ICVA Exam 2 - Self Assessment + Feedback Flashcards
Questions that you marked
Fifteen percent to 20% of feedlot heifers that recently arrived from several auction markets are anorectic. Physical examination of the heifers shows serous nasal and ocular discharge, short explosive cough, and hyperemia of nasal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Atypical interstitial pneumonia
B. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
C. Mucosal disease
D. Pasteurellosis
E. Mycoplasmosis
Answer: B
(Got this question correct but marked as difficult b/c was tripped up by clinical signs)
A 12-year-old spayed female Siamese cat is being evaluated because of poor body condition, weight loss, and polydipsia. Complete blood count shows mild nonregenerative anemia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia. Which of the following tests is most likely to help establish the diagnosis?
A) Blood culture
B) Bone marrow aspiration
C) Coombs’ test
D) Feline infectious peritonitis titer
E) Toxoplasma titer
Answer: B
(Got this questions incorrect; Coomb’s test is for IMHA which would have regenerative anemia; you were tripped up by the c/s in the question and confused it for IMHA)
In cases of pyothorax in the cat, which of the following microorganisms are most frequently cultured from pleural fluid?
A) Chlamydiae
B) Mycoplasmas
C) Obligate anaerobes
D) Spirochetes
E) Yeasts
Answer: C
(Got this question correct but marked as difficult)
This cat has pyothorax which is an accumulation of pus within the pleural cavity. In cats, the most common cause is a bite wound that introduces bacteria into the chest cavity. It can also be seen with migrating foreign body, or extension of pneumonia into the pleural space. At minimum, hospitalization with chest tube, drainage and lavage of the pleural space, and antibiotics are needed. Sometimes surgical exploration is required.
The radiograph shown is from a 6-year-old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier dog that is evaluated because of hematuria. Urine pH is 6.0. Which of the following is the most likely composition of the calculus?
A) Calcium oxalate
B) Gystine
C) Silica
D) Urate
E) Xanthine
Answer: A
(Got this question correct but you were unsure of urine ph range in dog - look this up!!)
A 3-year-old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare’s hindlimbs give way, and she leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min. Laboratory studies show:
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Equine degenerative myeloneuropathy
B) Equine motor neuron disease
C) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
D) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
E) Tetanus
Answer: D
(Got incorrect, chose answer choice E; the c/s confused me!)
A 10-year-old dog has had difficulty walking for the past week. Findings on physical and neurologic examinations include hypermetria and a decreased hopping reflex in the left fore- and hindlimbs. A lesion is most likely to be found on which of the following structures of the nervous system?
A) Left brainstem
B) Left cerebellum
C) Left cerebrum
D) Right brainstem
E) Right cerebellum
Answer: B
(Got incorrect because forgot about brain lesions!)
A 9-week-old Rottweiler-mix puppy is being evaluated because of an itchy rash around the lips and eyelids. Temperature is 103.3°F (39.6°C). Physical examination shows swelling of the muzzle, pruritic, exudative pustules around the lips and eyelids, and swelling of the submandibular lymph nodes bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
A) Cephalexin and prednisone
B) Clindamycin and carprofen
C) Enrofloxacin and etodolae
D) Topical amitraz
E) Topical betamethasone
Answer: A
(Got correct b/c remembered that this is puppy strangles but fully guessed on what AB works best; figured pred would work good for inflammation; did not want to use enro b/c of cartilage damage in puppies)
In October, six mixed-breed beef cows and three calves are being evaluated because of a one-day history of droopy ears, squinting, rubbing their heads on objects, and ataxia. Four days ago, the cows and calves escaped from their pasture and were found the next day eating the lush clover, buckwheat, and ryegrass in a food plot a neighbor had planted to attract deer to his property. The cattle were returned to their home pens and fed their usual diet of timothy hay and a commercial grain supplement.
Today, vital signs of one affected calf are: temperature 102.5°F (39.2°C), heart rate 85 beats/min, and respiratory rate 35 breaths/min. Examination shows blepharospasm, as well as edema, erythema, serous exudate, and matting of the hair, which are most severe on the ears, eyelids, external nares, and lips. Animals with white faces seem most severely affected. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
A) Dermatophilosis
B Infectious bovine keratoconjunetivitis
C) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
D) Primary photosensitization
E) Secondary photosensitization
Answer: D
(Got correct b/c I knew this was photosensitization but always forget what plants are implicated in this disease)
Primary photosensitization - ingestion of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Secondary photosensitization - ingestion of plans + underlying liver disease (Chlorophyll converted to phylloethrin) and not excreted via bilirubin (the way it normally should) –> exposure to sunlight –> damage
A 4-year-old intact female ferret has had lethargy and depression for the past 24 hours. On physical examination, the mucous membranes are extremely pale and the vulva is swollen. Packed cell volume is markedly decreased. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Estrogen toxicity
B Gastric ulceration
C) Gastrointestinal parasitism
D) Hypovitaminosis C
E) Pyometra
Answer: A
(Got correct; based on knowledge way back in the cranium)
Etiology: Prolonged estrus;
- Seen in approximately 50% of un-spayed females if not bred during estrus. Not as common now, since most pet ferrets are sterilized at 6 wks.
Major C/S: Pale mucous membranes, petechiae/ecchymoses of skin, Alopecia, Swollen vulva
Tx:
A. Induce ovulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); this is safest treatment
B. OVH if CBC is normal
A 4-year-old Standardbred stallion is being evaluated because he has been racing poorly for the past two months. On auscultation of the thorax, there is an irregular rate and intensity of heart sounds. An electrocardiogram shows an absence of P waves. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Atrial fibrillation
B) Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
C) Premature ventricular contractions
D) Ventricular fibrillation
E) Wandering atrial pacemaker
Answer: A
(Got correct; based on knowledge way back in the cranium)
A 4-year-old neutered male cat is in shock two hours after sustaining a small wound in the left flank and a larger wound on the lower right side just caudal to the 13th rib. A projectile injury is suspected. Which of the following conditions is most likely to result from these injuries?
A) Peritonitis
B) Pneumomediastinum
C) Pneumothorax
D) Pyothorax
E) Spinal fracture
Answer: A
(Got incorrect; misunderstood where the injury was - I thought it was saying it was in the thoracic cavity!!)
A 5-year-old Simmental cow who is used as a donor for embryo transfer is evaluated because of the acute onset of anorexia and lethargy. She has been flushed six times; the most recent flushing occurred 10 days ago. Rectal temperature is 104.0°F (40.0°C).
During physical examination, the cow is reluctant to move and periodically kicks at her abdomen. On rectal palpation, the left kidney is grossly enlarged and has a smooth texture. When stimulated to urinate, the urine is grossly hematuric; numerous blood clots and fibrin are present. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
A) Administration of gentamicin intravenously
B) Administration of procaine penicillin G intramuscularly
C) Long term catheterization of the bladder
D) Surgical removal of the enlarged kidney
E) No treatment is indicated
Answer: A
(Got correct; based on knowledge way back in the cranium; Topic = Pyelonephritis)
In a mare, a 30-day pregnancy is most likely to be detected on rectal examination by which of the following?
A) Absence of ovarian follicles
B) Palpation of the chorionic vesicle
C) Palpation of the corpus luteum
D) Palpation of the fetus.
E) Slipping the fetal membranes
Answer: A
(Got correct; based on knowledge way back in the cranium; Topic = Cardinal Signs of Pregnancy)
- Amniotic vesicle
◦ From day 28 until ~60 days
◦ Membrane around amniotic vesicle called the chorioallantoic membrane - Chorioallantoic membrane slip
◦ use fingers to pinch it because this water bag is situated within uterus so you are trying to use finger to pinch because it is going to try to slip away from fingers so you will feel a pop
◦ Day 30 until term (most commonly used up to day 90) - Placentomes (caruncles + cotyledons)
◦ 75 to 120 maternal caruncles
◦ Day 75 until term - Fremitus
◦ Day 110-120 - Fetus
◦ Day 60 until term
A 4-year-old second-lactation Holstein cow that is 150 days in milk has been in anestrus since calving. On palpation of the rectum, a cystic structure that is 3 cm in diameter is identified on the left ovary. Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone followed by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 15 days
B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days
C) Melengestrol acetate followed by prostaglandin in 19 days
D) Prostaglandin followed by melengestrol acetate in 19 days
Answer: B
(Got incorrect - NEED TO STUDY)
A 9-month-old intact male Siberian Husky dog is being evaluated because of a cough of two weeks’ duration. The lesions shown at the carina are seen on bronchoscopic examination. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Chlorpheniramine
C) Dextromethorphan
D) Ivermectin
E) Prednisone
Answer: D
(Got correct; remembered it was lungworm)
Canine Lungworm
* Etiology: Oslerus osleri, Crenosoma vulpis, and Eucoleus aerophilus
* Transmission: Via saliva as dam cleans pups. E aerophilus - ingestion of food and water
* C/S:
◦ The nodules of O osleri, found in the mucous membrane of the trachea and large bronchi, can produce extreme airway irritation and persistent coughing.
* Dx: Baermann technique the method of choice and/or Bronchoscopy can be used to detect nodules of O osleri or to collect tracheal washings (dogs and horses) to examine for eggs, larvae, and eosinophils.
* Tx: Fenbendazole - O osleri; Fenbendazole or ivermectin for E aerophilus
Auscultation of a horse’s abdomen at the site marked A on the picture shown will most likely pick up sounds originating from which of the following areas?
A) Cecum
B) Pelvic flexure
C) Small colon
D) Sternal flexure
E) Stomach
Answer: A
(Got correct just marked because was unsure)
The owner of a flock of 85 sheep reports that approximately 33% of ewes have had abortions or have delivered lambs with marked weakness during the past three weeks. Thirty-two ewes were purchased from a farm in a neighboring state and were introduced to the flock four weeks ago. The ewes appear to be healthy. Postmortem examination of an aborted fetus shows marked thickening of the placenta. A zoonotic organism from which of the following genera is the most likely cause of these findings?
A) Campylobacter
B) Chlamydophila
C) Coxiella
D) Leptospira
E) Mycoplasma
Answer: C
(Got incorrect - NEED TO STUDY)
A 10-year-old commercial beef cow has had a gradually diminished appetite and progressive weight loss over the past two months.
Feces are dry and scanty. She continues to drink water. Physical examination shows distention of the left paralumbar fossa and ventral right abdominal wall. On rectal palpation, the rumen is full of firm ingesta and the ventral sac extends to the right of midline (L-shaped). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A) Administration of bismuth subsalicylate with sucrose
B) Administration of magnesium hydroxide
C) Exploratory laparotomy
D) Salvage to slaughter
E) Surgical creation of a rumen fistula
Answer: D
(Got incorrect - NEED TO STUDY)
A swine producer asks the farm’s veterinarian whether a specific treatment is cost effective. Treatment cost is $10 per pig. The table lists the costs and success rates expected with the proposed treatment:
Which of the following best describes the estimated monetary value with treatment?
A) +|+$100.45)+(-$20.55)1-$10=
В) +$80.49=
С) +$120.45=
D) +$80.04=
E) +(+$120-$20)1.04=
Answer: A
(Got correct - no idea how tbh)
A 5-year-old female West Highland White Terrier dog is brought back to the clinic ten days after being diagnosed as having pyoderma. Physical examination at the time had shown papules, pustules, and epidermal collarettes predominantly distributed in the inguinal region. A two-week course of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine at a standard dose was prescribed, and the client reported clearing of the lesions within a few days. The dog has now developed spreading, circular, bull’s-eye, erythematous lesions on the thorax and forelimbs. There are some papules but no erosion or ulceration. A skin biopsy is obtained. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step pending results of the skin biopsy?
A) Administer oral prednisone
B) Change medication to cephalexin
C) Change medication to itraconazole
D) Continue current therapy
E) Discontinue all therapy
Answer: E
(GOT INCORRECT - NEED TO STUDY)
Fifteen of a group of 200, 7-month-old feedlot calves are lame. The calves arrived at the feedlot approximately one month ago, and one week later 40 of the animals developed pneumonia. These calves were treated with oxytetracycline, and the pneumonia appeared to resolve. On physical examination, the affected calves have swellings in the carpi, tarsi, and stifles with distention of associated tendon sheaths, and a stiff gait. Two calves are euthanized. Postmortem examination shows fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of these signs?
A) Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes
B) Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus)
C) Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica
D) Pasteurella multocida
E) Salmonella typhimurium
Answer: B
(Got correct - did a MCQ the other day on TEME - NEED TO STUDY!)
A 9-year-old female Boston Terrier dog is being evaluated because of a lump on the abdomen. A firm mass is palpated in the caudal left mammary gland. A thoracic radiograph is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate surgical approach?
A) Bilateral mastectomy
B) Chemotherapy only
C) Excisional biopsy and chemotherapy
D) Unilateral mastectomy
E) Surgery is not indicated
Answer: E
(Got incorrect - was torn between B and E; now looking back it is asking for the best sx approach, also removing the mammary tumor in a dog > 2 yrs old will not reduce prognosis so that is why E is correct).
A flock of 8-week-old broiler chickens has a high condemnation rate at the processing plant because of lymphoid tumors in multiple organs. Which of the following is the most appropriate first question to ask the owner to determine the cause of the problem?
A) Did the feed contain mycotoxins?
B) Was the litter treated with chemicals?
C) Were any medications administered during grow out?
D) What is the genetic line of origin?
E) What is the vaccination history?
Answer: E
(Got correct - fully guessed; NEED TO STUDY)
On examination of the cranial nerves in a 3-year-old female cat, the right pupil appears to be larger than the left pupil. The right pupil shows no response when light is shone into either eye. The left pupil constricts when light is shone into either eye. Mild ventrolateral strabismus is noted in the right eye only. These findings are most consistent with a lesion at which of the following locations?
A) Left occipital cortex
B) Right occipital cortex
C) Right optic (Il) nerve
D) Right oculomotor (III) nerve
E) Right abdueens (VI) nerve
Answer: E
(Got wrong - NEED TO STUDY)
A 6-year-old male Cocker Spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a smear of purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Klebsiella spp
C) Pasteurella multocida
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E) Staphylococcus intermedius
Answer: D
(Got correct - NEED TO STUDY)
A 4-year-old mixed-breed dog has had diarrhea and weight loss for the past eight weeks. The diarrhea is characterized by increased volume of feces without mucus or blood. The dog defecates approximately three times per day without tenesmus.
Results of complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, trypsin-like immunoreactivity, and urinalysis are within normal limits.
Multiple fecal examinations are negative for parasites and pathogenic bacteria. Which of the following steps is most likely to confirm a diagnosis?
A) Administration of anti inflammatory doses of prednisone
B) Colonoscopy with biopsies of the colon
C) Initiation of a highly-digestible diet
D) Measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations
E) Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies of the stomach and duodenum
Answer: E
(Got incorrect; dumb to get wrong because this dog clearly has IBD)
A group of 1000 5-week-old pigs has experienced a 2% death loss since weaning two weeks ago. Most of the deaths were sudden; however, approximately 3% of the pigs showed clinical signs of lethargy, lameness, and labored breathing before dying.
Postmortem examination of an affected pig shows severe fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?
A) Arcanobacterium suis
B) Escherichia coli
C) Haemophilus parasuis
D) Salmonella choleraesuis
E) Streptococcus suis
Answer: C
(Got incorrect - NEED TO STUDY)
A 17-year-old castrated male American Quarter Horse was pawing and making repeated attempts to roll when the owner entered the barn this morning. Its weight is 1103 lb (500 kg), temperature is 99.9°F (37.7°C), heart rate is 68 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min. Physical examination shows tacky oral mucous membranes, a capillary refill time of 2 to 3 seconds, and a skin tent that persists for 3 to 4 seconds. No intestinal borborygmi are audible on auscultation of the abdomen. Which of the following is the most appropriate volume of isotonic crystalloid fluid to administer to correct dehydration?
A) 1L
B) 5 L
C) 10 L
D) 40 L
E) 80 L
Answer: D
(Got correct - 60 ml/kg is used to correct dehydration)
At the present time, which of the following is the most effective management for eradication of brucellosis in cattle?
A › Serologie identification and vaccination of infected animals
B) Serologic identification of infected animals followed by isolation and slaughter
C) Vaccination of all animals as calves
D) Vaccination of all animals that had no detectable serologic titer
E) Vaccination of all susceptible animals as calves and before pregnancy
Answer: B
(Got incorrect)
A dog is being evaluated because of back pain. Radiographic changes in the spinal column include a narrowed intervertebral disk space, irregular lytic areas of the adjacent vertebral end plates, and sclerosis at the margins of the lytic areas. These radiographic signs are most characteristic of which of the following?
A) Diskospondylitis
B Herniated intervertebral disk
C) Neoplasia of the vertebral body
D) Reaction to Spirocerea lupi infection
E) Vertebral spondylosis
Answer: A
(Got incorrect; did not know if they were referring to spondylitis or spondylosis)
On antemortem inspection of a cow at a slaughter facility, the left eye appears to have been enucleated. The cow otherwise seems in good physical condition. Which of the following is the most appropriate next action?
A) Condemn the cow antemortem for a suspected ocular neoplasm before slaughter
B) Identify the cow as suspect; perform postmortem examination at slaughter
C) Perform physical examination; release the cow for slaughter if the findings are normal
D) Release the cow for slaughter beeause there is no sign of active disease
E) Return the cow to the point of origin because it does not pass inspection
Answer: B
(Got incorrect
Which of the following is the most likely cause of sterility in the male mule?
A) Absence of spermatogonia
B) Bilateral cryptorchidism
C) Chromosome incompatibility
D) Hermaphroditism
E) Inability to copulate
Answer: C
Got incorrect
A newly acquired blue-fronted Amazon parrot is being evaluated because of anorexia, nasal discharge, and lime green droppings.
Radiographs show hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Bacterial septicemia
B) Chlamydophilosis
C) Lead toxicosis
D) Mycoplasmosis
E) Systemie myeosis
Answer: B
Got incorrect
A 14-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat is undergoing routine annual examination. The client reports no changes in the cat’s activity level or appetite. The cat’s weight is stable; body condition score is 5/9. Respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min. Physical examination shows pink mucous membranes. Thoracic auscultation discloses a grade III/VI systolic murmur and frequent dropped heartbeats. In addition to baseline blood and urine testing, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in establishing the diagnosis?
A) Cardiac tropenin testing
B) Echocardiography
C) Electrocardiography
D) N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing
E) Thoracic radiography
Answer: B
Got correct but marked as difficult because was unsure
A 2-year-old male German Shorthaired Pointer is being evaluated because he has been bleeding from his right nostril for the past 1½ hours. He is a hunting dog with an extensive travel history. Temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), heart rate is 96 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 24 breaths/min. Physical examination shows mild generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies show:
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this dog?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Doxycycline
C) Erythromycin
D) Itraconazole
E) Prednisone
Answer: B
Got incorrect - did not review tick borne disease in dogs
Premolar and molar malocclusion is most likely to develop in which of the following animals?
A) Gerbils
B) Guinea pigs
C) Hamsters
D) Mice
E) Rats
Answer: B
(Got correct but marked b/c was unsure
A 20-year-old cold-blooded female pony is evaluated in early summer because of a two-month history of weight loss, lethargy, and intermittent sweating over the neck and shoulders. She has failed to shed her winter coat. A photograph is shown. Temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), heart rate is 46 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min. Results of laboratory studies are most likely to show which of the following findings?
A) Hyperglycemia and lymphopenia
B) Hypocholesterolemia and eosinophilia
C) Hypocholesterolemia and neutropenia.
D) Hypoglycemia and lymphocytosis
E) Polycythemia and neutropenia
Answer: A
Got correct but marked because was unsure
A 3-year-old female mixed-breed Terrier dog is being evaluated because of a slowly enlarging swelling in the cervical region that was first noticed three days ago. Examination shows a 6-cm, fluctuant, nonpainful swelling close to the midline of the neck near the angle of the jaw. A photograph is shown. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy shows a stringy, mucinous fluid that is low in cellularity. A photograph and a photomicrograph of the fluid are shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?
A) Cauterization of the cyst lumen
B) Excision of the affected salivary glands
C) Injection of a corticosteroid into the lesion
D) Needle drainage
E) Surgical drainage
Answer: B
Got correct but marked because was unsure
Five percent of a flock of 30,000 5-week-old broiler chickens have a sudden onset of diarrhea. On postmortem examination, the birds are dehydrated; the middle third of the intestine is dilated and inflamed with bloody intestinal contents. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
A) Capillaria spp
B) Eimeria spp
C) Haemoproteus spp
D) Heterakis spp
E) Syngamus spp
Answer: B
Got correct but fully guessed
Eimeria aka coccidia!!!
A 16-year-old cat with a history of chronic vomiting is being evaluated because it has not eaten for the past several days. The cat is about 2 lb (1 kg) underweight and appears severely dehydrated. The kidneys are firm and small on palpation. When rehydrating this cat with an intravenous infusion of lactated Ringer’s solution, which of the following serum concentrations is most likely to become deficient?
A) Calcium
B) Chloride
C) Phosphorus
D/ Potassium
E) Sodium
Answer: D
Got incorrect - do not understand why i keep getting this wrong
A 400-1b (182-kg) steer has had an open sore above the hoof of the right hindlimb for the past seven days. The sore has a purulent discharge. A photograph is shown. The owner reports that the steer initially had moderate swelling just below the dewclaw and above the bulb of the foot three weeks ago. The owner was unable to treat the steer, and five days later the swelling decreased. After an additional five days, the area above the right lateral claw became swollen, and the steer was markedly lame. During the next 10 days, the swelling increased and the skin at the coronary band broke open. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the current findings?
A) Digital dermatitis
B) Interdigital fibroma
C) Mycoplasma bovis infection
D) Septic arthritis
E) Sole abscess
Answer: D
Got incorrect
Clinical signs of ketosis in the bovine are most commonly observed at which of the following times?
A) Three months before parturition
B) Three weeks before parturition
C) Three days before parturition
D) Three weeks after parturition
E) Three months after parturition
Answer: D
Got correct but marked because was unsure
In a dog, a ranula consists of which of the following?
A) Enlargement of the submandibular lymph node
B) A fistula leading to the parotid gland
C) Gingival hyperplasia
D) Leakage of saliva from the zygomatic gland into the submucosa of the lewer eyelid
E) Presence in sublingual tissue of extravasated saliva from the sublingual gland
Answer: E
Got correct but was slightly unsure
When passing a nasogastric tube in a horse, which of the following meatuses allows access to the laryngopharynx?
A) Common
B) Dorsal
C) Middle
D) Ventral
Answer: D
Got incorrect - could not remember !
A 7-year-old neutered male Miniature Poodle dog undergoes surgical repair of medial patellar luxation. Which of the following is most likely to aid in recovery?
A) Allowing the dog to exercise freely
B) Calcium supplementation
C) Corticosteroid therapy
D) Limb immobilization
E) Physical therapy
Answer: D
Got incorrect
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis most commonly occurs in dogs through contact with which of the following?
A) Cattle
B) Chickens
C) Humans
D) Soil
E) Swine
Answer: C
Got correct but was unsure
An 8-year-old female Abyssinian cat has severe periodontal disease. The palatopharyngeal arches are dark red and ulcerated. On biopsy, this is reported to be plasma cell gingivitis-stomatitis. Which of the following is most likely to be concurrently observed?
A) Alveolar bone proliferation
B) Firm, raised lesions on the tongue and/or hard palate
C) Herpesvirus isolation from affected oral tissues
D) Increased serum gamma globulin concentration
E) Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Answer: D
Got incorrect
Plasma cell gingivitis-stomatitis is a type of immune-mediated disease that can lead to an increase in serum gamma globulin levels, which are a type of protein involved in the immune response. This increase in gamma globulin is often seen in immune-mediated conditions like this, where there is chronic inflammation.
Several 4-month-old lambs from a group of 30 lambs are found dead in a pasture. On postmortem examination, the carcasses are emaciated and the tissues appear pale. The abomasum contains red-brown fluid with numerous threadlike worms. Which of the following drugs is most appropriate for the treatment of the remaining lambs?
A) Amprolium
B) Clorsulon
C) Ivermectin
D) Monensin
E) Sulfadimethoxine
Answer: C
Got correct but was unsure
This is haemonchus contortus
Which of the following is the most likely finding if the facial (VII) nerve in the dog is damaged during total ear canal ablation?
A) Cireling and ataxia
B) Head tilt
C) Inability to blink the eye
D) Loss of pain perception of the face
E) Loss of pupillary light reflex
Answer: C
got incorrect
On postmortem examination of cattle carcasses at federally inspected slaughterhouses, the cardiac and masseter muscles are routinely incised by inspectors in order to detect evidence of infection with which of the following?
A) Diphyllobothrium spp
B) Dipylidium spp
C) Taenia spp
D) Toxocara spp
E) Trichinella spp
Answer: C
Got incorrect - had NO idea
The average length of the estrous cycle in a mare during the physiologic breeding season is how many days?
A) 17
B) 21 to 22
C) 28
D) 35 to 40
Answer B
Got incorrect
A 2-year-old domestic shorthaired cat is being evaluated because of an apparent inability to urinate. On examination, the cat has a large bladder that is easily expressed. The tail is limp, with no voluntary movement. Anal sphincter tone is normal.
These findings are most consistent with which of the following?
A) Cauda equina syndrome
B) Fibrocartilaginous embolism
C) Lumbosacral instability
D) Protrusion of the intervertebral disk
E) Traumatic damage to the sacral nerves
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
A pair of 1-year-old male and female Turkish Van cats are brought to the office for routine examination. The client says that he intends to breed the cats and asks the veterinarian how often the female cat is likely to be fertile in one year. Which of the following is the most appropriate response?
A) Multiple times, depending on the season
B) Multiple times, not depending on the season
C) Once, depending on the season
D) Once, not depending on the season
Answer: A
Got incorrect
The Schirmer tear test is used to measure which of the following?
A) The force needed to separate a healed corneal incision
B) Lacrimal drainage into the nasal cavity
C) Lacrimal production in response to an irritant
D) The percentage of aqueous humor outflow
E) The rate of aqueous humor production
Answer: C
Got incorrect
A steer that is unable to regulate rumen gas expulsion has been treated for the past several weeks. The recurrence of the problem led to the treatment as shown in the photograph. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the chronic, nonresponsive nature of the condition?
A) Acute, local peritonitis
B) Chronic pericarditis
C) Continued legume diet
D) A diaphragmatic hernia
E) Vagus (X) nerve damage
Answer: E
Got incorrect; thought it was C
A high-legume diet, especially with certain legumes like alfalfa, can lead to bloat due to increased gas production and foam formation. However, this would not explain the chronic and nonresponsive nature of the rumen gas regulation issue. This would typically resolve with dietary management.
A 5-month-old intact male Italian Greyhound puppy is brought for emergency evaluation because he has not been able to bear weight on his left forelimb since jumping from the client’s arms and landing on his forepaws two hours ago. Physical examination shows soft tissue swelling of the left carpal region. Palpation of the area elicits pain. Radiographs disclose closed, mid-diaphyseal transverse fractures of the left radius and ulna. Which of the following sets of conditions are the most likely complications of this injury?
A) Secondary Condition: Carpal valgus, Primary Condition: premature distal ulnar physeal closure
B) Secondary Condition: Carpal valgus, Primary Condition: premature closure of the medial aspect of the distal radial physis
C) Secondary Condition: Carpal varus, Primary Condition: premature proximal ulnar physeal closure
D) Secondary Condition: Carpal varus, Primary Condition: premature closure of the lateral aspect of the distal radial physis
E) Secondary Condition: Limb shortening, Primary Condition: premature closure of the proximal radial physis
Answer A
Got incorrect
In growing animals, disrupted growth at the ulna can result in an abnormal relationship between the radius and ulna, which can then cause angular limb deformities like carpal valgus, where the front of the leg angles outward. This is because the ulna may stop growing prematurely, while the radius continues to grow, causing misalignment and abnormal joint angulation.
The primary condition in this case is premature distal ulnar physeal closure. While the radius is typically responsible for the majority of limb alignment, the ulna also plays a significant role in maintaining proper limb length and alignment, particularly in the growing animal. If the distal ulnar physis (growth plate) closes prematurely, it can affect the normal growth and lengthening of the ulna. This can result in abnormal limb mechanics, leading to carpal valgus as a secondary condition, where the carpus (wrist) angles outward.
A recent graduate would like to revise existing hospital protocols for pain management. Which of the following categories of clinical investigation would provide the strongest to weakest forms of evidence?
A) Case-control study, prospective case series, randomized controlled trial, retrospective case series, cohort study
B) Case-control study, retrospective case series, cohort study, prospective case series, randomized controlled trial
C) Cohort study, case-control study, randomized controlled trial, retrospective case series, prospective case series
D) Cohort study, randomized controlled trial, retrospective case series, prospective case series, case-control study
E) Randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case control study, prospective case series, retrospective case series F› Retrospective case series, prospective case series, randomized contrelled trial, cohort study, case control study
Answer: D
Got incorrect
A veterinarian has been asked to “float the teeth” of a 15-year-old Arabian gelding. Examination of the teeth is most likely to show which of the following?
A) The teeth are longest on the buccal surface of both the upper and lower arcades
B) The teeth are longest on the buccal surface of the upper arcade and the lingual surface of the lower arcade
C) The teeth are longest on the lingual surface of both the upper and lower arcades
D) The teeth are longest on the lingual surface of the upper arcade and the buccal surface of the lower arcade
E) There is no difference in wear between the buccal and lingual surfaces of either the upper or lower arcade
Answer: B
Got incorrect
Which of the following is the most appropriate antibiotic for the treatment of beta-streptococcal pneumonia in horses?
A) Chloramphenieol
B) Erythromycin
C) Gentamicin
D) Oxytetracycline
E) Penicillin
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
A) Chloramphenicol: While chloramphenicol is broad-spectrum, it is not the first-line treatment for beta-streptococcal infections in horses, and it has potential side effects such as bone marrow suppression. It is typically reserved for more resistant organisms or when penicillin cannot be used.
B) Erythromycin: Erythromycin is effective against some Gram-positive organisms, but it is not as effective as penicillin for treating beta-streptococcal infections in horses. It is also less preferred due to gastrointestinal side effects in horses.
C) Gentamicin: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside and is more effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is not typically used for beta-streptococcal infections, as these are usually Gram-positive.
D) Oxytetracycline: While oxytetracycline is effective against a broad range of bacteria, it is not the drug of choice for beta-streptococcal pneumonia. It is often used for other infections like those caused by Rickettsia or Leptospira, not beta-streptococci.
Approximately 50 lambs in a flock of 200 crossbred lambs on pasture have had lameness over the past week. The lambs range in age from 3 to 4 months. Examination of several affected lambs shows erythema and swelling in the interdigital area.
In addition to recommending trimming the claws of all lambs where indicated, which of the following recommendations should be given to the owner?
A) Inspect the feet of all lambs; treat all lambs with a foot bath containing copper sulfate
B) Inspect the feet of all lambs; treat all lambs with a foot bath containing zinc sulfate
C) Inspect the feet of lame lambs only; treat all lambs with a foot bath containing copper sulfate
D) inspect the feet of lame lambs only; treat all lambs with a foot bath containing zine sulfate
Answer: B
Got correct but was unsure
A 4-year-old male Doberman Pinscher has had weakness, respiratory distress, and intermittent episodes of collapse over the past 24 hours. Heart rate is rapid and irregular (180 to 200 beats/min), and femoral pulses are weak and irregular. The dog is hypothermic. Mucous membranes are pale, and capillary refill is slow (2.5 seconds). The electrocardiogram shown is most indicative of which of the following cardiac conditions?
A) Atrial fibrillation
B) Sinus arrest
C) Sinus tachycardia.
D) Ventricular fibrillation
E) Ventricular tachycardia
Answer: A
Got incorrect; was between A and E and the picture was blurry!!!
Which of the following cestodes has the ability to infect dogs and has the most significant public health implications?
A) Dipylidium caninum
B) Echinococcus granulosus
C) Spirometra mansonoides
D Taenia ovis
E) Taenia pisiformis
Answer: B
Got incorrect;
Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode (tapeworm) that has significant public health implications because it can cause hydatid disease (also known as echinococcosis) in humans. This disease involves the formation of cysts in various organs, most commonly the liver and lungs, and can be life-threatening if not treated. The dog is the definitive host, and humans can become accidental intermediate hosts through ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of infected dogs.
An adult spayed female cat that is being treated for renal failure has a urine culture positive for bacterial organisms sensitive to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents. Which of the following antimicrobials requires an adjustment in dose or dose-interval in this cat?
A) Chloramphenicol
B) Clindamycin
C) Lincomycin
D) Metronidazole
E) Orbifloxacin
Answer: E
Got incorrect; did not know!!
Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. In cats with renal failure, there is reduced renal clearance, which can lead to the accumulation of the drug in the system and increase the risk of toxicity. Therefore, the dose or dosing interval of orbifloxacin typically needs to be adjusted in cats with impaired renal function.
All of the other medications are metabolized by the liver and not excreted via the kidneys; either feces or bile
The owner of a dairy finds 10% of a group of 100 heifers dead and 20% down when he goes out to feed in the morning. The heifers had broken into a shed and eaten Furadan 4F (carbofuran), an organophosphate. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate plan of action?
A) Administer activated charcoal per os to affected heifers
B) Administer atropine to affected heifers
C) Administer neostigmine to affected heifers
D) Begin fluid therapy on the down heifers to prevent cardiovascular collapse
E) Perform postmortem examinations of two dead heifers
Answer: B
Got incorrect; did not know
The scenario describes a carbofuran (Furadan 4F) poisoning, which is an organophosphate compound. Organophosphates, like carbofuran, inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve synapses, resulting in cholinergic toxicity. This causes signs such as salivation, diarrhea, miosis (constriction of the pupils), muscle tremors, respiratory distress, and potentially death due to respiratory failure.
The most appropriate immediate action for organophosphate poisoning is to administer atropine, which is an anticholinergic drug. Atropine blocks the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine, helping to counteract the signs of cholinergic toxicity. It works by reversing the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, which helps to alleviate symptoms such as excessive salivation, respiratory distress, and bradycardia.
Which of the following is the most likely causative organism of pyoderma in the dog?
A) Dermatophilus congolensis
B) Proteus mirabilis
C) Pseudomonas mallei
D) Staphylococcus epidermidis
E) Staphylococcus intermedius
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
. Which of the following lists represents the clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy in the dog?
At Day blindness early in the disease, night blindness later in the disease
B+ Day blindness, retinal vascular attenuation, vitreous liquefaction, cataraet formation
C) Night blindness, increased retinal vascular tortuosity, tapetal pigmentation, optic disk hyperemia
D) Night blindness, optic disk pallor, iris atrophy, ocular hypotension
E) Night blindness, retinal vascular attenuation, tapetal hyperreflectivity, optic disk pallor
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
A 4-year-old male rabbit that is housed outside in a hutch has had the lesions shown for three weeks. The most appropriate treatment is administration of which of the following drugs?
A) Ivermectin
B) Metronidazole
C) Praziquantel
D) Prednisone
E) Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine
Answer: A
Got correct but could not remember disease for the life of me
Psoroptes cuniculi - Ear mites of rabbits
A 2-year-old male Labrador Retriever has had a bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge for the past two months. The dog shows no systemic signs of illness. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A + Coccidioidemycosis
B+ Cryptococcosis
C+ Distemper
D) Nasal adenocarcinoma
E) Nasal aspergillosis
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
In dogs, neurologic adverse effects are most likely to result from an overdose of which of the following drugs?
A) Ampicillin
B) Cephalothin
C) Metronidazole
D) Tetracyeline
E) Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine
Answer: C
Got incorrect; have not studied some of these AB yet
A 2200-Ib (1000-kg) beef bull is diagnosed with interdigital phlegmon (footrot). The owner is to administer procaine penicillin G 20,000 IU/kg to the bull twice daily for three days. The concentration of the drug is 300,000 IU/mL. How many milliliters of procaine penicillin G should be dispensed to the owner?
A) 40 mL
B) 133 mL
C) 200 mL
D) 400 mL
=) 667 mL
Answer: D
Got incorrect because did not fully read question!!
An 8-year-old neutered male Siamese cat is evaluated because of a two-week history of constipation. On physical examination, the colon is distended and contains a large amount of firm feces. An enema will be administered. Which of the following enema solutions has the greatest risk for creating an electrolyte imbalance in this cat?
A) Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
B) Lactulose
C) Mineral oil
D) 0.9% Sodium chloride
E) Sodium phosphate
Answer: E
Got correct but was unsure
Sodium phosphate enemas, which are commonly used to relieve constipation, carry a significant risk of electrolyte imbalances, particularly hypocalcemia (low calcium) and hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels). These enemas work by drawing water into the colon through osmosis, but they also introduce significant amounts of phosphate, which can lead to dangerous shifts in electrolytes.
In cats, sodium phosphate enemas can cause severe electrolyte disturbances, especially in older cats or those with underlying kidney disease, as their kidneys are less able to excrete the excess phosphate. This can lead to conditions such as hypocalcemic tetany or even cardiac arrhythmias.
A 3-year-old spayed female Bloodhound dog is evaluated four hours after being hit by a car. Temperature is 101.8°F (38.8°C), heart rate is 130 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min. On physical examination, the dog appears cardiovascularly stable. Radiographs show a closed, mid-diaphyseal, complete transverse fracture of the left humerus. Which of the following bandage techniques is most appropriate to stabilize this dog’s fracture?
A) Bivalve cast
B) Ehmer sling
C) Modified Robert-Jones bandage
D) Spica splint
E) Velpeau sling
Answer: D
Got incorrect; was between C and D; makes sense though since it is of the humerus.
Which of the following is the most effective agent for the sterilization of surgical instruments?
A) Chlorhexidine
B) Ethylene oxide
C) Hydrogen peroxide
D) Isopropyl alcohol
E) Povidone iodine
Answer: B
Got incorrect; chose D
A 2-year-old spayed female dog is being evaluated because of a history of acute dyspnea. The dog lives on a farm where herbicides and rodenticides are kept. A thoracic radiograph is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in establishing the diagnosis?
Af Assay for von Willebrand’s factor
B) Complete blood count
G) Exploratory thoracotomy
D) Measurement of activated clotting time
E) Transtracheal wash
Answer: D
Got incorrect; I have no idea why I chose B? Maybe it was because I didn’t see PT/PTT???
Which of the following is the most reasonable estimation of a dog’s blood volume?
A) 40 mL/lb (88 mL/kg)
B) 50 mL/lb (110 mL/kg)
C) 65 mL/lb (143 mL/kg)
D + 80 mL/lb (176 mL/kg)
E) 90 mL/lb (198 mL/kg)
Answer: A
Got correct but was unsure
Intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F za in a cow in the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle is most likely to cause which of the following?
A) A 50% increase in serum progesterone concentration in 24 hours
B) Peak of serum luteinizing hormone concentration in 30 hours
C) Decrease of serum estrogen concentration in 48 to 72 hours
D) Occurrence of ovulation in 96 hours
E) Peak of serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentration in 96 hours
Answer: D
got correct - fully guessed!
Over the past two weeks, a boar has had a high percentage of proximal and distal droplets in his semen. The overall motility of the last collection is 50%. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?
A) Administer a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat infection
B) Colleet semen from the boar more frequently to eliminate affected sperm
C) Cull the boar because this condition will likely worsen
D) Do not change anything because this condition will improve over time
E) Suspend collecting semen from the boar for three weeks
Answer: E
Got correct - fully guessed
Which of the following structures attaches at the site of the fracture shown in this radiograph?
) A) Cunean tendon
*B) Deep digital flexor tendon
C) Distal impar ligament
\ D) Superficial digital flexor tendon
* E) Suspensory ligament
Answer: E
. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for rehydration of a cow with right abomasal volvulus?
A) 0.9% Sodium chloride with added KCI B+ 0.9% Sodium chloride with added NaHCOg=
C) 5% Dextrose in water with added KCI
D) 5% Dextrose with added NaHCOz=
E) Lactated Ringer’s solution with added NaHCO_=
Answer: A
WHY DID I CHOOSE C???
- A 3-week-old, hand-fed cockatiel is being evaluated because of inappetence, regurgitation, and delayed crop emptying. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A + Administration of metoelopramide
B) Biopsy of the crop wall
C) Cytologic examination of crop contents
D) Radiography of the crop
E) Ultrasonography of the crop
Answer: C
got incorrect - chose D
- Which of the following is the most appropriate antibiotic for the treatment of myonecrosis caused by Clostridium perfringens infection in horses?
A) Cloxacillin
B) Gentamicin
C) Penicillin
D) Rifampin
E) Tobramycin
Answer: C
Got correct - guessed!
C. perfringens is gram + so it makes sense by penicillin is a good choice!
Which of the following organisms is most commonly isolated from the urine of dogs with urinary tract infections?
A) Citrobacter spp
B) Escherichia coli
C) Proteus mirabilis
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E) Streptococcus spp
Answer: B
Got incorrect - I chose proteus because i confused it with protease producing bacteria
A 6-year-old neutered male Burmese cat has lost 1.1 lb (0.5 kg) since he was examined 12 months ago. On physical examination, the cat is reluctant to have his mouth examined. Both palatopharyngeal arches are swollen and dark red and bleed easily.
Additionally, several incisors are missing, and one lower premolar is fractured off at the gum line. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this cat’s mouth pain?
A) Bacterial tonsillitis
B) Herpesvirus infection
C) Lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis
D) Multiple eosinophilic granulomas => Periapical tooth root abscess
Answer: C
Got incorrect; chose B
Which of the following metabolic disturbances are most likely to develop following rupture of the urinary bladder in the neonatal foal?
A) Hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild to moderate acidosis
B) Hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild to moderate alkalosis
C) Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild to moderate acidosis
D) Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild to moderate alkalesis
E) Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and mild to moderate alkalosis
Answer: C
Got correct - guessed!
I knew that it would become acidotic, so that was not a problem.
The urine is typically high in potassium and low in sodium, so when the bladder ruptures, the foal may develop hyponatremia (low sodium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium), as the leaked urine can diffuse into the bloodstream and disrupt normal electrolyte balance.
. In the dog, injury to which of the following nerves is most likely to account for the observed sign of walking on the dorsum of the front paw?
A) Lateral thoracic
B) Median
C) Musculocutaneous
D) Radial
E) Ulnar
Answer: D
Got correct!
A 12-year-old spayed female Siamese cat is evaluated because of the acute onset of blindness. Physical examination shows dilated pupils bilaterally; menace responses and pupillary light reflexes are absent. The pupils constrict after topical application of pilocarpine. Indirect ophthalmoscopic examination discloses areas of retinal hemorrhage. Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
A) Amlodipine
B) Mannitol
C) Prednisolone
D) Tacrolimus
E) Timolol
Answer: A
The cat’s symptoms — acute onset of blindness, bilateral dilated pupils, absent menace responses, and retinal hemorrhages — are most suggestive of hypertensive retinopathy, a condition caused by systemic hypertension. Retinal hemorrhages are a common consequence of severe high blood pressure, and this can lead to acute blindness, as seen in this case.
Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, is the treatment of choice for hypertension in cats, especially when hypertensive retinopathy is suspected. It works by dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure, helping to prevent further damage to the retina and potentially restoring vision if treated early.
In the dog, which of the following is a paraneoplastic condition that is most often associated with mastocytosis?
A) Gastric hyperacidity
B) Hypercalcemia
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hypokalemia
E) Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A
Got incorrect! Did not know that mastocytosis are mast cell tumors!
Mastocytosis or mast cell tumors in dogs can release a variety of substances, including histamine. Histamine, when released in excess from mast cells, can stimulate H2 receptors in the stomach, which leads to an increase in gastric acid production. This can result in gastric hyperacidity, which is a common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with mast cell tumors in dogs.
A flock of 30,000 5-week-old commercial broilers has an increase in mortality. Affected birds are listless and have bloody diarrhea. A photograph of an intestinal scraping obtained on postmortem examination of an affected bird is shown. Administration of which of the following agents is most likely to decrease the risk of this condition in subsequent flocks?
\ A) Amantadine
* B) Amprolium
* C) Biotin
* D) Metronidazole
* E) Tetracycline
Answer: B
Got incorrect; this is to tx coccidia
A 2-year-old indoor/outdoor male domestic shorthaired cat is brought for evaluation because of listlessness and lethargy. Ten days ago, the cat killed a wild cottontail rabbit and ate a large portion of it. Physical examination today shows enlarged submandibular, prescapular, and popliteal lymph nodes that are painful on palpation. Oral examination shows ulcers on the tongue and gingiva.
Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?
A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Echinococcus multilocularis
C) Ehrlichia canis
D) Francisella tularensis
E) Listeria monocytogenes
Answer: D
Got correct - just leaving it here as a reminder!
