Week 5 (exam 2) Flashcards by MsBarb99 .

What is a gene?

Sequence of nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

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What is a central dogma?

Important sequence

DNA———> RNA———> protein

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What are ribosomes?

Machine that reads messenger RNA and constructs a protein one amino acid at a time

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What is a nucleus?

Center of every cell

Keeps blueprints (DNA)

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What is RNA?

Copy of DNA

Leaves nucleus

Finds ribosomes, reads it and produces proteins

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What is a transcription?

Copying nucleotides of DNA using complementary based pairs

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What is a triplet?

Code for amino acid (every 3 in DNA)

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What is the start triplet?

Start of the gene where it starts copying

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What is the stop triplet?

End of the gene where it stops copying

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What is the RNA polymerase?

It grabs the promoter than reads one nucleotide at a time making a copy of it

Grabs DNA to make messenger RNA

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What is the promoter?

The machine that attaches itself into the gene

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What is the active promoter?

Promoter that makes many copies

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What is messenger RNA?

Complementary copy from DNA

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What is a condon?

3 nucleotide amino acids for RNA

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What brings the amino acid to the ribosome?

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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What is an anticodon?

It is the complimentary base pairs of the codon that is the complimentary base pair of the original DNA

Ex: DNA————> A G C
Codon———> U C G
Anticodon—-> A G C

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What is the release factors?

Causes ribosome machine to dissemble itself and cut chain loose and becomes a knot

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A long chain of amino acids become what?

A protein

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What is a polyribosome?

Many ribosomes on a strip

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What are cells?

Basic units of life

Smallest thing considered to be alive

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What is a cell theory?

Basic understanding of the cell tested and examined

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What does a theory mean in science?

Idea that is expected with a high degree of certainty

What is a hypothesis?

Someone’s guess or idea

Gets tested

What are the 5 principles (tenets) of cells?

1) cells are the basic building blocks of life
2) all cells arise from the division of other cells or all cells are the descendants of other cells (daughter cells)
3) cells are the smallest things to perform all vital physiological functions
4) each cell maintains its own homeostasis
5) homeostasis at higher levels (tissue, organs, organ system, or entire organism) reflects the combined actions of many cells

Name the 2 basic cells every human body has and what are they?

1) sex cells or reproductive cells or germ cells or Gametes- sperm in male and ova/ egg in women 2) somatic cells- every other cells in our body

What is the extracellular fluid?

Fluid outside of the cell

What is Tissue or Interstitial fluid?

Fluid around the tissue

What does the cell membrane or plasma membrane do?

It separates the outside and inside fluid Structure is the phospholipid bilayer

What is a cytosal?

Water based solution in which organelles, proteins and other cell structures float

What is the slower promoter?

Less active Makes copies but a lot slower

What are in cytosals?

Organelles

Organelle + cytosol = ?

Cytoplasm

What is cytoplasm?

Consists of all the contents outside of the nucleus and is enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins

What is a peripheral protein?

Restricted to one side of a phospholipid bilayer Can be removed Constantly moving

What is a integral protein?

Protein goes through both sides of phospholipid bilayer Remove the protein and you destroy the cell membrane Constantly moving

What is the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane?

All pieces of phospholipid bilayer and proteins that float around

What is a cytoskeleton?

Fibers of protein that act like a skeleton

What is an organelle?

Organ like structure Does particular function

Name the 6 different types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

1) anchoring proteins 2) recognition proteins 3) enzymes 4) receptor proteins (receptors) 5) channels 6) carrier proteins

What is an anchoring protein?

Holds cytoskeleton elements to hold shape on the inside of the cell On the outside it is used to link cells to neighbors

What is a recognition protein?

Form chemical signatures Another part of a chemical signature Glycolipid + recognition proteins = chemical signature Helps body recognize your cells

What are enzymes?

Biological catalyst Inside or outside the cells that mediates reactions embedded in the membrane

What are receptor proteins?

Sensitive to extracellular chemicals If it binds to a receptor it causes something to happen in the cell As in a ligand (neurotransmitters)

What is a ligand?

Molecule that binds to receptors Ex: neurotransmitters

What is a channel protein?

Ion channels- goes down the concentration gradient Selective what they transport Channel=tunnel Integral protein

What is the carrier protein?

Certain things cannot get through phospholipid bilayer by themselves have to attach to receptor proteins (changes its shape) and then can go through

What is semipermeable or differentially permeable?

Certain things will go through the cell membrane other things will not

What is passive transport?

Energy is not required to move things through the cell because it goes down the concentration gradient

What is active transport?

Energy (ATP) is required to move things through the cell membrane because it is going against the concentration gradient

What uses passive transport?

Diffusion Ion channels Facilitated diffusion/ transport

What uses active transport?

Active transport “proper” Exocytosis Endocytosis

What is selectively permeable?

The cell chooses what goes through it’s cell membrane