Week 2 Feb 17 Day 3 Flashcards
What is the most common reason dog and cat owners choose a veterinary practice?
Based on location
What is the largest expense of a well run veterinary practice?
Payroll. Makes up 40-50% of practice expenses
Worker’s compensation insurance covers injuries sustained on the job. It is required in all states and is paid for by the practice. It is legally required for full and part time employees.
Define “ancillary benefits.”
An ancillary benefit is an additional benefit not part of the expected core offer. Examples of these benefits include membership dues, continuing education allowance, DEA license dues, moving expenses, gym memberships, etc.
What agency has sole authority over drugs distributed between states?
The Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, has the sole authority over drugs distributed between states.
Define a profit and loss statement.
A profit and loss statement (sometimes called an income statement) is a report of income and expenses over a period of time.
Define a balance sheet.
A balance sheet is a report on the financial condition of a company (assets, liabilities) at a specific point in time.
Define cash flow.
A cash flow statement reports the sources of cash (i.e. loans, collections) and uses of cash (i.e. purchasing inventory, paying off debt) over a period of time. Note how this differs from profit and loss.
What is a net book.
The net book value is another name for equity or the difference between assets and liabilities. This value is not necessarily the same as a practice’s current value.
Topic: Bovine Parasites - Ostertagia Ostertagi
Describe when Type I and Type II Ostertagia outbreaks occur. How are these outbreaks treated?
Type I: In California climates, Type 1 outbreaks occur during the winter and spring following rapid infection of L3 from contaminated pastures. Egg counts are high. Most common in young, weaning animals.
Type II: Occur in autumn into winter California climates. Fecal egg counts are low. See albumin loss, diarrhea, and death.
Tx: Fenbendazole and Ivermectin.
Describe what a rupture peroneous tertius looks like.
Extend hock, flex stifle.
Describe what a rupture gastrocnemius tendon looks like.
Flex hock, extend sifle.
What happens if the serratus ventralis ruptures?
See a “flying scapula”
A dairy farmer brings you a 6-week old calf for postmortem exam on a nice warm spring day. He has had three 5- to 7-week old calves die in the last week and this one just died an hour ago. They show depressed appetite, fever, and rapid labored breathing before collapsing within a day from the time the first signs are noticed. The calves were born on his farm and have been in good well-ventilated individual hutches with shade.
They are fed 12% of their body weight per day in whole milk, plus a calf starter grain, alfalfa hay and free choice water. The major lesions are serosal and subcutaneous petechial hemorrhages and heavy wet red lungs (see image). Based on these pathologic findings, which of the following is the most likely cause of death?
S. dublin tends to cause septicemia in dairy calves 4 to 8 weeks of age, and the lesions described are typical. The organism can be transmitted by carrier cows to neonates at birth or via their milk. The most effective control measures are to cull carriers and vaccinate calves using a modified live S. dublin vaccine.
What electrolyte abnormalities would you expect to see in a case of uroperitoneum?
Hyponatremia and chloremia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia
What is the most common cause of pericarditis in bovids?
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
What is the most common cause of pericarditis in sheep and goats?
Clostridium perfringens
What species are susceptible to FMD?
Bovids, Sheep, Pigs
Topic: Canine Infectious Disease
Pythium is an aquatic organism that inhabits ponds of the Southeast United States. These organisms have different cell walls than regular
fungi, which makes them difficult to treat since most antifungal treatments target fungal cell wall synthesis. Prognosis is extremely poor with this disease and amputation (if the lesions are localized to an affected limb) is currently the best option. Amputation should always be followed with multiple long-term antifungal therapies. Owners should be warned that local postoperative recurrence is common. Dogs are most commonly affected, but this disease can also occur in cats. It has also been reported in humans and horses.
The correct answer is canine thrombopathia. The disease is an autosomal recessive trait seen in Basset Hounds where platelets fail to aggregate and secrete their granules in response to normal stimuli. These dogs are at an increased risk for bleeding spontaneously, and an injury or surgical procedure could cause excessive hemorrhage. Platelet numbers and coagulation parameters are normal in this condition. It isn’t an issue with platelet number, but of function.
Topic: Blastomycosis
Mannitol is what type of drug?
It is a hyperosmotic diuretic. It is the drug of choice in patients suffering from head trauma and cerebral edema. It establishes an osmotic gradient between plasma and cells, reducing cerebral edema.
What dog breed is the poster child for mucoceles? What do they look like on aspiration?
2-4 year old poodles are the classic signalment for this condition. The usual presentation is a mass that may be painful and may produce saliva on aspiration (stringy, bloody, few cells).
A 2-year old Pug presents with a history of a thick green ocular discharge bilaterally. A Schirmer tear test is performed and the results are as follows: 5 mm OS and 8 mm OD in 60 seconds. The eye is shown in the picture. What is the most appropriate therapy?
The correct answer is cyclosporine eye drops. Clinical signs and findings are consistent with a diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The key is the reduced Schirmer tear test results. A normal tear test result would be greater than 15 mm in 60 seconds. Mucoid discharge is a classic finding, as there is immune mediated adenitis of the tear glands and the Pug is unable to produce normal tears. Since the disease is immune mediated, cyclosporine is indicated to reverse this process and stimulate tear production. Another acceptable option would be tacrolimus which can also be used to treat this condition.
Oral surgery in conjunction with another elective surgery in an otherwise healthy dog is usually not recommended for which of the following reasons?
Oral surgeries cause significant bacteremia, which may be an endogenous source of wound infection.
In a well-run practice, veterinarians should be performing the tasks that they alone are qualified to do, namely to make a diagnosis and prognosis, prescribe drugs, and perform surgery.
Technical tasks should be performed by technicians including surgical assisting, laboratory procedures, radiography, anesthesia, patient treatment and nursing, and client education.
Veterinary assistants have no AVMA-accredited training programs and act as support for veterinarians and technicians, for tasks that do not require the higher level of training or expertise. These generally include patient handling and restraint and assisting with various radiographic, laboratory, and pharmaceutical tasks. It is critical that they have documented skill and safety training for any technical tasks that they perform.
The bright red mucous membranes in a dog suspected of having smoke inhalation are concerning for carbon monoxide toxicity. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen on hemoglobin molecules, forming carboxyhemoglobin complexes, which leads to tissue hypoxia.
The dog should be supplemented with 100% oxygen which reduces the half-life of the carboxyhemoglobin complexes from 4 hours on
room air to 30 minutes.
Other treatments for smoke inhalation include humidifying the air to promote mucociliary clearance and to prevent drying injuries to the airways.
When performing a laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just deep enough so you can perform a laryngeal exam.
Injectable anesthetics such as thiopental or propofol are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapram to help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis. Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant
In young dogs small localized masses along the head, ears, and limbs are often histiocytomas, a benign collection of histiocytes with a few other inflammatory cells present. They can occur in younger dogs and often resolve after a few months. A few histiocytomas can ulcerate, and multiple histiocytomas can be found on one animal. Those that do not regress on their own can be surgically excised. Differentials should include mast cell tumors, which need grading and staging to determine prognosis, sebaceous adenomas, papillomas, and infection.
Fine needle aspirates will often give a conclusive diagnosis.
What species is susceptible to steroid induced parturition?
Bovids
