Week 2- Conditions affecting the Aqueous, Vitreous and Retina Flashcards
What is glaucoma
An ocular disorder characterized by increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve degeneration and potential blindness
What are two primary types of glaucoma in dogs
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma PACG and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma POAG
What is more common in dogs primary or secondary glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
Which dog breeds are predisposed to PACG
English Cocker Spaniel English Springer Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Basset Hound Labrador Retriever Golden Retriever Siberian Husky
Which dog breeds are predisposed to POAG
Norwegian Elkhound Beagle Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen
Name three causes of secondary glaucoma
Lens luxation uveitis hyphema
What is a key clinical feature of acute glaucoma
Episcleral congestion corneal oedema mydriasis optic nerve swelling pain
Name three signs of chronic glaucoma
Haab’s striae buphthalmos optic nerve atrophy
Which diagnostic techniques are used for glaucoma
Tonometry fundoscopy gonioscopy electroretinogram ERG
What is the first-line glaucoma treatment for dogs
Latanoprost Xalatan drops
Which glaucoma medication is contraindicated in lens luxation and uveitis in dogs
Latanoprost Xalatan
Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in veterinary glaucoma treatment
Dorzolamide Trusopt
Why should beta blockers timolol be avoided in feline glaucoma
Causes miosis aggravates pupil block glaucoma and provides no added benefit
Why are prostaglandin analogues avoided in cats
Less effective in lowering intraocular pressure in cats
What surgery could be performed for blind painful glaucoma eyes
Enucleation
What is Persistent Hyaloid Artery
Congenital defect due to the failure of embryonic vascular supply of the lens to regress
Which breeds are commonly affected by Persistent Hyaloid Artery
Doberman Sussex Spaniel
What condition can Persistent Hyaloid Artery cause
Focal posterior cataracts
What is PHPV/PHTVL
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous or Persistent Hyperplastic Tunica Vasculosa Lentis congenital defect of embryonic lens vascular supply
What are vitreal opacities
Opacifications within the vitreous body including asteroid hyalosis synchisis scintillans and hyalitis
How does asteroid hyalosis appear clinically
Whitish refractile bodies suspended in the vitreous do not settle if shaken
What is retinal dysplasia
Congenital malformation of the retina resulting in folds or detachment
What is Collie Eye Anomaly CEA
A recessive hereditary condition causing choroidal hypoplasia and optic nerve coloboma in Collie breeds
At what age is Collie Eye Anomaly typically diagnosed
6 to 8 weeks of age
Name two breeds commonly affected by multifocal retinal dysplasia
Spaniels Labradors
What is Progressive Retinal Atrophy PRA
Hereditary progressive degeneration of rods and cones causing blindness
What is the common first clinical sign of PRA
Night blindness nyctalopia
What are four fundoscopic signs of advanced PRA
Tapetal hyperreflectivity blood vessel attenuation pigmentary changes optic nerve atrophy
Is there a treatment for PRA
No effective treatment available supportive management only
Which breeds commonly suffer late-onset PRA
Poodles Spaniels Labradors
What breeds experience early-onset PRA
Irish Setters
Name a nutritional supplement that might slow retinal degeneration in PRA
Ocuglo antioxidant
How is PRA prevented
BVA or KC Eye Testing Scheme and genetic screening
What are the two forms of feline PRA in Abyssinians
Rod-cone dysplasia autosomal dominant and rod-cone degeneration autosomal recessive
At what age are Abyssinians typically blind from rod-cone dysplasia
Around one year
What is retinal detachment
Separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium
Name three causes of retinal detachment
Trauma vitreal traction bands serous effusions
How is retinal detachment diagnosed
Ophthalmoscopy ultrasound
What is hypertensive retinopathy
Retinal damage and detachment due to systemic hypertension
Name two common causes of secondary hypertensive retinopathy in animals
Chronic kidney disease hyperthyroidism
Which medication is primary therapy for hypertensive retinopathy
Amlodipine calcium channel blocker
What systemic conditions should be screened if hypertensive retinopathy is suspected
Blood pressure kidney function thyroid levels
What is Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration SARD
Idiopathic acute onset blindness with normal initial fundoscopic examination
Which signalment is common for SARD
Middle-aged mildly overweight female dogs
How is SARD definitively diagnosed
Flatline electroretinogram ERG
Is there an effective treatment for SARD
No reliable treatment is currently available
What is enrofloxacin toxicity in cats
Dose-related retinal degeneration and blindness from doses over 5 mg per kg per day
What is optic neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve leading to blindness
Name two infectious causes of optic neuritis
Canine distemper toxoplasmosis
What is the first-line treatment for optic neuritis
High-dose corticosteroids prednisolone
What is chorioretinitis
Inflammation involving choroid and retina often related to systemic diseases
How does active chorioretinitis appear on fundic exam
Exudative lesions causing tapetal hyporeflectivity dullness
How does inactive chorioretinitis appear on fundic exam
Focal retinal degeneration with tapetal hyperreflectivity
What are two systemic diseases that might cause chorioretinitis
Infectious diseases systemic hypertension
What is retinal haemorrhage
Bleeding within the retinal layers or under the retina often indicating systemic or ocular disease
Name two systemic conditions associated with retinal haemorrhage
Thrombocytopenia systemic hypertension
Which clotting disorder could cause retinal haemorrhage
Von Willebrand’s disease
How is retinal haemorrhage diagnosed
Thorough ophthalmic and systemic examination blood tests and fundoscopy
What diagnostic test helps distinguish optic nerve damage from retinal disease
Electroretinogram ERG
Why perform gonioscopy in glaucoma cases
To assess iridocorneal drainage angle obstruction
