Week 6 (exam 2) Flashcards
What is diffusion?
Movement of material from high to low concentration
Goes down concentration gradient
How does diffusion happen?
Molecules move at random
Because of statistics
Continuous until equal number (equilibrium)
What is equilibrium?
Movement doesn’t stop when molecules are even they keep moving but cancel each other other out
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules going down the concentration gradient and through a semi permeable membrane
What has to happen to be considered osmosis?
1) has to be water moving
2) has to be going through semi permeable membrane
What is a solution?
Transparent
Mixture that is broken down
What is a solute?
Thing that dissolves
What is a solvent?
Thing that does the dissolving
What is the problem with osmosis?
Cares about what the solvent does
What is the problem with diffusion?
Cares about what the solute does
What is the osmometer?
Shows osmosis
What is the osmotic pressure?
Force osmosis creates
Push back with same force to stop osmosis
What two things can happen to stop osmosis?
Equilibrium
Pushing back the osmotic pressure
What is hypertonic?
More concentration
What is hypotonic?
Less concentration
What is isotonic?
Equal concentration
Appears the cell isn’t moving but water moves in and out of cell at equal rate
What is cytosol?
Liquid in cell with stuff dissolved in it
What is a shriveled up cell called?
Crenation
What is a cell that blows up called?
Cell lysis
What is hemolysis?
Blood cells that blow up
What is an ion?
Charged atoms or molecules
What is a cell membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer and protein
Anything with charge has a hard time getting through
What is an ion channel?
Integral protein
Has particular channel for different ions
What is a leak channel?
Channel opened all the time leaking ions in or out
What are chemically regulates channels?
Channels opened or closed depending on chemicals in the area using receptor proteins (ligands) to open channel
What is a voltage gated ion channel?
Opens up with particular charge that is around and certain charges cause it to close
What is facilitated (assisted) diffusion?
Diffusion process that carrier proteins assist with
Usually something that is too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
What is a carrier protein?
Always follows the law of diffusion
Changes shape and releases molecules in either direction (in or out of bilayer)
What is active transport “proper”?
Goes against concentration gradient
Uses ATP
Uses carrier proteins referred as pumps
What are carrier proteins referred as in active transport “proper”?
Pumps
What is the sodium potassium pump?
Goes from low to high
Forces sodium and potassium to go in opposite direction
Throws 3 Na+ out of cell and brings in K+ in the cell
Cells are typically negative because of pump
What is the counter transport or antiport?
Ex: Sodium potassium pump
Things are being moved in the opposite way
What is the cotransport or simport?
Things being moved in the same direction
What is the carrier mediated transport?
Transport that is mediated by carrier protein
Ex: facilitated diffusion and active transport “proper”
Suffer from limitation known as saturation
What is saturation?
Have a finite number of carrier proteins
Can’t get material out as fast as before (remains the same rate doesn’t get faster or slower) when all carrier proteins are being used
Maximum rate material can move
What is exocytosis?
Exo- out
Has a vesicle inside cell that migrates to cell membrane, fuses with it and material from vesicle is dumped out
What is a vesicle?
Little bubble inside the cell
Membrane is phospholipid bilayer
What is endocytosis?
Bringing stuff in the cell
Consists of phagocytosis, pinocytosis and carrier mediated endocytosis
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis- eat
When one cell wants to eat another cell or something solid that is near it
What is pinocytosis?
Pino- drink
Cell taking a drink (extracellular fluid)
What is carrier meditated endocytosis?
Uses receptor proteins
Chemical binds to receptors
Membrane can grab what is wanted or needed faster
Cells have a coated pit. What is a coated pit?
Coated with receptor proteins
What is an organelle?
Organ like structure in cell that perform a certain function
What are the 2 kinds of organelles and what are they?
1) Non membranous- different structure
2) Membranous- have a phospholipid bilayer
What are the 2 types of non membranous organelles?
1) cytoskeleton
2) proteins
What is a cytoskeleton?
Protein fibers in cell that act like skeleton
Consist of microfilaments
microtubules
Intermediate filaments
What are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?
Made of actin protein
Used to create structural framework of cell
Form skeletal support for microuilli
Act as anchoring inside cell to hold shape
What are microuilli?
Rigid finger like extensions
Used to increase surface area for absorption
What are micrtubulles in cytoskeleton?
Tubulin protein
Hollow cylinders
Act as track ways inside cell to move things around
To move chromosomes
Inside is cilia and flagella
What is a chromosome?
Structure DNA forms
What is cilia?
Hair like processes
What is flagella?
Long whip like processes
Sperm tail
What is an intermediate filament in a cytoskeleton?
Not as thin as microfilaments it think as microtubulles
Strong fibers in cell
What is a ribosome?
Consist of 2 parts:
1) large ribosomal subunit (top part)
2) small ribosomal subunit (bottom part)
Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein
Reads RNA and spits out protein
What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? (Membranous organelle)
Network of membranes in DNA
Produce material
Synthesize, store and transport things
2 kinds:
1) smoothensoplastic reticulum (SER)
2) roughendoplasric reticulum (RER)
Consists of transport vesicles and Golgi apparatus
What is smoothendoplastic reticulum (SER)?
Looks smooth
Produces phospholipid bilayer, steroids, glycogen (human version of starch)
What is the roughendoplastic reticulum (RER)?
Looks like sandpaper
Spotted with ribosomes
Major place where proteins are produced
What is a transport vesicle?
Ship materials to where it is going to go
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Warehouse where material is temporarily stored
Receive and modify the material a little then shipped with vesicles to take material to final destinations
What are the 3 vesicles used in the Golgi apparatus?
1) secretory vesicles
2) membrane-renewal vesicles
3) lysosomes
What is a secretory vesicle?
Secretion involved in process
Fuses with cell membrane and dumps material out
What is a membrane- renewal vesicle?
Packages phospholipid bilayer and proteins and bumps into cell membrane and becomes part of it
What are lysosomes?
Digestive enzymes
Digestion of things the cell (bacteria and other malfunctioning organelles that don’t work anymore) has and wants to break down
Where does aerobic respiration, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain take place?
Mitochondria (pl)
Mitochondrium (sg)
Where most ATP is produced
Know what mitochondria looks like and what the parts are called
Cristae
Matrix
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Inter membrane space
What is the nucleus?
Membranous
Only organelle large enough to see when microscope is stained
Where DNA is housed
Has:
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
What is a nuclear envelope in nucleus?
Membrane has double phospholipid bilayer
What are nuclear pores in a nucleus?
Proteins that allow things in and out
Cytosol (liquid) + organelle = ?
Cytoplasm (liquid with organelle)
What is the nucleoplasm?
Liquid inside nucleus
Are there chromosomes in nucleus?
When can you see them?
Yes
Only visible when cell is about to divide
What is a chromatin?
Material of chromosome
DNA + protein
What is a centromere?
Dot on chromatin
What is a centriole?
Membranous or non membranous
Produces microtubular (non membranous)
Has phospholipid bilayer (membranous)
Has centrosome
What is a centrosome?
Two centriole organelle combined together to form a single structure
What is the nucleoli?
Nucleous (sg)
Ribosomes are being produced here
Dark spots in nucleus
What are the 3 cellular junctions (specialized connections between the cells)?
1) tight junction
2) anchoring junction or desmoses
3) gap junction
What is a tight junction?
Interlocking proteins
Like a zipper between cells
Used to create cell membrane that things can’t easily go through
What is an anchoring junction or desmoses?
Velcro
Has cell adhesion molecules (CAM’s)—- like Velcro material
Has basement membrane—underlying floor like structure
What is a gap junction?
Specialized protein molecules with tunnels
Allows free movement between cells
In cardiac muscle
——intercalated discs
——charged ions moving roughly like electric current
