm dark center. What is the most appropriate treatment?
A. Grid keratotomy
B. Prescribe triple antibiotic (BNP) ophthalmic ointment
C. Referral to an ophthalmologist
D. Start oral doxycycline
Matilda has a corneal sequestrum - an area of necrotic tissue in the corneal stroma that is located in or near the center of the cornea. While the cause is unknown, predisposing factors are previous corneal ulceration, malformation of the eyelid, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or FHV-1 infection. The most commonly affected breeds are Burmese, Persians, and Himalayans. This association is thought to be related to their brachycephalic facial conformation and protruding globes. Surgical removal of the sequestrum by an ophthalmologist is considered the treatment of choice. Referral to an ophthalmologist is recommended as corneal sequestrum is best treated by early intervention with a partial lamellar keratectomy, and potentially further treatment with a conjunctival graft or corneal transplant.
Simply disrupting the cornea via grid keratotomy is not sufficient for treatment of this condition.
Starting oral doxycycline is not appropriate as a treatment for a corneal sequestrum.
Prescribing triple antibiotic ophthalmic ointment (BNP; Bacitracin-Neomycin-Polymixin) is not the best choice as cats are known to have allergies to neomycin.
Resolution of demodicosis and cessation of treatment requires ______ negative skin scrapes ____ month apart even if all clinical signs have resolved. If the skin scrape is negative you can ____________ Ivermectin use.
Resolution of demodicosis and cessation of treatment requires two negative skin scrapes one month apart even if all clinical signs have resolved. If the skin scrape is negative you can discontinue Ivermectin use.
Ehmer slings prevent ______________. Additionally, they aid in maintaining some degree of __________ and __________ rotation of the affected limb. In dogs, they are placed and maintained for 7-10 days.
Velpeau slings are placed on the _____ limb to prevent ________-bearing. They are often placed after _________ shoulder instability surgery.
Spica splints are large padded bandages placed over the affected _____ and ______, often in order to immobilize _________ fractures.
Schroeder-Thomas splints represent another type of splint that has been used in the past for fracture immobilization.
Ehmer slings prevent weightbearing. Additionally, they aid in maintaining some degree of abduction and internal rotation of the affected limb. In dogs, they are placed and maintained for 7-10 days. Velpeau slings are placed on the front limb to prevent weight-bearing. They are often placed after medial shoulder instability surgery. Spica splints are large padded bandages placed over the affected limb and torso, often in order to immobilize proximal fractures. Schroeder-Thomas splints represent another type of splint that has been used in the past for fracture immobilization.
Ear mites, such as Otodectes cynotis, can be treated with ?
selamectin, ivermectin, milbemycin, and imidacloprid/moxidectin
Which of the following tests has the highest specificity for 200 cats, 100 with the disease and 100 without?
A. 50 true positive, 80 true negative, 50 false negative, 20 false positive
B. 95 true positive, 65 true negative, 5 false negative, 35 false positive
C. 85 true positive, 85 true negative, 15 false negative, 15 false positive
D. 75 true positive, 95 true negative, 25 false negative, 5 false positive
The correct answer is 75 true positive, 95 true negative, 25 false negative, 5 false positive. Specificity is determined by the percentage of true negatives versus false positives in cats that do not have the disease of interest.
The most common cause of Bovine Shipping Fever is ______________ _________. Most cattle carry this organism in their _______ respiratory tract as a commensal. When an animal is ____________, low concentrations of pathogenic strains can proliferate and infect the lungs. Shipping fever has a multifactorial etiology, often involving both bacterial and viral infections. (3)? are less common causes of shipping fever, and each is associated with a slightly different pathology.
The most common cause of Bovine Shipping Fever is Mannheimia hemolytica. Most cattle carry this organism in their upper respiratory tract as a commensal. When an animal is stressed, low concentrations of pathogenic strains can proliferate and infect the lungs. Shipping fever has a multifactorial etiology, often involving both bacterial and viral infections. Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma are less common causes of shipping fever, and each is associated with a slightly different pathology.