Week 3- Renal failure 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of azotaemia?
elevated concentrations of nitrogenous waste products
What is renal failure?
75% or more of the nephrons are nonfunctional
* clinical syndrome that occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to maintain their regulatory excretory and endocrine functions
What is dysuria?
Pain during urination
What is nocturia?
Increased frequency of urination at night
What is periuria?
Urinating outside the litter tray and/or in unusual places
How might you assess glomerular function?
- Creatinine/ Urea/ SDMA
- Urinary clearance
Plasma clearance
Renal scintigraphy
How might you assess tubular function?
- Urinalysis
- Stone analysis
- Blood gas analysis
- Urine Protein: Creatinine ratio
How might you assess fluid balance?
Urine specific gravity
How might you assess endocrine function?
- PCV
- Haematology
- Calcium/ Phosphate
How might you assess blood pressure control?
Blood pressure measurement
* Fundic examination
What is hyperphosphataemia?
Common finding in 2/3 patients with CKD
* can then cause secondary hyperparathyroidism
contributes to continued kidney injury
When is hyperkalaemia common?
Acute Kidney Injury
* Life threatening
* can cause cardiac abnormalities such as bradycardia
When is hypokalaemia common?
Chronic Kidneyu Disease
* More common in cats
* causes PU and muscle weakness
* also causes lethargy, weakness and inappetence
In what kind of kidney disease is non-regenerative anaemia common?
Non-Regenerative Anaemia
What does glomerular dysfunction look like?
- Large proteins are filtered and not absorbed
- Severe proteinuria
What does tubular dysfunction look like?
- small proteins are filtered as normal
- no absorption occurs
- proteinuria
What are the signs of hypertension?
- Retinal haemorrhage
- behaviour changes
- worsening proteinuria, decreased urine concentration
- murmurs, gallop rhythm
What is the limitation of a urea test?
- late marker
low specificity
affected by liver disease
GI bleeding high protein diet
What is the limit of a creatinine test?
- late marker
- low specificity and sensitivity
- affected by muscle mass
What is the limit of USG?
- late marker
- not 100% specific or sensitive to identify renal disease
What is the limit of an SDMA test?
- early marker
- not 100% specific or sensitive in identifying renal disease
What are the three main things that acute kidney injury causes?
- Rapid reduction in renal function
- Increase in creatinine
- Decreased urine output
What are the four stages of acute kidney injury?
- Stage 1- Initiation = period of exposure to the cause
- Stage 2- Extension phase= localised inflammation and ischaemia
- Stage 3- Maintanence phase= moderate to severe azotaemia, rapid rise in creatinine and urea
- Stage 4- Recovery phase= can lead to scar formation and only partial return of tubular formation
What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?
Structural and/ or functional abnormalities of one or both kidneys, present for 3 months or longer
What are the causes of chronic kidney disease?
- Neoplasia
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal amyloidosis
Pyelonephritis
Periodontal disease
