Porcine Flashcards
Began Week 3 Day 6
Topic: Osteochondrosis
1. What age range is most commonly affected?
2. What is the etiology?
3. What are the major clinical signs?
- Young, growing pigs
- Farmers that feed their young pigs a high-energy diet leading them to gain weight quickly and grow rapidly.
- Bilateral lesions, including ulcerations, or defects in the articular cartilage –> lameness/ataxia
What is the etiology of “blue eye” in swine?
Paramyxovirus or Rubulavirus
Topic: Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease
How do you confirm a diagnosis of PCVAD?
You need to college lymphoid tissue for histology.
A diagnosis of PCVAD requires 3 parts:
1) at least a doubling of mortality (clinical history)
2) demonstration of lymphoid depletion (histopathology)
3) high number of PCV2 antigen in the lesion (immunohistochemistry on tissue)
What is the most effective approach to controlling a Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae outbreak in a swine herd?
Vaccinate against it!
Also address air quality, ambient temperature, and ventilation.
Mycoplasmas do not have cell walls and therefore treating with penicillin is not effective!!
What disease is closely related to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Border disease?
Classical Swine Fever is also a pestivirus and is closely related to BVDV and Border Disease. It is of worldwide importance in Central and South America, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia.
Topic: Mycotoxins
High levels of ______________ mycotoxins in the feed are the most common cause of cystic ovaries in swine. C/S include:
- sows having difficulty ____________ pregnant
- ________________ heat cycle (suggests high levels of ___________ aka cystic ovaries)
- __________ appear to be more affected
- some gilts seem to be in ________- all the time
High levels of Zearalenone mycotoxins in the feed are the most common cause of cystic ovaries in swine. C/S include:
- sows having difficulty getting pregnant
- prolonged heat cycle (suggests high levels of estrogens aka cystic ovaries)
- gilts appear to be more affected
- some gilts seem to be in heat all the time
Parvovirus causes reproductive problems in swine. What is a major clinical sign of infection?
High incidence of mummies
What are the clinical signs of Nitrate poisoning in pigs?
Tachypnea, increased incidence of diarrhea, reduced feed intake, poor growth, and increased abortions
Topic: Swine Diarrhea (IMPORTANT)
Name the major causes of diarrhea in nursing/suckling (unweaned) and early post-weaning pigs
● Clostridium perfringens – type A and C – 1-7 day old piglets
● Clostridium difficile – 1-2 day old piglets
● Enteric colibacillosis (E. Coli) – 1-14 day old piglets and again in first 2 weeks post weaning
● Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) – all ages
● Coccidia (Isospora suis and Eimeria spp.) – 5-15 day old piglets
● Rotavirus – all ages
● Hypoglycemia
Topic: TGE
- What is the etiologic agent?
- This is seen in pigs of what age range?
- What are the c/s?
- How is this disease diagnosed?
- How is this condition treated?
- Coronavirus
- ALL AGES; All ages affected in naïve herds
- REMEMBER: mortality is inversely proportional to age (highest in neonates) - A. Piglets: Profuse watery yellow diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, vomiting
B. Sows: Inappetence, diarrhea, vomiting - A. Necropsy:
- Gross lesions: Distended small intestine with thin, transparent walls, full of watery to yellow contents
B. Histopath:
- Extreme villous blunting in jejunum, especially in young animals - Expose all susceptible animals to infectious fecal material to create herd
immunity.
Topic: Swine Diarrhea - C. perfringens Type A & C
- What age range is most commonly affected?
- How is this transmitted?
- What are the major clinical signs?
- Describe the pathologic lesions seen on necropsy?
- Describe the morbidity and mortality of C. perfringens type A and C.
- How is this disease treated?
- 1-7 days
- Infection spreads slowly after the introduction of new pigs
- Sudden onset of watery yellow and often bloody diarrhea
- Hemorrhagic, dark red small intestines
- C. perf Type A: High morbidity, low mortality; C perf Type C: High morbidity and mortality (nearly 100% in acute cases, with the most healthy often affected).
- Usually ineffective after onset of c/s.
- Outbreak: Antitoxin or AB given to piglets at birth can be protective
- VACCINATE SOWS PRIOR TO BIRTH –> immunity via colostrum.
Topic: Enterotoxigenic E.coli
- This causes what disease in pigs?
- What age range is affected?
- What are the c/s?
- Name the risk factors and pathogenesis.
- What can be seen on necropsy?
- Edema disease & Post Weaning Diarrhea
- Rapidly growth weaned pigs (2-3 weeks of age)
- Subcutaneous edema, convulsions, dysphonia, diarrhea, swollen eyelids, acute death.
- Dilated small intestines; Recently weaned pigs that are fed a high protein, high energy diet. Vasculitis occurs due to an enterotoxin produced by Enterotoxigenic E.coli
- Subcutaneous and intestinal edema, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, ascites, hemorrhage on the epicardium and endocardium.
Note: Pigs affected by edema disease do not have a fever which helps differentiate it from Streptococcus suis infections which also commonly manifests as CNS signs and do cause pyrexia.
Topic: Swine Influenza
1. Describe the clinical signs.
2. What is the morbidity and mortality? What can worsen these rates?
3. How long does it take for the herd to recover?
4. How does this disease impact the herd?
The correct answer is high morbidity and low mortality. Swine influenza causes outbreaks of respiratory illness in most pigs in a herd.
Clinical signs include a high fever, prostration, coughing, anorexia, conjunctivitis, oculonasal discharge. Recovery takes about 1-2 weeks.
Concurrent illness with other respiratory pathogens or poor husbandry can exacerbate the disease and cause higher mortality rates.
the disease causes little impact other than loss of weight and body condition during the 1-2 weeks of illness.
Topic: PRRS
- What is the etiology? What type of virus is it - DNA or RNA?
- What are the clinical signs associated with this condition?
- Secondary infections can be seen in growing pigs. Name the etiologic agents.
- What is the pathogenesis of this disease?
- How is this disease diagnosed?
- How is it treated?
- How is it prevented?
- Arterivirus - RNA virus
- A. Can be subclinical aka infected pigs with no c/s
B. Breeding herd: Abortions, early farrowing, anorexia, up to 100% neonatal mortality
C. Growing pigs: Transient disease, up to 20% mortality, cough, fever, secondary infections - Strep suis, glaeserella parasuis, mycoplasma spp.
- Arterivirus invades pulmonary alveolar MQs
- A. Antemortem:
a. PCR or ELISA - Oral fluids or serum from sows and newly weaned pigs
B. Post-mortem:
a. Necropsy - multifocal consolidation of pulmonary tissue, lymphadenopathy
b. PCR - lung tissue - NONE
A. Supportive care
B. Treating secondary bacterial infections, if any - A. Test all new animals before entry
B. Maintain biosecurity
C. In the event of an outbreak:
Diagnose - Close -> Homogenize. The first part in any control program is to have the correct diagnosis. Once the correct diagnosis is confirmed then the next step is to close the herd to new introductions. By closing the herd we minimize the
introduction of new susceptible animals which can then be exposed to the virus. The final stage is to homogenize the herd. Here the goal is to get all animals on the farm to be exposed to the virus at the same time. The PRRS virus does not appear to move very quickly within a herd (low contagiousness). By having a homogenous population we prevent having susceptible animals left in the population and thus the virus is likely to die out on its own (no new hosts available).
Water deprivation will result in ?due to ?. To prevent further water damage, ?
Water deprivation will result in acute cerebral edema due to the accumulation of sodium ions in the brain. To prevent further water damage, water must be turned back on slowly (small amounts frequently) to prevent further cerebral edema from occurring as the animals become re-hydrated.
Topic: Classical Swine Fever
- AKA?
- What is the etiology of this condition?
- How is this disease transmitted? Where in the world is this disease found?
- How is this diagnosed?
- How is this disease treated?
- How is this disease prevented?
- Is this disease reportable?
- This disease is most similar to?
- Hog Cholera
- An enveloped RNA virus apart of the Flaviviridae family
- Pork products, live animals, fomites; endemic in wild boar. Found worldwide
- A. C/S: Global petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages
B. Necropsy: Chronically see “button” ulcers at ileocecal junction
C. Histopath: Nonsuppurative encephalitis with a characteristic vascular cuf fing
D. PCR on CSF; if trying to rule out ASF, do PCR on blood, LN, tonsils, ileum, spleen, kidneys. - NONE
- Vaccinate in endemic regions; cull in non-endemic regions
- Reportable!!!!
- ASF
Topic: Diamond Skin Disease
1. This disease is caused by?
2. How is this disease transmitted?
3. What are the c/s?
4. How is this diagnosed?
5. How is this condition treated? How is it prevented?
6. What is the prognosis?
7. Is this disease zoonotic?
- Erysipelas rhusiopathiae
- Breaks in the skin –> bacteria enter
- Septicemia —> painful, swollen joints, pyrexia, anorexia, diamond-shaped skin lesions.
- A. Gross Necropsy: Multifocal raised rhomboid/square/diamond-shaped, red to purple
skin lesions + Vegetative valvular endocarditis
B. Culture histopathologic lesions - Penicillin; vaccinate sows twice pre-breeding and at each weaning; vaccinate piglets twice.
- Good prognosis with prompt treatment!
- Yes this is zoonotic!!
Topic: Trichinella
- Etiologic agent
- Transmission
- C/S
- Dx
- Treatment
- Control
- Trichinella sp. is a species of roundworm
- Consumption of insufficiently cooked infected meat or meat-derived products, usually pork from domestic or wild swine, as well as bear, horse, or walrus meat
- Domestic and wild animals go undiagnosed. In people, heavy manifestations –> intestinal and muscle invasion, death.
- Gold standard diagnosis = Muscle biopsy
- ELISA = used in humans - Prevent ingestion of Trichinella infected meat
- Roden control, cooking garbage fed to pigs, and preventing cannibalism and access to wildlife carcasses.
Topic: Swine Dysentery
- Etiology?
- What is the major clinical signs?
- What is seen on necropsy?
- How is this treated?
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, an anaerobic spirochete
- Mucoid large bowel diarrhea with flecks of blood
- Mucosa of large intestine covered by gray mucus layer or yellow necrotic debris
- AB often in water; drug resistance is common
Topic: Foot & Mouth Disease
Describe the c/s, diagnostics, treatment, and important info about FM&D in porcine.
- C/S: Fever, vesicles in mouth and muzzle , teats, feet
- Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals or their excretions, aerosol, milk, semen, ingestion of meat from infected animals
- Dx: RT-PCR, serology, viral isolation
- Tx: Cull all animals on infected premises
- Pearls:
◦ ERADICATED in North America and Europe
◦ Endemic in Africa, Middle East, Southern Asia
◦ One of the world’s most economically important viral diseases of livestock.
Topic: Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
- AKA?
- Signalment
- C/S
- Diagnostics
- Tx
- Enzootic pneumonia
- Late finishing (> 15 weeks of age)
- Deep barking, nonproductive cough; pigs stop growing
- A. PCR: Lung, oral fluids, tonsil scrapings
B. Cranioventral lung consolidation - A. Vaccination
- Piglets 2x
B. AB during outbreaks in late finishing pigs
May be seen in conjunction with PRRS
Topic: Atrophic rhinitis
- Etiology
- Signalment
- C/S
- Dx
- Tx
- Prognosis
- Bordatella bronchiseptica, pasteurella multocida, management factors (poor air quality)
- 3-6 week old piglets
- sneezing, nasal discharge, tear staining etc.
- Mild to moderate turbinate atrophy +/- nasal septum deviation
- A. Vaccination
- Sow 2x @ pre-farrowing
- Piglets 2x
B. AB to sow at parturition - Fair
- no longer a major concern in U.S.
Topic: Seneca Valley Virus
Topic: Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
- C/S
- Dx
- What do you do if you suspect pigs in your herd have vesicular exanthema?
- Fever and vesicles around the snout, oral mucosa, and soles of the feet, coronary bands, and between the toes.
- ELISA, RT-PCR, etc.
- Report to the authorities
Topic: Vesicular Stomatitis
1. What is important to remember about this disease?
2. Transmission & C/S
3. Dx
4. Tx
- It is zoonotic
- Transmitted via biting insects: black flies, sand flies, biting midges (culicoides)
- Vesicles in oral cavity, on distal extremities, teats - ELISA
- Report; can cause a self-limiting influenza like disease in people
