Week 6- Neurology in Production Animals Flashcards
What is the aetiology of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?
Oral mucosa -> Cranial nerve V to brainstem -> meningoencephalitis and microabscessation ( 2 week lag betwee exposure and onset)
What are the risk factors and epidemiology of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?
- Spoilt silage
- sporadic, small outbreaks
- uveitis and abortion
What are the clinical signs of Listeria Meningoencephalitis?
- Cranial nerve deficits
- Depression
- Circling
- Pyrexia
- Cereballar signs
How might you disgnose listeria meningoencephalitis?
- Clinical signs
- Increased Protein in CSF
How might you treat Listeria Meningoencephalitis?
- High dose of procaine Penicillin
- Food, Water
- Loss of Saliva
- Transfaunation to promote rumen function + Recovery
- Dexamaethasone
- NSAIDS
What are the Clinical Signs of BSE?
- Behavioural changes
- Nervous signs
- Hind limb motor deficits
- all variable severity
How is scrapie transmissed in sheep?
- Colostrum andMilk
- Contaiminated buildings, bedding, equipment etc
What are the main signs of scrapie?
- Nerve cell damage
- Pruritus
- Locomotor incoordination
- Recumbancy + Death
What are the clinical signs of a suprascapular nerve issue?
- Struggling into head yoke
- Dropped elbow
- Limb reflexes still in-tact
What are the clinical signs of a brachial plexus nerve issue?
- Cant weight bear
- Deep pain reflex
What are the clinical signs of a radial nerve issue?
- Normal elbow position
- Cant extend or advance lower limb
- Loss of sensation to lateral + dorsal limb
What are the clinical signs of a peroneal nerve issue
- Overextended hock, knucled fetlock, decreased sensation
What are the clinical signs of a tibial nerve problem?
- paralysis of the extensors of the hocks
- overflexed hock
- decreased sensation on palmar metatarsal and fetlock
What are the clinical signs of a sciatic nerve issue?
dropped hock and knucked fetlocks
What are the clinical signs of an obturator nerve issue?
- Occurs at calving- large calves, prolonged labour
- decreased ability to abduct legs
What are the clinical signs of a femoral nerve issue?
- occurs to the calf during anterior delivery
- cant extend the limb or weight bear
- no sensation to medial limb
What are the clinical signs of Lead intoxication?
- acute encephalopathy
- sudden onset behvaioural changes
- abdominal pain and bloat
What are the clinical signs of urea intoxication?
- used as a non-protein N source in feed supplements
- ear and facial muscle twitching, bloating, abdominal pain + staggering, high rumen pH
What is the aetiology of cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) ?
- Thiamine deficiency
- Normally formed by rumen flora in sufficient quantities
What are the risk factors of CCN?
- 2-7 months old
- Intensive feeding system s
- Usually housed but can occur at pasture
What are the clinical findings of CCN?
- Depression
- Bilateral central blindness
- Aimless wandering
- Terminal collapse
How might you diagnose CCN?
- History and clinical signs
- Response to treatment with thiamine
- PME
What are the risk factors of strep suis type I?
- 10-14 day old piglets
- Tonsillar carriage in carrier sows
- Infection via piglet tonsillar crypts
What are the clinical signs of strep suis type I?
- dullness, pyrexia
- convulsions, opisthotonus, lateral nystagmus
- Joint involvement
How might you treat strep suis type I?
- systemic antibiotics
- NSAIDS/ steroids
- Rehydration
What are the risk factors of strep suis type II?
- common and important
- Zoonotic
- 3-7 days post-stressor
- Weaners/ finishers
What is the aetiology of a brain abscess?
- Dehorning sinusitis
- Haematogenous spread
- gram positve anaerobes
What are the clinical signs of a brain abscess?
- Gradual onset
- cranial nerve deficits
- head-pressing
Depression
How would you treat a brain abscess?
- systemic antibiotics
- NSAIDS
- euthanasia
What is the aetiology of middle ear disease?
- ascending infection from the resp tract
- progression from otitis externa
What are the risk factors for middle ear disease?
- sporadic incidence
- calves 3-5 weeks old
- pneumonia
What are the clinical signs of middle ear disease?
- head tilt towards affected side
- no cranial nerve deficitis
- no vestibular disease
How might you treat middle ear disease?
- macrolides
- NSAIDS
What is the aetiology of coenurosis?
larval stage of taenia multiceps
What are the clinical signs of coenurosis?
- Chronic progressive disease
- Circling
- Central blindness
- Head deviation
What two calf diseases are present from birth?
- BVD
- Schmallenberg
What is the treatment for cerebral anoxia?
IV fluids spiked with bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis
* Colostrum by stomach tube
* Nursing
What is the aetiology for coliform meningitis?
Most commonly E coli (G -, facultative anaerobe)
» Ascending infection
» Sequel to neonatal septicaemia +/- navel / joint ill
What are the risk factors for coliform meningitis?
Mean age 6 days
» Inadequate colostral intake
» Poor environmental hygiene
» Ineffective umbilical management
What are the clinical signs of coliform meningitis?
Tachycardia + ↑ CRT + hypothermia → shock
» Congested MM → septicaemia
» Central blindness + nystagmus → cerebral cortex
What is the treatment for coliform meningitis?
Systemic antibiotics
» IVFT
» NSAIDs once urine output restored
» Supportive therapy + nursing
» IV glucose
» Heat lamp
What are the risk factors for hypoglycaemia?
Neonates (especially lambs)
» Inadequate colostrum intake
» Inadequate feeding
» Hypothermia
» Other systemic disease (especially scour and
septicaemia)
What are the clinical signs for hypoglycaemia?
Depression
» Weakness
» Ataxia
» Seizures, coma, death
What is the treatment for hypoglycaemia?
IV or IP glucose
» Active warming
» Oral milk for lambs
» Address risk factors
What is the aetiology for swayback?
Low copper status - dam or growing lamb
* Geographical link with soil types and fertiliser use
What are the clinical signs of swayback?
Congenital form
* Small, weak lambs
* Unable to rise/ abnormal stance
* Fine head tremors
* Poor coordination
» Delayed form
* Normal at birth
* Progressive weakness of hindlimbs with reduced
muscle tone and reflexes
Delayed form
* Normal at birth
* Progressive weakness of hindlimbs with reduced
muscle tone and reflexes
How would you diagnose swayback?
- Clinical signs
- Confirm by brainstem histology
- Serum or liver copper levels
How would you treat swayback?
Euthanasia
* Prevent by appropriate and careful copper
supplements
