Week 4 Flashcards by MsBarb99 .

If there is a low pH is there more or less hydrogen?

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If there is a high pH is there more or less hydrogen?

Less

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What is the pH formula?

-log[H+]

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What is the structural formula of water and where does the positive and negative deltas go?

H-O
|
H

Delta positive in between the hydrogens

Delta negative by oxygen

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What is the H2CO3 stand for in H2CO3——->HCO3- + H+ ?

Carbonic acid

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What is the HCO3- stand for in H2CO3——>HCO3- + H+ ?

Bicarbonate (base)

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What is a steroid and what does it consist of?

It’s a hormone

Consists of 4 fused carbon rings

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Virtually all enzymes are proteins?

Yes

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What is fiburous proteins?

They create structure in human body (build things)

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What is the monomer of the protein group?

Amino acids

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What is NH2?

Amino group

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What determines which amino acid is being drawn out of the 20?

R- the side group

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2 amino acids linked together is called a what?

Peptide

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What is the new amino acid bond called and what is the characteristics of it?

Peptide bond

Had characteristics of double bond

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When amino acids keep linking to one another what is it called?

Polypeptide chain (basis of protein)

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How many polypeptide chains are needed to form a protein?

1 or more

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What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein molecule?

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary

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All proteins have which levels of structure?

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary

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What is the primary structure?

Simplest structure

It is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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What is the secondary structure?

When some amino acids are polar and they attach to one another like a magnet

Looks like a slinky
Or
Squiggles/ arrows

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What is the slinky secondary structure called?

Alpha Helix

α Helix

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What is the squiggle or arrows secondary structure called?

Beta Pleated Sheet

Βeta Pleated Sheet

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What are motifs?

The shapes the secondary level forms

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Form because they’re polar

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What is the tertiary structure?

Putting all motifs (shapes of secondary structure) together

Like a big knot

All proteins have this structure

Each one is a subunit

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What is the quaternary structure?

Different polypeptides put together More than one tertiary structure out together More than one subunit

What is a subunit?

Each knot from the tertiary structure

What are the 2 general forms protein takes and what are they?

1) fibrous protein- formed of strands and parts of your body is built of this 2) globular- compacted and rounded shapes Enzymes and hormones that are proteins have this shape

Proteins don’t like when you mess with the environment by...?

Changing the 1) pH 2) temperature 3) ionic concentration

If the protein environment changes what will happen to the protein?

If it is changed tremendously the protein will stop working, change can shape, can unravel

What is the pH optimum or optimal pH?

pH proteins work best at

What is the temperature optimum or optimal temperature?

Temperature proteins work best at

What is a denatured protein?

Permanently destroyed protein Protein unravels and will never work again

What are the 2 basic kinds of nucleic acids?

1) DNA | 2) RNA

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic Acid

What is the monomers of the nucleic acid group?

Nucleotides

What does the structure of nucleotides have?

5 carbon sugars in the center—spine Phosphate————————spine Nitrogenous base

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

The energy cells use Energy currency of the cell

When the last phosphate of the ATP molecule is blown off what does the molecule become?

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

What does Pi stand for?

Inorganic Phosphate

What are the 2 basic types of nitrogenous base?

Purines Pyrimidines

What does purines consist of?

Adenine (A) Guamine (G)

What does Pyrimidines consist of?

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)—IN DNA ONLY Uracil (U)—IN RNA ONLY

What are the 3 basic types of RNA?

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2) Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What is the complementary based pair in RNA?

A-U

What are the complementary based pairs in DNA?

G-C A-T

What are complementary based pairs made of?

Purine-Pyrimidines

What is the dissociation of a protein?

Occurs in the quaternary structure Subunits come apart but DO NOT unravel Can be repaired

In order to function the DNA molecule needs to be able to do what?

Make copies of itself

What does DNA give you?

You’re genetic code

What is a daughter cell?

They are genetically identical clones of a molecule

What is the Seniconservative Synthesis/ Duplication of DNA?

When DNA is duplicated

What is a ribozyme?

RNA acting as an enzyme Made of RNA instead of protein

What is the process of cellular respiration with oxygen called?

Aerobic Respiration

What is the process called between glucose and pyruvic acid (pyruvate)?

Glycolysis- breaking sugar down

How many ATPs do you start with?

How many ATPs do you have left after glycolysis?

After the Pyruvic acid what step is next?

Kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle

What happens in the kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle?

Pyruvic acid—-> Acetyl CoA | Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate—> citrate—-> ——> ——> ——-> oxaloacetate

What is CoA?

Coenzyme A

What results out of the Kreb’s cycle?

2 more ATPs and the carbon dioxide you exhale

What does NAD and FAD do?

They gather excited electrons into the electron transport chain They are coenzymes

What are coenzymes?

Little partners that help assist the enzymes

After the NAD and FAD harvest electrons what happens?

The electrons keep switching partners to something more and more electronegative Until they go to the most electronegative thing which is oxygen

What goes into the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Without oxygen the chain would shut down and would take the Kreb’s cycle with it

What is the result of the electron transport chain?

H2O (waste) 34 ATPs

The kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain happens where?

Mitochondria

What is NADH and FADH?

NAD and FAD carrying excited electrons To move an electron you need a proton and 1 proton and 1 electron is Hydrogen aka H

What does NAD stand for?

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

What does FAD stand for?

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

What is the process of cell respiration without oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration or Fermentation

Why do cells switch to anaerobic respiration or fermentation?

Because they are deprived of oxygen and when oxygen is available they switch back

What does Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) become in the anaerobic respiration or fermentation process?

Lactic acid- waste product of this cycle

Where does NAD/ NADH bring the excited electrons?

No place of use

The anaerobic respiration or fermentation process is the top part of the aerobic respiration cycle with what added?

Carbon dioxide

What type of microb does the process of fermentation and what do they make?

Yeast Instead of making lactic acid they make ethanol of ethyl alcohol