Week 2 Flashcards by MsBarb99 .

What are ions?

Atoms that has a charge

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What is a cation?

Example

Positive ions by removing the electrons

Hydrogen (H+)
Calcium (Ca+2)

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What is an anion?

Example

Negative charged ion

Chloride ion (Cl-)

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What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms stuck together by chemical bonds

Group of atoms held together by energy and it is stable

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What is a hydroxide ion (OH)?

Oxygen and hydrogen with a negative charge

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What holds an electron apart from a proton?

Energy

The further away you go the more energy you need

Electrons at the same distance takes the same amount of energy

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What are energy levels or energy shells?

Electrons have certain discrete positions where you will find them

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What are the energy levels and how many electrons can they have?

K- 2
L- 8
M- 8

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If the outer energy level is not filled is it stable?

No it is unstable

In order for an atom to be stable you have to fill the outer energy level

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What is inert?

Super stable atom that will not undergo chemical reactions

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What is a valence level?
What happens if you fill it?
Or if you don’t?

Outermost energy level

Becomes inert

If you have 1 or 2 electrons it becomes reactive

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What is a compound?

A molecule of more than one kind of atom

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What are atoms held together by?

Chemical bonds

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What are ionic bonds?

Opposite charges sticking together

Ex: NaCl (table salt)

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What is the step called when one electron jumps from one atom to another?

Oxidation

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What are examples of structural formulas and what do they show?

H-H
O=O

What is connected and how

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What are examples of molecular formulas and what do they show?

H2
O2
N2
H2O

What atoms are present and how many

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What is a chemical reaction?

Break and formation of new bonds

Start and end with the same amount of atoms

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What are reactants?

Whatever atoms or molecules you start with

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What are products?

Whatever you end up with

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What are the 3 types of chemical reactions?

1) decomposition reaction
2) synthesis reaction
3) exchange reaction

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What is decomposition reaction?

Breaking something down

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What is catabolic reaction or catabolism?

Highly complex decomposition reaction in the human body

Uses hydrolysis

What is hydrolysis?

Breaking with water

What does lyse or lysis mean?

Break apart

What is synthesis reaction?

Build or create something

What is anabolic reaction or anabolism?

Complex synthesis reaction in the human body Uses dehydration

What is dehydration or condensation?

Removing water from something

What is metabolism?

All the chemical reactions that occur inside you Catabolic + anabolic

What is exchange reaction?

Breaks bonds and atoms exchange partners

Are many chemical reactions reversible?

Yes but not all easily reversed

What is equilibrium?

2 reactions (synthesis and decomposition) happening at the same rate

What are the 3 things that affect the rate of a reaction and how?

1) temperature Reaction goes faster when heated and slower when cooled 2) concentrations- how much material we have Raise concentrations it fastens the reaction and drop concentrations reaction slows down 3) catalyst- chemicals that help reactions take place Always speeds up reaction

What are enzymes?

Biological catalyst Catalyst used in living things make reactions act quickly with body temp (no heat needed)

What are enzymes considered?

Proteins

What are chemical pathways?

Endless chemical reactions Without enzymes they would not happen fast enough to keep us alive

What is a covalent bond?

Sharing electrons in the valence or outermost energy level

What is a polar molecule?

Has 2 poles like a magnet + - Anything polar acts like magnets and attaches to water

What is a polar covalent bond?

Water bonds

What is a hydrogen bond?

Very weak bonds when water molecules attach together and doesn’t last long

What is electronegative?

When something attracts electrons Ex: water

What is surface tension?

The phenomenon caused by hydrogen bonding (they stick together causing tension)

What is hydrophilic?

Anything what likes water, attaches to water, dissolves in water

What is hydrophobic?

Non polar substances Repelled to water Oil

What is a solvent?

The thing that does the dissolving

What is solute?

The thing that dissolves

What is ionization?

Process that breaks down water

What is a mole?

A large number to say how much atoms you want 6.023 x 10(23) Can convert daltons to grams How they come up with pH

What do acids do?

Release hydrogen which ends up with more hydrogen

What do bases do?

Take away hydrogens which leaves less hydrogen

What does dissociate mean?

Comes apart

Which acids dissociate?

Strong acids Weak acids dissociate a little

What is salt?

Ionic compound consisting of any cation except hydrogen (H) and any anion except hydroxide (OH)

What does an acid plus a base equal?

Salt in water

What is an electrolyte?

Soluble (dissolvable) molecules and will break apart into ions and the ions will conduct an electric current Ex: salt

What molecules does electrolytes give?

Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium) Cl- (chloride) Ca+2 (calcium) Magical ions of physiology