Week 4 Flashcards
If there is a low pH is there more or less hydrogen?
More
If there is a high pH is there more or less hydrogen?
Less
What is the pH formula?
-log[H+]
What is the structural formula of water and where does the positive and negative deltas go?
H-O
|
H
Delta positive in between the hydrogens
Delta negative by oxygen
What is the H2CO3 stand for in H2CO3——->HCO3- + H+ ?
Carbonic acid
What is the HCO3- stand for in H2CO3——>HCO3- + H+ ?
Bicarbonate (base)
What is a steroid and what does it consist of?
It’s a hormone
Consists of 4 fused carbon rings
Virtually all enzymes are proteins?
Yes
What is fiburous proteins?
They create structure in human body (build things)
What is the monomer of the protein group?
Amino acids
What is NH2?
Amino group
What determines which amino acid is being drawn out of the 20?
R- the side group
2 amino acids linked together is called a what?
Peptide
What is the new amino acid bond called and what is the characteristics of it?
Peptide bond
Had characteristics of double bond
When amino acids keep linking to one another what is it called?
Polypeptide chain (basis of protein)
How many polypeptide chains are needed to form a protein?
1 or more
What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein molecule?
1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary
All proteins have which levels of structure?
1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
What is the primary structure?
Simplest structure
It is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
What is the secondary structure?
When some amino acids are polar and they attach to one another like a magnet
Looks like a slinky
Or
Squiggles/ arrows
What is the slinky secondary structure called?
Alpha Helix
α Helix
What is the squiggle or arrows secondary structure called?
Beta Pleated Sheet
Βeta Pleated Sheet
What are motifs?
The shapes the secondary level forms
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Form because they’re polar
What is the tertiary structure?
Putting all motifs (shapes of secondary structure) together
Like a big knot
All proteins have this structure
Each one is a subunit
What is the quaternary structure?
Different polypeptides put together
More than one tertiary structure out together
More than one subunit
What is a subunit?
Each knot from the tertiary structure
What are the 2 general forms protein takes and what are they?
1) fibrous protein- formed of strands and parts of your body is built of this
2) globular- compacted and rounded shapes
Enzymes and hormones that are proteins have this shape
Proteins don’t like when you mess with the environment by…?
Changing the
1) pH
2) temperature
3) ionic concentration
If the protein environment changes what will happen to the protein?
If it is changed tremendously the protein will stop working, change can shape, can unravel
What is the pH optimum or optimal pH?
pH proteins work best at
What is the temperature optimum or optimal temperature?
Temperature proteins work best at
What is a denatured protein?
Permanently destroyed protein
Protein unravels and will never work again
What are the 2 basic kinds of nucleic acids?
1) DNA
2) RNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
What is the monomers of the nucleic acid group?
Nucleotides
What does the structure of nucleotides have?
5 carbon sugars in the center—spine
Phosphate————————spine
Nitrogenous base
What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
The energy cells use
Energy currency of the cell
When the last phosphate of the ATP molecule is blown off what does the molecule become?
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
What does Pi stand for?
Inorganic Phosphate
What are the 2 basic types of nitrogenous base?
Purines
Pyrimidines
What does purines consist of?
Adenine (A)
Guamine (G)
What does Pyrimidines consist of?
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)—IN DNA ONLY
Uracil (U)—IN RNA ONLY
What are the 3 basic types of RNA?
1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the complementary based pair in RNA?
A-U
What are the complementary based pairs in DNA?
G-C
A-T
What are complementary based pairs made of?
Purine-Pyrimidines
What is the dissociation of a protein?
Occurs in the quaternary structure
Subunits come apart but DO NOT unravel
Can be repaired
In order to function the DNA molecule needs to be able to do what?
Make copies of itself
What does DNA give you?
You’re genetic code
What is a daughter cell?
They are genetically identical clones of a molecule
What is the Seniconservative Synthesis/ Duplication of DNA?
When DNA is duplicated
What is a ribozyme?
RNA acting as an enzyme
Made of RNA instead of protein
What is the process of cellular respiration with oxygen called?
Aerobic Respiration
What is the process called between glucose and pyruvic acid (pyruvate)?
Glycolysis- breaking sugar down
How many ATPs do you start with?
4
How many ATPs do you have left after glycolysis?
2
After the Pyruvic acid what step is next?
Kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle
What happens in the kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle?
Pyruvic acid—-> Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate—> citrate—-> ——> ——> ——-> oxaloacetate
What is CoA?
Coenzyme A
What results out of the Kreb’s cycle?
2 more ATPs and the carbon dioxide you exhale
What does NAD and FAD do?
They gather excited electrons into the electron transport chain
They are coenzymes
What are coenzymes?
Little partners that help assist the enzymes
After the NAD and FAD harvest electrons what happens?
The electrons keep switching partners to something more and more electronegative
Until they go to the most electronegative thing which is oxygen
What goes into the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
Without oxygen the chain would shut down and would take the Kreb’s cycle with it
What is the result of the electron transport chain?
H2O (waste)
34 ATPs
The kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain happens where?
Mitochondria
What is NADH and FADH?
NAD and FAD carrying excited electrons
To move an electron you need a proton and 1 proton and 1 electron is Hydrogen aka H
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
What does FAD stand for?
Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide
What is the process of cell respiration without oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration or Fermentation
Why do cells switch to anaerobic respiration or fermentation?
Because they are deprived of oxygen and when oxygen is available they switch back
What does Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) become in the anaerobic respiration or fermentation process?
Lactic acid- waste product of this cycle
Where does NAD/ NADH bring the excited electrons?
No place of use
The anaerobic respiration or fermentation process is the top part of the aerobic respiration cycle with what added?
Carbon dioxide
What type of microb does the process of fermentation and what do they make?
Yeast
Instead of making lactic acid they make ethanol of ethyl alcohol
